Graphical Presentation of Data (Pie Chart)

BOWEN UNIVERSITY, IWO
STATISTICS PROGRAMME
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
OF DATA
STA 101(DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS) LECTURE SLIDE
OMOYAJOWO A.C
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this class, you should be able to:
 Understand the meaning of graphical presentation of data.
 Understand the advantages and disadvantages of diagrams,
charts and graphs
 Know the different forms of graphical representation of data
 Understand the concept of Pie Chart.
 Discuss the merits and Demerits of Pie Chart
 Construct a Pie Chart
INTRODUCTION
 One of the ways of organizing and presenting data is through diagrams,

charts and graph. – the others include word of statement and statistical
tables. Diagrams, charts and graph are used to give pictorial presentation
of collected data.
 Graphical presentation remains one of the principal methods of displaying
statistical information. Trends and contrasts are more readily understood;
and perhaps retained longer in the memory by casual observation of
graphs or charts than by scrutiny of the corresponding numerical data
presented in tabular form. Graphs and charts must however be simple and
unambiguous. If a graph or chart contains too much information it
becomes too difficult to comprehend. On the other hand, details will
usually be lost when data are shown in graphical form. For any critical
analysis of data, therefore, reference must be made to the relevant
numerical quantities
ADVANTAGES OF DIAGRAMS, CHARTS
AND GRAPHS
 They have visual appeal to readers.
 The diagrams, chart and graphs usually show the relationship between two
or more variables and show trends hence they facilitate ready comparison.
 Glancing at diagrams, charts and graphs, readers are attracted to read
the accompanying report in order to know the causes of variation in the
phenomena depicted by them.
 Diagrams, charts and graphs have more visual appeals to those who
cannot appreciate the value of figures.
 They can be used to show the growth or otherwise of an economy, the
fluctuations in prices of goods, the annual performance of foreign trade of
a country and so on.
DISADVANTAGES OF DIAGRAMS, CHARTS
AND GRAPHS
 They may over simplify the information they depict.

 They may be too sensational as to distort the actual observation recorded.
 Diagrams, Charts and Graphs will not make sense when drawn from
incomplete or inadequate data
 Over dependence on the use of diagrams, charts and graphs may not
allow the users to pay attention to the root causes of the problem they
reveal.
FORMS OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION OF DATA
Data can be presented in any of the following
forms:
Pie chart
Bar Chart
Histogram
Frequency Polygon
Cumulative Frequency curve (Ogive)
PIE CHART
The pie chart is a pictorial representation of

data relative to a whole A pie diagram is a
circle divided into sections with angles in each
sector proportional to the frequency in that
particular group representing the component
parts of a whole.
A circle is made up of 360 degrees. To construct
a pie diagram, the component figures are
converted to degrees.
MERITS OF PIE CHART
 It serves as a good visual illustration because it lends itself to the application

of colours and/or shading.
 The size of each component on the pie diagram represent the importance
of the components and the colours will vividly show this.
 A pie chart allows for casual intra/inter component comparison.
DEMERITS OF PIE CHART
 Because of the cumbersome calculations involved and the use of special

mathematical instrument, a pie chart is more difficult to draw than a bar
chart.
 Comparison of segments of a circle in a pie chart is more difficult than the
comparison of heights in a bar chart.
 A pie chart does not give information as to the absolute magnitude unless
the figures are written in each segments as compared with a bar chart
which scaled against a single axis.
 There is a limit to the use of a pie chart when a series of figures are involved
which requires drawing many pie charts when series of figures are involved
which requires drawing many pie charts – it may be difficult to meaningfully
compare a number of pie charts.
CONSTRUCTION OF PIE CHART
 Now we will discuss about the construction of pie chart or pie

graph. In brief let us recall about, what is a pie chart?
 The pie chart is a pictorial representation of data relative to a
whole. Each portion in the circle represent an element of the
collected data. The pie chart represents the composition of various
elements in a whole. The total value of the pie chart is always
100%. Each portion in the circle shows a fraction or percentage of
the total.
CONSTRUCTION OF PIE CHART cont’d
Pie chart is a circular graph which is used to represent data. In this :

 Various observations of the data are represented by the sectors of the circle.
 The total angle formed at the center is 360°.
 The whole circle represents the sum of the values of all the components.
 The angle at the center corresponding to the particular observation component is given
by:
 If the values of observation/components are expressed in percentage, then the center

angle corresponding to particular observation/component is given by:
Steps of construction of pie chart for a given data:

 Find the central angle for each component using the formula
given on the previous slide.
 Draw a circle of any radius.
 Draw a horizontal radius
 Starting with the horizontal radius, draw radii, making central
angles corresponding to the values of respective components.
 Repeat the process for all the components of the given data.
 These radii divide the whole circle into various sectors.

 Now, shade the sectors with different colors to denote various components.
Thus, we obtain the required pie chart.
Here the pie chart shows the type of books preferred by the students of a
class.
WORKED EXAMPLE
 EXAMPLE 1: Below is a table showing Estimated Public Sector Savings as

contained in the Third National Development Plan.
Table 1: Public Sector Savings (₦’000,000)
Year Federal Government State Government Other Public Savings Total
1975 – 76 3,873.9 941.6 763.2 5,578.7
1976 – 77 3,876.2 986.0 1,158.2 6,020.4
1977 – 78 4,182.5 1,058.6 1,537.3 6,778.4
1978 –79 4,556.3 1,152.7 1,959.9 7,668.9
1979 – 80 4,938.4 1172.8 2,108.7 8,219.9
Total 21,427.3 5,311.7 7,527.3 34,266.3

WORKED EXAMPLE
Solution
From the above table 1975 – 76 Public Sector Savings
𝟑,𝟖𝟕𝟑.𝟗 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Federal Government = = 250°
𝟓,𝟓𝟕𝟖.𝟕
𝟗𝟒𝟏.𝟔 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
State Government = = 61°
𝟓,𝟓𝟕𝟖.𝟕
𝟕𝟔𝟑.𝟐 ×𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Other Public Savings = = 49°
𝟓,𝟓𝟕𝟖.𝟕
This is how to obtain the degree for each sector savings. See the
filled table in the next slide.
WORKED EXAMPLE
 Table 2: Degree form of Public Sectors Savings by Contributions

Period Degrees rep. Degrees rep. State Degrees rep. Total Degrees
Federal Government Other Public
Government Sector
Contribution
1975 – 76 2500 610 490 3600
1976 –77 2320 590 690 3600
1977 – 78 2220 560 820 3600
1978 – 79 2140 540 920 3600
1979 – 80 2160 520 920 3600

GRAPHICAL FORM OF PUBLIC SECTOR
SAVINGS BY CONTRIBUTION(PIE CHART)
FIGURE 1: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
1975 – 76
1979 -- 80 18%
23%
1975 – 76
1976 – 77
1977 – 78
1976 – 77
1978 –79
18%
1979 -- 80
1978 –79
21%
1977 – 78
20%
FIGURE 2: STATE GOVERNMENT
18%
22%
18%
22%
20%
1975 – 76 1976 – 77 1977 – 78 1978 –79 1979 -- 80

FIGURE 3: OTHER PUBLIC SAVINGS
1975 – 76 1976 – 77 1977 – 78 1978 –79 1979 -- 80
763.2
2,108.70
1,158.20
1,537.30
1,959.90
WORKED EXERCISE
 The table below shows the distribution of the weekly summary of five types
of malaria parasites discovered during laboratory tests in a teaching
hospitalRepresent the information in a pie chart
Types of Parasites Number of parasites

Plasmodium vivax 60
Plasmodium malaria 20
Plasmodium knowlesi 15
Plasmodium 45
Plasmodium 40
Total 180
REFERENCES
For further reading, follow the following references:

 Statistical methods for Biometric and Medical Research(Second Edition)
Aliyu Usman
 Math-Only-Math.com
 Schaum’s Outline StatisticsFourth Edition Murray R. Spiegel, Larry J. Stephens

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BOWEN UNIVERSITY, IWO

 One of the ways of organizing and presenting data is through diagrams,

 They may over simplify the information they depict.

The pie chart is a pictorial representation of

 It serves as a good visual illustration because it lends itself to the application

 Because of the cumbersome calculations involved and the use of special

 Now we will discuss about the construction of pie chart or pie

Pie chart is a circular graph which is used to represent data. In this :

 If the values of observation/components are expressed in percentage, then the center

Steps of construction of pie chart for a given data:

 These radii divide the whole circle into various sectors.

 EXAMPLE 1: Below is a table showing Estimated Public Sector Savings as

1975 – 76 3,873.9 941.6 763.2 5,578.7

1976 – 77 3,876.2 986.0 1,158.2 6,020.4

1977 – 78 4,182.5 1,058.6 1,537.3 6,778.4

1978 –79 4,556.3 1,152.7 1,959.9 7,668.9

1979 – 80 4,938.4 1172.8 2,108.7 8,219.9

Total 21,427.3 5,311.7 7,527.3 34,266.3

 Table 2: Degree form of Public Sectors Savings by Contributions

1975 – 76 2500 610 490 3600

1976 –77 2320 590 690 3600

1977 – 78 2220 560 820 3600

1978 – 79 2140 540 920 3600

1979 – 80 2160 520 920 3600

1975 – 76 1976 – 77 1977 – 78 1978 –79 1979 -- 80

Types of Parasites Number of parasites

For further reading, follow the following references:

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