A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT CLINICAL EXPERIENCE

UNDERTAKEN AT: LEGACY SPECIALIST HOSPITAL BIU BORNO

STATE, NIGERIA
BY
ELIJAH DIKA
E/P.TECH/22/223
SUBMITTED

TO
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY TECHNICIAN

AT

MAI UMAR INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, BIU BORNO STATE NIGERIA
FROM

16TH JULY, 2024

TO
16TH OCTOBER, 2024

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this industrial training report to God Almighty for seeing

me through the clinical experience.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All glory and honor to God Almighty for the grace he has given

me to take part in the industrial fund.

I want to thank my beloved parent for their kind words,

encouragement, patience, prayers, endless support financially and

spiritually even unto today. I am forever grateful.

To my wonderful guardians, I want to say a big thank you for

your everlasting support, prayers and your encouragement

throughout the training period.

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 ABSTRACT

This practical report was done based on my industrial training fund

(ITF) Program.

This report holds a review of the student industrial training and

work experience at Legacy Specialist Hospital.

And it contains all my work experience and knowledge that was

gained during my second stay at pharmacy department completely.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page--------------------------------------------------------- 1
Dedication-------------------------------------------------------2
Acknowledgement---------------------------------------------3
Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------4
Table of contents------------------------------------------------5
Introduction------------------------------------------------------6-7
Chapter One
Drug: definition, classes, arrangement and forms------------------- 8-10

Chapter two
Classes of drugs and their examples--------------------------11-15
Chapter three
Malaria disease, causes, treatment and prevention-------16-17
Basic infusions------------------------------------------------------17
Chapter four
Epistaxis; control and treatment---------------------------------18-19
Antidepressants------------------------------------------------------20
Chapter Five
Summary, conclusion and recommendation-------------------21-22
REFERENCE----------------------------------------------------------24

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 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIALTRAINING FUND (ITF)

Industrial training fund was established in 1973 in other to eradicate the

problem of lack of proper and adequate skills preparatory for employment in

industry by Nigerian graduates of both tertiary and college institution. The

scheme expose students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth

transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords student of

tertiary institution and colleges the opportunity of being familiarized and

exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment

which are usually not available in the educational institutions.

Participation in ITF has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of

diploma and degree certificate in the specific discipline in most institution of

higher learning in the country in Accordance with the Education policy of

Government.

PURPOSE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND

In the early stage, students are graduating without any technical knowledge or

working experience and this makes them to undergo further training afer

securing an employment. With this reason, student industrial was established

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Also during this program, students are expected to get technical assistance

acquired more experience scheme in their chosen field of study and exposed

them to the usage of a source machine and safety precaution.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ITF

 To prepare student for the work situation that they are likely to meet

after graduation.

 To provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian institution to acquire

industrial skills and experience during their course of study

 To expose the students to work method and techniques in handling the

equipment and machinery that may not be available in their institution

 To allow the transition phase from school to the world of working

environment easier and facilitate student contact for later job

placement

 To allow student with an opportunity to apply their theoretical

knowledge in real work situation thereby bridging gap between theory

and practical

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 CHAPTER ONE

DRUG: DEFINITION, CLASSES, ARRANGEMENT AND FORMS

DRUG: Is any chemical substances that cause a change in an organism

physiological or psychological condition

SHELF LIFE OF GRUG: Shelf life is known as the time period over which

the concentration of the active drug ingredient in the formulation drops

by some percentage from its value at time of manufacture. It also

describes the length of time the product can suitably remain on the

shelf. I was taught that “the first drug to be brought in to the dispensary

or pharmacy should be the first to be dispensed out when prescribed” in

order to maintain a good and standard shelf life of every drug and

products

DRUG ARRANGEMENT: In this part, drugs are usually arranged in two

ways;

1. Alphabetical order (generic name)

2. Therapeutic order (based on medical uses)

The shelf is usually subdivided into columns and rows with each column

containing drugs based on how they are categorized.

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 DRUG INTERACTION: A drug interaction is a reaction between two or

more drugs or between a drug and a food beverage, or supplement.

Taking a drug while having a certain medical conditions can also cause a

drug interaction. For example; taking a nasal decongestant if you have a

high blood pressure may cause an unwanted reaction.

SIDE EFFECTS: Side effects of drugs are the secondary unwanted effects

produced by a certain drug it may be in form of allergy, nausea,

hallucination or even gastro-intestinal alteration.

Note that; some drugs are used for the purpose of their side effects. For

example; Metronidazole is an antibiotic but its side effects aids in

hardening or reducing bowel movement in case of diarrhea or

dysentery.

DOSAGE: Refers to the certain amount of drug to be taken at a

particular period of time

CONTRA-INDICATION: This is the limits and type of patients who are

subjects to drug absorption

ADVERSE EFFECT: This is also an undesirable effect that the drugs

produce in the future after its administration.

COMMONLY USED DRUGS

1. Paracetamol

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 2. Amoxicillin

3. Metronidazole

4. Quinine

5. Ciprofloxacin

6. Diclofenac

7. Vitamin C

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 CHAPTER TWO

CLASSES OF DRUGS AND THEIR EXAMPLES

1. ANTACIDS

Antacids are drugs that provide quick relief from acidity in the stomach

that causes indigestion, upset stomach and heartburn. They are also

bases that neutralize the increased amount of acids in the stomach.

Antacids includes salts of aluminum, magnesium etc. this class of

medicine is used to reduce acid reflux, stomach ulcers, or acidity due to

indigestion. Examples of antacids are;

i. Ranitidine

ii. Cimetidine

iii. Omeprazole

iv. Mist/Compound magnesium trisilcate (MMT/CMT respectively)

etc.

2. ANTIMICROBIALS

Antimicrobials are group of medicines that stop the growth of

microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc, for example,

antibiotics are used against bacteria, antivirals are used against viruses,

and antifungals are used against fungi.

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 a. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are medicines that are used to treat

bacterial infection in humans and animals, they work by killing or

stopping the growing of bacteria in the body. Classes of

antibiotics include;

 Penicillins

 Tetracyclines

 Cephalosporins

 Quinolones

 Lincomycins

 Macrolides

 Sulfonamides

 Glycopeptides

 Aminoglycosides

 Carbapenems

I learned that the doctor will choose the type of antibiotic to prescribe

based on the specific type of infection being treated and other factors

such as age and overall health condition.

b. antiseptics and disenfectant: Both antiseptics and disinfectants

Kill microorganisms, but the primary difference between them is that an

antiseptic is applied to the living body. In contrast, disinfectants are

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 applied to non-living surfaces to kill germs. A commonly used antiseptic

is Detol; it is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol. Chlorine and

phenol solutions are known as disinfectants.

3. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

Antihypertensive drugs are used in treating high blood pressure in

patients with hypertension. They are classified into;

a. Diuretics: Excess salt and water from our blood are eliminated

through the kidneys with the help of diuretics.

b. Calcium Channel Blockers: Calcium channel blockers are drugs

that are used to lower blood pressure. Calcium movement is

slowed down into the cell’s artery walls, which makes it easier

for the heart to pump and dilates blood vessels. As a result, the

heart does not have to work as hard to pump blood, and blood

pressure decreases

c. ACE Inhibitors: They inhibit the activity of ACE (Angiotensin

Converting Enzyme). This enzyme is responsible for converting

angiotensin I to Angiotensin II (vaso-constrictor)

4. ANTI-INFLAMATORY DRUGS

Anti-inflammatory drugs reduce swelling or inflammations. Some of

these drugs are as follows;

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 1. Ibuprofen

2. Naproxen

3. Aspirin

4. Meloxicam/peroxicam

5. Celecoxib

6. Indomethacin

ANALGESIC DRUGS

Analgesics are class of drugs that helps to achieve relaxation from

pain. They are also known as pain killers. They are divided into two

classes:

1. Non-narcotic Analgesics: they are also known as non-addictive

analgesics, the most known example of this class is aspirin and

paracetamol. Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid is

used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation.

Paracetamol is also used to treat moderate pain, body aches, and

fever. They are also known as ‘antipyretics’. Antipyretics override

the secretion of prostaglandin in the hypothalamus to reduce the

body temperature, which results in a reduction of fever

2. Narcotic analgesics: these interacts with specific opiate receptors

and produce desired pharmacological effects like they reduce

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 fever and induce sleep. They may prove to be fatal if these drugs

are taken in poisonous doses.

5. ANTIHISTAMINE

Antihistamine drugs are used in treating and relieving allergic

reactions. Examples are;

1. Cetirizine

2. Loratadine

3. Fexofenadine

4. Prednisolone

5. Chlorpheniramine etc.

6. MULTIVITAMIN

Multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that

are normally found in foods and other natural sources.

Multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in

through the diet. Multivitamins are also used to treat vitamin

deficiencies (lack of vitamins) caused by illness, pregnancy, poor

nutrition, digestive disorders, and many other conditions.

I have also learn about a particular medication known as

orthocare which contains Glucosamine and Chondroitin; Glucosamine is

used by the body to make other chemicals that build up tendons,

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 ligaments, cartilages, and the fluids around joints and/or help prevent

their breakdown. Chondroitin helps keep the cartilages healthy by

absorbing fluid (particularly water) into the connective tissue. It may

also block enzymes that breakdown cartilage, and it provides the

building blocks for the body to produce new cartilages.

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 CHAPTER THREE

MALARIA: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT

Malaria is a disease caused by a single celled parasite of the genus

plasmodium. The parasite is spread through the bites of infected

mosquitoes usually the female anopheles mosquitoes.

Symptoms

 Fever

 Chills

 General feeling of discomfort

 Headache

 Nausea and vomiting

 Diarrhea

 Abdominal pain

 Muscle or joint pain

 Fatigue

 Rapid breathing

 Rapid heart rate

 Cough

Drugs used for the treatment of malaria

 Artemether

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  Chloroquine

 Artemisinin

 Lumefantrine

 Ciprofloxacin

 Atovaquone-proguanil

 Mefloquine

 Antibiotics etc.

Medications like Quinine sulphate can be used to treat Malaria in

pregnant patients without the risk of miscarriage or damage to fetus.

SOME INFUSIONS AND THEIR USES

1. Normal Saline: it is used in the management and treatment of

dehydration, metabolic alkalosis in the presence of fluid loss and

mild sodium depletion.

2. Ringer’s Lactate: is used to replace water and electrolyte loss in

patients with low blood volume or low blood pressure.

3. Full Strength Darrows: it replaces fluids and electrolytes which

have been lost in cases of diarrhea and corrects the subsequent

dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

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 4. 5% Dextrose: is indicated in the treatment of insulin

hypoglycemia to restore blood glucose level

CHAPTER FOUR

NOSE-BLEEDING (EPISTAXIS)

Epistaxis, or a nosebleed, is when a person lose blood from the

tissue that lines the inside of the nose. A combination of dry air and tiny

blood vessels that line the inner surface of your nose often cause

nosebleeds. The nose has many tiny blood vessels in them. These

vessels help warm and moisten the air you breathe. But they lie close to

the inner surface of the nose. When air moves through the nose, it can

dry and irritate the blood vessels thereby making them very easy to

injure or break, causing a nosebleed. There are simple steps a person

can take to prevent and treat them.

Types of nosebleed

 Anterior nosebleed

An anterior nosebleed starts in front of the nose on the lower part

of the wall that separates the two sides of the nose (septum).

Capillaries and small blood vessels on this front area of the nose

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 are too fragile and can easily break and bleed. These nosebleeds

are common in children and can usually be treated at home

 Posterior nosebleed

A posterior nosebleed occurs deep inside the nose. A bleed in

large blood vessel in the back part of the nose near the throat

causes this type. It can result in heavy bleeding, which may flow

down the back of the throat. It may need medical attention right

away for this type of nose bleed. This type is more common in

adult.

Management and treatment of nosebleed

 Sit upright and lean your body and your head slightly forward,

this will keep the blood from running down your throat, which

can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. (Do not lay flat or put

your head between your legs.)

 Breath through your mouths

 Use a tissue or damp washcloth to catch the blood

 Keep pinching your nose continuously for at least five minutes

before checking if the bleeding has stopped. If your nose is still

bleeding, continue squeezing your nose for another 10 minutes

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  You can apply an ice pack to the bridge of the nose to further help

narrow blood vessel and provide comfort.

ANTI-DEPRESSANTS

Antidepressants are a class of medications used to treat major

depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, chronic pain, and addiction.

Example of antidepressant drugs are:

 AMITRIPTYLIN HCL: This medication is used to treat

mental/mood problems such as depression. It may help improve

mood and feelings of well-being, releive anxiety and tension, help

you sleep better, and increase your energy level. This medication

belongs to a class of medications called Tricyclic antidepressant.

 SERTRALINE: This is a medication used to manage and treat the

major depressive disorder, obessive-compulsive disorder, panic

disorder, premenstrual dysphoryc disorder and social anxiety

disorder. Etc.

 BENZHEXOL: This is an anti-muscarinic muscle relaxant and anti-

spasmodic drug.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

The first part of this report mainly consist of Drug, Drug interaction,

side effects, dosage forms and other properties associated with drug usage.

Chapter two discussed about some classes of drugs and their primary

use in medical field.

Chapter three briefly elaborates the causes and treatment of Malaria

and also its preventive measures. It also visualize some basic infusions and

their usage.

Chapter four discussed about a medical condition call nose bleeding, or

medically known as Epistaxis. It also explains antidepressant drugs and their

uses.

CONCLUSION

Health is a very broad and major issue in every society, it is a

responsibility for every citizen and every human in general to promote it

regardless of age, occupation or personal decision. None of the diseases and

drugs mentioned in this report should be ignored. Health should be

everyone’s’ major and first priority.

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RECOMMENDATION

Legacy Specialist Hospital is a very standard and condusive structure

for every student who is ready to partake on effetive learning in the field of

pharmacy technician. I recommend it to every student past and present.

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 REFERENCE

All the lectures and knowledge in this report were being carried out at Legacy

Specialist Hospital Biu, Borno state and their teaching aids.

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