CM (3ed) - QB - C04 - Answers

C04: Chemical Bonding
MCQ
1 Which two statements about an ionic bond are correct?
I It is formed between a metal and a non-metal.

II It is formed between two metals.
III It is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
IV It is formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
A I and III only

B I and IV only
C II and III only
D II and IV only
Correct B
answer(s)
Explanation
Curriculum O-level, O-level Sci, N-level Sci
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Topic Matter — Structures and Properties
Subtopic Chemical Bonding
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
2 Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound?
A lithium and neon

B carbon and hydrogen
C hydrogen and chlorine
D sodium and fluorine
Correct D
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
3 The diagram below shows a molecule of phosphoric acid.
 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (3Ed)
How many bonding pairs of electrons are there?
A 5
B 6
C 8
D 16
Correct C
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
4 Which of the following explains why metals conduct electricity?

A Metals have free-moving ions.
B Metals have valence electrons that are delocalised.
C Metals have one electron that is not used for bonding.
D Metals have strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
Correct B
answer(s)
Explanation
Curriculum O-level
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
5 The melting point of potassium oxide is much lower than the melting point of
aluminium oxide. Which statement explains this?
A Potassium is more reactive than aluminium.
B A potassium ion has a smaller charge than an aluminium ion.
C A potassium ion has more protons than an aluminium ion.
D A potassium ion has more shells of electrons than an
aluminium ion.
Correct B
answer(s)
Explanation
Curriculum O-level
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11

Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 2-Intermediate
Keywords
6 The diagram below shows the bonding in the covalent molecule hydrazine,
N2H4.
How many electrons are involved in bonding, and how many are not involved
in bonding?
Total Number of Total Number of

Electrons Involved Electrons not
in Bonding Involved in Bonding
A 5 4
B 5 8
C 10 4
D 10 8
Correct D
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
7 The electronic configurations of atoms X, Y and Z are given below.
X: 2, 2 Y: 2, 6 Z: 2, 7
What are the chemical formulae of the compounds formed?
X and Y X and Z
A XY X2Z
B XY XZ2
C XY2 X2Z
D XY2 XZ2
Correct B
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
8 The dot-and-cross diagram below shows the bonding in the compound XY3.
(Only the outermost electrons are shown.)
Which elements correspond to the compound shown?
X Y
A nitrogen hydrogen
B carbon chlorine
C carbon oxygen
D phosphorus chlorine
Correct D
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11

Learning
Objectives
Keywords
9 A metal P and a non-metal R react to form an ionic compound, P2R3.

Which of the following is correct?
Electron(s) Lost by Electron(s) Gained

Each Atom of P by Each Atom of R
A 1 3
B 2 3
C 3 2
D 3 1
Correct C
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 3-Advanced
Keywords
10 Atoms of X, Y and Z react to form the compound below.
Which of the following elements could be X, Y and Z?
X Y Z
A C O F
B N Si O
C C N Cl
D N C H
Correct D
answer(s)
Explanation
Curriculum O-level
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
11 Which statement describes the formation of a sulfide ion from a sulfur atom?
A The atom gains one electron.

B The atom gains two electrons.
C The atom loses one electron.
D The atom loses two electrons.
Correct B
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
12 The proton number of element P is 6. The proton number of element R is 16.

Which of the following shows a possible compound formed by elements P
and R?
A PR3
B PR2
C P2R
D P3R
Correct B
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11

Learning
Objectives
Keywords
13 An element X reacts with oxygen to form a solid of formula X2O. Which of the
following could be the electronic configuration of X?
A 2, 1
B 2, 4
C 2, 6
D 2, 8, 7
Correct A
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
14 Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds?
A ammonia
B ammonium chloride
C carbon tetrachloride
D magnesium chloride
Correct B
answer(s)
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
Structured Questions
1 Chlorine exists as a diatomic molecule in which two chlorine atoms are bonded
together.
(a) Name the type of bonding found in a chlorine molecule. (1)
(b) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram for a chlorine molecule. (Only the outermost
electrons need to be shown.) (2)
(c) Chlorine can react with sodium to form sodium chloride. Draw the dot-and-
cross diagram for sodium chloride. Show all the electrons in sodium chloride.
(2)
Answer (a) covalent bonding (1)

(b) 1m for showing the bonding pair of electrons correctly.
1m for showing the non-bonding pair of electrons correctly.
(c) 1m for showing the charge and electrons in the sodium ion
correctly.
1m for showing the charge and electrons in the chloride ion
correctly.
Rubric (a) Score: 1

(b) Score: 2
(c) Score: 2
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
2 (a) Complete the following table with the formulae of the ions formed. (3)
Element Formula of Ion Element Formula of Ion
sodium Nitrogen
magnesium Oxygen
aluminium Fluorine
(b) What do all the ions in (a) have in common? (2)

(c) (i) Using the table in (a), draw a dot-and-cross diagram for the compound
formed between aluminium and fluorine. (Only the outermost electrons need
to be shown.) (2)
(ii) State the type of bonding found in the compound in (b)(i). (1)
Answer (a) 0.5m for each correct blank.
Element Formula of Ion Element Formula of Ion
sodium Na+ Nitrogen N3–
magnesium Mg2+ Oxygen O2–
aluminium Al3+ Fluorine F–
(b) They each have 2 electron shells (1) and 10 electrons. (1)
(c) (i) 1m for showing the charge and electrons in the aluminium
ion correctly.
1m for showing the charge and electrons in the fluoride ion
correctly.
(ii) ionic bonding (1)
Rubric (a) Score: 3

(b) Score: 1
(c) (i) Score: 2
(ii) Score: 1
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11

Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
3 Oxygen is a reactive non-metal.

(a) Describe, in terms of the number of electrons gained, lost or shared, what
happens when:
(i) an oxygen atom combines with magnesium atom(s); and (2)
(ii) an oxygen atom combines with fluorine atom(s). (2)
(b) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram of an oxygen molecule. (Only the outermost
Answer (a) (i) The oxygen atom will gain 2 electrons (1) and a magnesium
atom will lose 2 electrons. (1)
(ii) The oxygen atom and two fluorine atoms will share
electrons. (1) The oxygen atom will share 2 electrons while
each fluorine atom will share 1 electron. (1)
Rubric (a) (i) Score: 2

(ii) Score: 2
(b) Score: 2
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
4 Carbon has a proton number of 6.

(a) (i) State the electronic configuration of carbon. (1)
(ii) Hence, explain the type of bonding that carbon is likely to form. (2)
(b) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram of a methane (CH4) molecule. (Only the
outermost electrons need to be shown.) (2)
Answer (a) (i) 2, 4 (1)

(ii) The oxygen atom and two fluorine atoms will share
electrons. (1) The oxygen atom will share 2 electrons while
each fluorine atom will share 1 electron. (1)
1m for showing the number of atoms correctly.

(ii) Score: 2
(b) Score: 2
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
5 (a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for each of the following molecules:

(i) hydrogen (1)
(ii) water (2)
(Only the outermost electrons need to be shown.)
(b) Explain why the electronic configurations of helium and neon is important
when drawing the dot-and-cross diagrams in (a). (2)
Answer (a) (i) 1m for showing the correct drawing.
(ii) 1m for showing the bonding pair of electrons correctly.

(b) When hydrogen reacts, it will attain the noble gas electronic
configuration of helium (full outermost shell of 2 electrons). (1)
When oxygen reacts, it will attain the noble gas electronic
configuration of neon (full outermost shell of 8 electrons). (1)

(ii) Score: 2
(b) Score: 2
Explanation
Curriculum O-level
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11

Learning
Objectives
Keywords
6 Hydrogen can act both like a metal and a non-metal in reactions. It can form both
covalent and ionic compounds.
(a) Explain why hydrogen can react to form both covalent and ionic compounds.
(4)
(b) One of the compounds hydrogen forms is ammonia, NH3. Draw a dot-and-
cross diagram for ammonia. (Only the outermost electrons need to be
shown.) (2)
(c) Hydrogen forms another compound, sodium hydride (NaH). Draw a dot-and-
cross diagram for sodium hydride showing all the electrons. (2)
Answer (a) Hydrogen has only 1 electron and will react to attain a noble
gas electronic configuration. (1) It can lose the electron to form
H+ (1) or gain an electron to form H– (1) when forming ionic
compounds. It can also share the electron with another atom
to form a bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. (1)
(c) 1m for showing the charge and electrons in the sodium ion
correctly.
1m for showing the charge and electrons in the hydride ion
correctly.
Rubric (a) Score: 4

(b) Score: 2
(c) Score: 2
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
7 Germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, is a colourless liquid.

(a) Predict the type of bonding in germanium tetrachloride. Explain your answer.
(2)
(b) Hence, draw the dot-and-cross diagram for germanium tetrachloride. (Only the
outermost electrons need to be shown.) (2)
(c) Based on your answer in (b), suggest the formula of a compound that has a
similar type of bonding as germanium tetrachloride. (1)
Answer (a) Germanium tetrachloride is covalently bonded. (1) Germanium
is in Group 14 of the periodic table, so it behaves like carbon,
a non-metal. (1) Chlorine is a non-metal. The bonding between
non-metals are likely to be covalent. (1)
(c) CF4 (Accept all possible answers.) (1)
Rubric (a) Score: 3

(b) Score: 2
(c) Score: 1
Explanation
Curriculum O-level
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
8 Potassium is a metal.
(a) Name and describe the type of bonding present in potassium. (2)
(b) Suggest another metal which shows a stronger metallic bond than potassium.
Explain your answer. (3)
(c) Potassium can react with chlorine to form potassium chloride. Draw the dot-
and-cross diagram for potassium chloride. (Only the outermost electrons
need to be shown.) (2)
(d) Describe the structure of potassium chloride in the solid state. (2)
Answer (a) Potassium atoms are held together by metallic bonding. (1)
The electron in the outermost shell of the potassium atoms are
delocalised and surround the metal ions formed. (1)
(b) Magnesium (Accept any metal with more valence electrons.)
(1)
There are more electrons in the outermost shell of each atom
that can be delocalised. (1) This forms a greater electrostatic
attraction between the positively charged metal ions and the
sea of electrons they share. (1)
(c) 1m for showing the charge and electrons in the potassium ion
correctly.
1m for showing the charge and electrons in the chloride ion
correctly.
(d) Solid potassium chloride has a giant ionic crystal lattice. (1)
The lattice is made up of alternating potassium and chloride
ions held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
(1)
Rubric (a) Score: 2

(b) Score: 3
(c) Score: 2
(d) Score: 2
Explanation
Curriculum O-level
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
9 Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when it

undergoes bonding. When bonding occurs between two atoms, the
electronegativity of each atom is an important consideration.
The table below shows the electronegativity values of some elements.
Element Electronegativity Value
fluorine 3.98
chlorine 3.16
bromine 2.96
lithium 0.98
sodium
potassiu
0.82
m
(a) Predict the electronegativity value for sodium. (1)

(b) Study the statements below.
Statement A: “When two atoms have similar electronegativity values, they

would form an ionic bond.”
Statement B: “When two atoms have very different electronegativity values,

they form a covalent bond.”
Do you agree with these statements? Explain your answer using the
information in the table. (4)
(c) Predict the electronegativity value of helium and argon. Explain your answer.
(3)
Answer (a) Accept any value between 0.98 to 0.82. (1)

(b) No, I disagree with the statements.
Two atoms will form an ionic bond when they have very
different electronegativity values. (1) For example, fluorine and
lithium will form lithium fluoride (1).
Two non-metal atoms with similar electronegativity values will
form a covalent bond. (1) For example, chlorine and bromine
will form bromine chloride. (1)
(c) Helium and argon would have an electronegativity value of 0.
(1) Helium and argon are noble gases with fully filled
outermost shells of electrons. (1) They have no tendency to
attract electrons and would not react with other atoms. (1)
Rubric (a) Score: 1

(b) Score: 4
(c) Score: 3
Explanation
Curriculum O-level
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
10 The following table shows some information about the elements in Period 3 of the
periodic table.
Formula of Compound Melting Point of

Element
Formed with Chlorine Compound / ºC
sodium NaCl 801
magnesium MgCl2 714
aluminium AlCl3 192
silicon SiCl4 –69
phosphorus PCl3 –94
sulfur SCl2 –122
chlorine Cl2 –102
argon – –
(a) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram for magnesium chloride. (Only the outermost
(b) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram for phosphorus chloride. (Only the outermost
(c) Magnesium chloride has a relatively high melting point while phosphorous
chloride has a low melting point. Suggest why this is so. (3)
(d) Aluminium chloride has a melting point that does not follow the trend across
the three metals (sodium, magnesium and aluminium) in Period 3. Explain the
trend and hence infer the possible type of bonding found in aluminium
chloride. (2)
Answer (a) 1m for showing the charge and electrons in the magnesium ion
correctly.
1m for showing the charge and electrons in the chloride ions
correctly.

(c) Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound that exists as a

giant lattice structure. (1) Phosphorus chloride is a covalent
compound that exists as a simple molecule. (1) More energy is
needed to break apart the strong ionic bonds in magnesium
chloride than the weak intermolecular forces of attraction in
phosphorus chloride. (1)
(d) Metal chlorides are expected to have high melting points as
they form ionic bonds. (1) Aluminium chloride has a
significantly lower melting point than magnesium chloride as it
exists as a covalent molecule. (1)
Rubric (a) Score: 2

(b) Score: 2
(c) Score: 3
(d) Score: 2
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
11 Use the substances listed below to answer the questions that follow.
helium nitrogen sodium lithium sulfate
oxygen carbon dioxide calcium oxide argon
Name a substance that:

(a) has a giant ionic lattice structure; (1)
(b) exists as individual atoms; (1)
(c) is covalently bonded to itself; (1)
(d) is a metallic element; and (1)
(e) contains a polyatomic ion. (1)
Answer (a) calcium oxide (1)

(b) helium/argon (1)
(c) nitrogen/oxygen (1)
(d) sodium (1)
(e) lithium sulfate (1)
Rubric (a) Score: 1

(b) Score: 1
(c) Score: 1
(d) Score: 1
(e) Score: 1
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11

Learning
Objectives
Difficulty 1-Basic
Keywords
12 (a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in:

(i) carbon dioxide; and (2)
(ii) lithium oxide. (2)
(Only the outermost electrons need to be shown.)
(b) (i) Using your answers in (a), determine which compound exists as a simple
molecule. (1)
(ii) Name a covalent molecule of an element. (1)
Answer (a) (i) 1m for showing the bonding pair of electrons correctly.
1m for showing the non-bonding pair of electrons correctly
(ii) 1m for showing the charge and electrons in the lithium ion
correctly.
1m for showing the charge and electrons in the oxide ion
correctly.
(b) (i) Carbon dioxide exists as a simple molecule. (1)

(ii) hydrogen/nitrogen/oxygen/fluorine/chlorine/bromine
(Accept all possible answers.) (1)

(ii) Score: 2
(b) (i) Score: 1
(ii) Score: 1
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords
13 Carbon disulfide, CS2, is a covalent compound used in making rubber and fibres.
(a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for carbon disulfide. (Only the outermost

(b) Using your understanding of chemical bonding, determine if the following
statements are true or false. (4)
True/
Statement
False
(i) Carbon disulfide has a crystal lattice structure.
(ii) Carbon disulfide has 4 bonding electron pairs.
There are 2 carbon atoms and 1 sulfide atom in

(iii)
each molecule of carbon disulfide.
The bonding in carbon disulfide is stronger than

(iv)
the bonding in sodium chloride.
(c) Carbon disulfide exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has a boiling point
of 46 ºC. Describe a method to separate a mixture of carbon disulfide and
water. (3)
Answer (a) 1m for showing the bonding pair of electrons correctly.

1m for showing the non-bonding pair of electrons correctly
(b)
(c)
(d) (i) False (1)
(ii) True (1)
(iii) False (1)
(iv) False (1)
(e) Fractional distillation can be used to separate the two liquids.
(1) When the mixture is heated in the round-bottom flask,
carbon disulfide will evaporate at 46 ºC and be collected in the
conical flask (receiver). (1) Change the conical flask once the
reading on the thermometer increases beyond 46 ºC to collect
the water when the temperature reaches 100 ºC. (1)
Rubric (a) Score: 2
(b) Score: 4
(c) Score: 3
Explanation
Subject Chemistry
Grade G10–11
Learning
Objectives
Keywords

CM (3ed) - QB - C04 - Answers

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C04: Chemical Bonding

1 Which two statements about an ionic bond are correct?

I It is formed between a metal and a non-metal.

A I and III only

2 Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound?

A lithium and neon

3 The diagram below shows a molecule of phosphoric acid.

How many bonding pairs of electrons are there?

4 Which of the following explains why metals conduct electricity?

Subtopic Chemical Bonding

Total Number of Total Number of

7 The electronic configurations of atoms X, Y and Z are given below.

What are the chemical formulae of the compounds formed?

Which elements correspond to the compound shown?

Topic Matter — Structures and Properties

9 A metal P and a non-metal R react to form an ionic compound, P2R3.

Electron(s) Lost by Electron(s) Gained

10 Atoms of X, Y and Z react to form the compound below.

Which of the following elements could be X, Y and Z?

A The atom gains one electron.

12 The proton number of element P is 6. The proton number of element R is 16.

Subtopic Chemical Bonding

14 Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds?

Answer (a) covalent bonding (1)

Rubric (a) Score: 1

Element Formula of Ion Element Formula of Ion

(b) What do all the ions in (a) have in common? (2)

Answer (a) 0.5m for each correct blank.

Element Formula of Ion Element Formula of Ion

sodium Na+ Nitrogen N3–

magnesium Mg2+ Oxygen O2–

aluminium Al3+ Fluorine F–

(ii) ionic bonding (1)

Rubric (a) Score: 3

Subtopic Chemical Bonding

3 Oxygen is a reactive non-metal.

Rubric (a) (i) Score: 2

4 Carbon has a proton number of 6.

Answer (a) (i) 2, 4 (1)

1m for showing the number of atoms correctly.

Rubric (a) (i) Score: 1

5 (a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for each of the following molecules:

Answer (a) (i) 1m for showing the correct drawing.

(ii) 1m for showing the bonding pair of electrons correctly.

Rubric (a) (i) Score: 1

Subtopic Chemical Bonding

Rubric (a) Score: 4

7 Germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, is a colourless liquid.

(c) CF4 (Accept all possible answers.) (1)

Rubric (a) Score: 3

Rubric (a) Score: 2

9 Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when it

The table below shows the electronegativity values of some elements.

Element Electronegativity Value

(a) Predict the electronegativity value for sodium. (1)

Statement A: “When two atoms have similar electronegativity values, they

Statement B: “When two atoms have very different electronegativity values,

Answer (a) Accept any value between 0.98 to 0.82. (1)

Rubric (a) Score: 1