Drug Informatiolec Lec 3 (Word Form)

Drug
information
Lecture 3
Structure of Scientific
Literature
Prepared and presented by:
Dr. Amera Osama M. Ibrahim
Lecturer of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University
Lecture Objectives
Identify the standard sections of a research article
Describe the content typically presented in each section.
Format of original research articles

–Most works of primary literature appearing in scientific journals are
presented in structured formats.
–Formats can differ between journals and between types of articles

within a given journal.
–For instance, the format used for articles describing larger studies,
such as clinical trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies, will often
differ from the format used for smaller studies, such as case reports
and series, even within a single journal.
–However, the formats used for larger studies usually follow a generally
accepted structure, which will be discussed here.
standard sections of a
research article
• Title/ Authors
• Abstract
• Background
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion and Conclusion
• References.
IMRAD Format
–I= Introduction, what question (problem) was studied
–M= Methods, how was the problem studied
–R= Results, what are the findings
–A= and
–D= Discussion, what do these findings mean
Title/Author(s)
–At the beginning of most articles will be included a title

of the work and the named authors.
–The title will often include the

–Independent variables,
–Some reference to the primary dependent variable, and
–The population or condition under study.
–The type of study conducted (e.g., Randomized clinical trial, case-

control study, meta-analysis).
Independent variable&dependent variable
–The independent variable is the variable the experimenter changes or
controls and is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent
variable.
–The dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in

an experiment, and is 'dependent' on the independent variable.
–The dependent variable is the variable hat is being measured or

tested in an experiment. For example, in a study looking at how
tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the
participants' test scores, since that is what is being measured.
The authors will also generally be listed at the beginning of the

article.
–Sometimes, an organization or group will be identified instead

of or in addition to individual authors.
–Authors’ terminal academic degrees may or may not be listed

with their names here.
Abstract
–It is also located at the beginning of the article, the abstract is a short
overview or summary of the most important aspects of the article.
–This section is alternatively named summary or overview in some

journals.
–The typical length of an abstract for a major article is 200–400 words.
–Abstracts are intended to give the reader a quick feel for the major
aspects of an article in order to facilitate a decision as to the reader’s
potential interest in its full contents.
–An abstract is seldom sufficient to present all the information and

context necessary for truly evaluating the merit and applicability of
study findings.
–An abstract, itself, may be structured or unstructured.
–An unstructured abstract is simply a small section, generally

consisting of a paragraph or two, that summarizes the article. The use
of unstructured abstracts are now usually reserved for less structured
articles, such as those describing case reports and series.
–Structured abstracts contain separate subsections devoted to the

most important information about specific aspects of the article. The
subsections of the structured abstract will usually be similar or
equivalent to the major sections in the body of the article: background,
methods, results, and conclusions.
Background
–Sometimes called the introduction, the background section of an
article describes the study’s context.
–The purpose of the background section is to set the stage and present
the rationale for the study to the reader.
–Cite previously published literature that adequately contextualizes

the current study in the background section of an original
–The background will often include information on
–The pathophysiology and epidemiology of the

condition of interest,
–History and pharmacology of the study
–Drug or biologic intervention or
–Description of the procedure,
–Currently accepted standards of care, and
–Rationale for the current study.
Methods
–The purpose of the methods section is to present a clear picture to the
reader of exactly what was planned to occur in the course of the
study.
–Different journals frequently have different names for this section,

such as materials and methods, patients and methods, or simply study
design.
Describe:
–Design of the study,
–The subject selection procedures,
–Any interventions to be used and how they are to be used,
–The measurements to be taken and in what manner,
–The planned statistical analyses,

Result
–Referred to by other names, such as findings or observations.
–Describes what actually occurred and was observed in the

study.
–Usually starts with a description of the disposition and

demographics of the subjects that were actually enrolled in the
study.
–Following this is a detailed description of the data collected

and direct observations from the study,
–It’s frequently accompanied by tables, graphs, figures, and

other visuals.
Discussion
–The last section of the main body of an original research
article is the discussion.
–The purpose of the discussion section is to allow authors to

present their opinions about the study and their reactions to
its outcomes.
–Authors describe what they believe to be the impact of the

study.
–It will commonly refer to other similar studies in order to

synthesize and contextualize the findings of the current study
with the findings of other studies.
References
–Citations to other literature are appropriate cited in an article
in certain sections appears in the references section.
–This section is occasionally called a Bibliography.

Acknowledgments
–The acknowledgments section of a journal article is
where one will find additional information about
individuals involved in the preparation of the article or in
the planning or conduct of the research it describes.
–Others whom the authors wish to acknowledge or thank,

and identification of the funding sources and sponsors and
their roles in the research and manuscript.
Essential Parts of a Scientific paper
–Title: Describe concisely the core contents of the paper

–Abstract: Summarize the major elements of the paper
–Introduction: provide context and rationale for the study
–Materials: Describe the experimental design so it is reproducible
–Methods: Describe the experimental procedures
–Results: Summarize the findings without interpretation
–Discussion: Interpret the findings of the study
–Summary: Summarize the findings
–Acknowledgement: Give credit to those who helped you
–References: List all scientific papers, books and websites that you cited.
Example on research article
Review article
–Answer these questions:
–What are the elements included in the title?

–Is the abstract structured or unstructured?
–Individual authors names are only included in this
paper (True or False)
–Is this article a review article or original research
article?

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Drug

Format of original research articles

–Formats can differ between journals and between types of articles

–At the beginning of most articles will be included a title

–The title will often include the

–Some reference to the primary dependent variable, and

–The population or condition under study.

–The type of study conducted (e.g., Randomized clinical trial, case-

–The dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in

–The dependent variable is the variable hat is being measured or

The authors will also generally be listed at the beginning of the

–Sometimes, an organization or group will be identified instead

–Authors’ terminal academic degrees may or may not be listed

–This section is alternatively named summary or overview in some

–The typical length of an abstract for a major article is 200–400 words.

–An abstract is seldom sufficient to present all the information and

–An unstructured abstract is simply a small section, generally

–Structured abstracts contain separate subsections devoted to the

–Cite previously published literature that adequately contextualizes

–The pathophysiology and epidemiology of the

–History and pharmacology of the study

–Drug or biologic intervention or

–Description of the procedure,

–Currently accepted standards of care, and

–Rationale for the current study.

–Different journals frequently have different names for this section,

–The subject selection procedures,

–Any interventions to be used and how they are to be used,

–The measurements to be taken and in what manner,

–The planned statistical analyses,

–Describes what actually occurred and was observed in the

–Usually starts with a description of the disposition and

–Following this is a detailed description of the data collected

–It’s frequently accompanied by tables, graphs, figures, and

–The purpose of the discussion section is to allow authors to

–Authors describe what they believe to be the impact of the

–It will commonly refer to other similar studies in order to

–This section is occasionally called a Bibliography.

–Others whom the authors wish to acknowledge or thank,

–Title: Describe concisely the core contents of the paper

–What are the elements included in the title?

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