INTRODUCTION

The demand for Gas power plants is increasing because of certain benefits. Natural gas
is used as a fuel, other fuels can be synthetic gas . Just like steam power plants in which
operating fluid is water and steam mixture, in gas turbine power plants, air mixture is
used as a derivative fluid. In a jet engine, one side has a turbine and one side has a
compressor, the air is entered in the compressor, it mixes up with the fuel, it ignites,
and then it ejects it from the turbine. The turbine converts the pressure and velocity
into electrical power through the generator.
A major problem in the operation of gas turbine power plants that when the fuel
is being ejected, its temperature is 400-500 °C, which can cause atmospheric
pollution, and a lot of energy is wasted. Because of this wastage of energy, the efficiency
of normal gas turbine power plants and open-cycle gas turbines is around 20-25%
which is way less than its potential, even steam turbines have greater efficiency than
this. The compressor and turbine are on the same shaft mostly. Compressor drives and
compresses the air 15-30 times and then the fuel is mixed and when that mixture
passes through the gas turbine at high pressure, the energy is converted.
The energy required to drive the compressor is delivered to the compressor from
the same shaft through the turbine, which means the major portion of the energy is
utilized by the compressor to drive and the rest of the energy is utilized in the turbine.
The compressor has multiple stages, low-pressure compressor, intermediate pressure
compressor, and high-pressure compressor. The compressor is the opposite of the gas
turbine. The turbine uses kinetic energy and converts it into rotational kinetic energy,
however, the compressor uses the rotational kinetic energy to convert it into potential
energy of air and fuel mixture.
Gas Turbine
A gas turbine is used to convert the kinetic energy of hot gases into rotational
energy, which in terms is used to drive the synchronous generator. It also has
multiple stages, High-pressure stage, intermediate pressure stage, and then low-
pressure stage. The combustion process takes place in the turbine, so, in order to
save the blades from melting, the cooling process also occurs here. Most of the time,
a cooling fluid is constantly passing through the blades.
The Gas turbine is a continuous internal combustion engine that works on the
principle of a Bray ton cycle, In this flow of working gas continuously goes through
the following processes which are Compression, Combustion, and Expansion .The
gas turbine is founded by John Barber in 1791.Gas turbines have a lower weight-to-
power-developed ratio as compared to other power plants hence they are smaller in
size as compared to other power plants .Gas turbines are used because of the
following significances:-
1. It is smaller in size.
2. It has a Lower weight per power developed
3. No vibration occurs.
4. It can be used where problems of water availability.
5. Simple in operation.
6. Easy installation.
7. It occupies less space hence we can use it where the unavailability of a large area .
8. Low Maintenance
Classification Of Gas Turbine
1. Constant pressure combustion gas turbine

1. Open cycle gas turbine uses atmospheric air as a working gas & It is consists of
the three main components that are Axial flow air Compressor, Combustor or
Combustion chamber & turbine.

2. The air compressor takes the air from the atmosphere and compresses it to
high pressure and temperature

3. The compressed air from the compressor flows to the combustion chamber,
where fuel directly mixes with the high-pressure air. Therefore fuel burning
takes place inside the combustion chamber and the high-pressure hot gases
flow to the turbine expand into the turbine and release into the atmosphere.

4. Due to high-pressure hot gases strikes onto the turbine, power is obtained at
the turbine. This power also uses to drive the compressor, for that compressor
and turbine are located onto the same shat

Net-work obtained =Wn =Wt –Wc

Where
Wt = Work developed by the turbine Wc = Work to drive compressor
 A) Closed cycle gas turbine

1) Closed cycle gas turbine is consists of the four main components that are Axial flow
Compressor, Heat source, turbine & heat sink.

2) The closed-cycle gas turbine uses gases which having more specific heat & good
properties such as helium, and argon gases that has properties better than
atmospheric air, these gases are costly which needs a closed system for circulation.
Hence this type of turbine knows as a closed-cycle gas turbine

3) As compared to open cycle gas turbine, in a closed cycle extra component is used
which is a heat sink. The heat sink is one of the heat exchangers which absorbs the heat
from hot gases after expansion from the turbine.

4) Also in this type of gas turbine, a Heating source is provided to heat the gas.

5) The compressor takes the gas from the heat sink and compresses it to high pressure
and temperature.

6) The compressed gas from the compressor flows to the heating source, where the
heating source increases the temperature of the high-pressure gas, and then this high-
pressure hot gas strikes onto the turbine, expands, and flows to the heat sink

2) Constant volume combustion gas turbine :

The basic distinction between the constant volume cycle and the well known constant
pressure cycle for gas turbines is the method of heat supply, which necessitates a
system of combustion chamber valves

Air from surrounding atmosphere is drawn in compressor and is compressed to a

pressure of about 3kN / (m ^ 2)

The compressed air is then admitted to the combustion chamber through the inlet
valve.

When inlet valve is closed, the fuel oil is admitted by means of a separate fuel pump
into combustion chamber containing compressed air.

The misture (of air and fuel oil) is then ignited by an electric spark, the pressure
rising to about 12kN / (m ^ 2) whilst the volume remains constant.
 B) Working cycle of gas turbine

The gas turbine works on the Bray ton cycle.

Bray ton cycle consists of two isobaric and two isentropic processes.

Processes Bray ton cycle ( PV & TS Diagram):-/

Processes:-
1-2:- Isentropic compression , Pressure increses from P1 to P2.
2-3:- Constant pressure heat addition process.
3-4:- Isentropic / Reversible adiabatic expansion.
4-1:- Constant pressure heat rejection process

 Advantages of Gas turbine

1. Can use where the unavailability of water.
2. Less maintenance.
3. Simple operation.
4. Ease of installation.

 Application of Gas turbine:

1. Marine & transport application

2. In the Aircraft
3. In the Military applications
4. Turbocharging in diesel plants.
 Conclusion

An open cycle gas turbine works by drawing in fresh atmospheric air and compressing

it using either centrifugal or axial flow compressors. The compressor takes the

atmospheric air and compresses it through a series of compressor stages. Compressed

air is mixed with fuel once it is injected into the combustion chamber

Reference
https://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrhttps://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-between-open-

cycle-gas-turbine-and-ami/ENSC 461/Notes/Brayton Cycle.pdf

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