CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A literary work is a world of word that is created by men of letters
through the medium of language (Damono, 1979: 69). Through the range of
words, an author creates” a new world” in his work. These new world might be
created through his deep thinking of the phenomenon around him. Those
phenomenon might be the environment surrounding the author, both his human
and nature environment.
Human being and his personality are the sources of idea for author to
deliver his work. It is a subject that is never empty when he digs deeply. On the
other hand, the reader might find the idea about human being and their
personality by digesting the literary work. It shows the close relation between
psychology and literary work. Therefore, one way for analysing a literary work
is through psychological approach. Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in Theory
of Literature give their opinion about literature and its relation with the real life
that is: “ Literature is social institution, using as its medium language, a social
creation – But furthermore , literature „represents‟ „life‟; and „life‟ is , in large
measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or
subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary imitation. “
(Rene and Wellek, 1948: 94).
It means that the life in literature can be a representation of the real life,
which exists in a society that might be found by the author. By the creative
process, the author who cannot be separated from his society in his process of
making literature will make a new life by his language and his point of view
about the phenomenon to be a literary work.
This means that the life which exists in literature is taken from a real life.
It is combined with the writer‟s idea resulting a literature which has an
aesthetic meaning and it functions as a mirror of society because it might full
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of norm and value of certain society. Furthermore, Henry Hudson states that, “
Literature is the expression of what is being watched by people in daily life,
what is contemplated and felt about the interesting life, essentially is the
expression through the language” ( Hardjana, 1981:10).
It gives us a clear explanation that people need many ways to express
their impressions about human experiences and the life itself, one of this is a
form of literary work. It becomes an answer or way to show an area to discuss
the human life‟s experiences.
Drama is one kind of literature works which has a different genre with
others. It serves an imitation of life more life fully in the world of literature.
For, it has a unique aspect such us the dialogue and actions of the characters. It
means that the characters and the dialogue among them in drama have a big
role to make the drama more interesting as stated in the American Literature:
“For many of us, an interest of in literature is an outgrowth of our interest in
people and their personalities. Drama is particularly satisfying in this respect,
for plays are inevitably and immediately concerned with the human beings“
(Hoeper, 1993: 46 ).
It means that character in the literature is identical with the real person
since it is an imitation of life. Therefore, it has psychological aspect that can be
analysed. The psychological aspect of character in a literary work is so various.
One of the psychological topics which are very interesting to discuss is the
neurotic personality and its cause. In the field of psychology, the neurosis is
caused by many factors. One of them is caused by the disturbances in
interpersonal relationship of human in his childhood. Apparently, this
disturbance is very responsible to the later development of someone
personality, since its influence needs and the strategies that adopted to cope
those needs. It explains clearly in the Dictionary of Behavioural Science as
follow : “ Each individual has two fundamental needs : safety and satisfaction.
The gratification of the satisfaction needs without feelings of safety and
acceptance produces basic anxiety, a basic feeling which leads to the
development of neurosis” (Wolman, 1973: 28).
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One of famous writer who exploits psychological themes in his works is

Henrik Ibsen. Henrik Ibsen was also a major poet, and he published a
collection of poems in 1871. However, the drama was the focus of his real
lyrical spirit. One of George Henrik Ibsen‟s dramas, An Enemy of the People
might have several themes such as ignorance, hubris and self-righteousness. An
Enemy of the People is translated from Ibsen‟s Norwegian playwright En
folkefiende. He wrote it in response to the public outxry against his play Ghosts
which was considered scandalous at that time.
In Enemy of the People, Ibsen focused not only the society‟s
conservatism, but also liberalism. He illustrated how people on both sides of
the social spectrum could be equally self-serving. One of the main characters in
An Enemy of the People is Dr. Stockman, the protagonist. He may be the most
dynamic and pivotal character viewed from psychological point of view
especially in his problem of interpersonal relationship that leads him to be a
loyal person in pursuing his way of life. He is a physician in a vacation spot
whose primary draw is a public bath. The doctor discovers that the water is
contaminated by the local poison. He wants the local government to warn the
community in order to save the town from the nightmare of infecting visitors
with disease, but instead he is declared an 'enemy of the people' by the
community, who band against him and even throw stones through his
windows. The play ends with his complete ostracism. It is obvious to the reader
that disaster is in store for the town as well as for the doctor.
In this research, the researcher chooses loyalty as a main theme in Ibsen‟s
drama, An Enemy of the People, which showed one man in conflict with his
community. Loyalty is an ability to survive or quality of being faithful to
somebody or something. In other word, loyalty is strong feeling that person
wants to be loyal to somebody or someone (Psychology Individual, 1926).
There are some reasons why the writer is interested in analyzing this drama.
The first reason is An Enemy of the People is a depiction of the realities of life
with all kinds of the problems. So, readers can take some values in it such as
appreciating other people, sacrifices, candor, and firmness. The story reflects
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some of Ibsen‟s personal experiences, such as public conflict of the mayor in

that era.
The second reason is An Enemy of the People deals explicitly with theme
of faithfulness. Although some critics given by the all sides to the Dr.
Stockmann, but in this story, Mrs. Stockmann was still faithful to her husband.
She is so faithful like when she said “Yes, they‟ve treated you very badly here,
Tomas. But do we have to leave the country altogether, just because of them?”
Relating to all the reasons above, the writer uses psychological individual
approach. The 'Individual Psychologist' works with an individual as an equal to
uncover his values and assumptions. As a person is not aware that he is acting
according to misperceptions, it becomes the task of the practitioner to not only
lead the individual to an insightful exposure of his errors, but also to re-orient
him toward a more useful way of living. The practitioner seeks to establish a
climate in which learning can take place. Encouragement and optimism are his
key concerns. Adlerian therapy permits the use of a wide variety of techniques,
for example, Drama Therapy and Art Therapy. Despite the methods used,
techniques are used first to help relieve suffering and second, to promote
positive change and empowerment. From the point of view of Mind
Development, the most important constant factor is the stress on social
interactions and social contribution; the more outgoing social interest, the less
feelings of inferiority the individual has. (Alfred Alder, Individual
Psychological Terms).
The researcher chooses Ibsen‟s An Enemy of the Peopleas the object of
the research because this drama has never been analysed before by other
researchers. As it seems less noticed among the other Ibsen‟s work such as,
Ghosts, A Doll House, Hedda Gabler etc. The researcher thinks that this drama
is very interesting to be analysed. It is a unique drama which offers a
personality of its characters and their loyalty. The researcher is interesting to
search the cause of the drama characters‟ loyalty related to his personality and
how it influences their life. Therefore, to get better understanding of the
personality of the characters, the researcher applies Alfred Adlers‟s Individual
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Psychology. Based on the background of the study, the researcher will make a
study entitled “LOYALTY REFLECTED IN HENRIK IBSEN’S AN
ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE (1882): AN INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH”
B. Literature Review
There are some previous studies on this object of study. It can
beessay to compare the differences and similarities of this study with
theprevious study, so it can keep the originality of the writer study.The
first study about An Enemy of the People drama is conducted by
Nurcahyani Retno Pambudi, a Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
student, in her article publised on March, 2014, entitled “Struggle for
Public Welfare in An Enemy of the People Drama (1882) by Henrik Ibsen:
A Sociological Approach”.
She concludes that the result of her study is Henrik Ibsen shows the
social reality of Norway. Although Norway in late nineteenth century was
developing country, Henrik Ibsen also criticized the society for ignoring
the bad impact of the development public and physical environment.
The second is study which was conducted by Mordecai Roshwald
(2004). A new critical edition of drama entitled “The Alienated Moralist in
An Enemy of the People”. Roshwald concludes that the doctor is a defiant
and militant moralist. He believes that he is true and the people are
wrong. Consequently he suffers for his independent and unbending
stand, is not an unfamiliar phenomenon, whether in the annals of human
history or in the experience of contemporary societies.
Then, Candra Bagus Santoso (2008) by his research paper “Making
Meaningful Choices In Ibsen‟s An Enemy Of The People Drama (1882):
An Existentialist Criticism”. He focused in how the actor makes a
meaningful choice in his problem. Candra shows what actors do to finish
some problem with the government in his city. He uses an existentialist
criticism to analyze this drama.
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The fourth previous study is from Hub Zwart, “Environmental

Pollution and Professional Responsibility”. By his study, he want to
submit the play to a "second reading".
The fifth, Joan Templeton in titled “Making the Theater Metter”. In
their journal they discuss about the life journey of the father of modern
drama, Henrik Ibsen. In the journal explains some things which finished
by Henrik Ibsen. Beside that Anna also proclaims that establish some
social event to reminded Henrik Ibsen.
Then, Martin J. Walker, MA by his journal “Uncomfortable
Science and Enemies of the People”. In hisanalysis he wanted to write an
account of Henrik Ibsen‟s play „An Enemy of the People‟; the narrative of
the play uncannily replicates the situation, feelings and social
consequences of the case of Dr. Andrew Wakefield.
The seventh study is from Noorbakhsh Hooti in titled “The Battle
between Responsibility and Manipulation in Henrik Ibsen‟s An Enemy of
the People”.His study is an attempt to bring into picture the nature of
responsibility and manipulation and their ceaseless battle, which leads to un-
called for and untoward repercussions in the play in hand.
The next literature review is from A. S. M. Anwarullah Bhuiyan,
Quest for Administrative Ethics in AnEnemyofthePeople. In his study he
wants to focus on some ideas such as virtue ethics, principle of duty,
problem solving model and some form of democratic model. As a case
study, he has chosen a play of Henrik Ibsen‟s: AnEnemyofthePeople.
The ninth, Fatemeh Ghafourinia by her research journal in titled
“The Individualism in Henrik Ibsen‟s An Enemy of the People”. The
objective in her paper is to trace the struggles of the free individuals and
the visionaries against tyranny of the majority through contextual
analytical study of Dr. Thomas Stockmann, the individualist rebel hero in
An Enemy of the People.
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The last study is from Paméssou Walla entitled Political

Corruption and Intellectual Activism in Henrik Ibsen‟s An Enemy of the
People. Hisarticle, therefore intends to explore the issues of politics and
discuss the responsibility of an intellectual political activist as viewed in
the play An Enemy of the People by the Norwegian playwright Henrik
Ibsen.
Based on the descriptions, the researcher above is different with the
writer because the research uses structural and sociological approach. The
writer here wants to conduct a study on Henrik Ibsen‟s book based on
individual psychological perspective. The writer focuses on the loyalty
characteristic in Public Enemy book. The similarity of these researches is the
use of Public Enemy (1882) as the data resource
C. Problem Statement
The problem statement of this research is “How is loyalty of the
character of Mrs. Stockmann reflected in Henrik Ibsen‟s An Enemy of the
People?”
D. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
1. To analyze Henrik Ibsen‟s Public Enemy (1882) based on the structural
elements of the drama.
2. to reveal loyalty of the character of Mrs. Stockmann reflected in Henrik
Ibsen‟s An Enemy of the People.
E. Limitation of the Study
To limit the scope of study and to avoid the deviation in the research, the
researcher will focus the analysis on the minor characters Mrs. Stockmann,
while other characters will be discussed as long as they support the analysis to
answer the problem.
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F. Benefits of the Study

The benefits of this research are the contributions in:
1. Theoretical Benefits
a. This study provides a better understanding of Ibsen‟s An Enemy of the
People.
b. This study can give more information about loyalty and its influence on
pursuit of life through the characterization of Mrs. Stockmann.
2. Practical Benefits
a. This study will give a reference for other researcher who is interested in
Henrik Ibsen‟s works.
b. This research is also expected to be the foundation and input to inspire
the next research.
c. The study on this play is also hoped to give benefits to the readers of
their works, grasp the moral value illustrated within the characters as
well as give better understanding on Rudyard Kipling‟s typical way of
writing.
G. Research Methods
1. Type of the Study
The research methodology used in this study is descriptive qualitative
method. Surahkmad says that descriptive methods include not only
procedures of data collecting and composing but also data analysing and
interpreting (Surahkmad, 1994: 140). It means that the research does not
only collect data and compose the data in order to give description of the
main data, but also analyse and interpret the data so that the description will
be more comprehensive. This research is dealing with the content of
sentences in the text of drama being analysed, not the number.
In this research, the researcher applies the Structural approach and
Psychological approach by Individual Psychology Theory of Alfred Adler.
Structural approach will help the researcher to cope with the structure of the
work with its all devices to sum up the main data. It is very helpful for the
researcher to gain a complete comprehension and understanding about the
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work. Psychological approach is used as a means to understand the

personality development of the minor characters, Mrs. Stockmann. In this
research, Individual Psychology Theory of Alfred Adler is used as a means
to analyse the drama, in order to find out the main characters‟ loyalty and its
influence on their life.
Dealing with the explanation above, the step of the analyses can be
started as follows: first of all, is understanding the structure of the drama
including the plot, characters, setting, and theme in order to get a better
comprehension of the drama. For building the wholeness of the drama, each
element can not be separated. The development plot which includes the
exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution or
denouement will help us to find the main character and its conflict. By using
psychology as mean of the analysis, it will help the researcher to find out of
how the main character‟s relationship with others. By knowing his social
interaction with others, his personality can be known.
The main character of this drama is the subject of this analysis.
Psychological approach is used as a means to understand the personality
development of Mrs. Stockmann. They have unique personality when they
live as a member of society. Since this research focuses on the character to
understand the personality and motives of the major character, the
development of plot, the setting and the theme are still has a great role to
help the analysing. Through the plot development, the conflict of the main
character can be found. The using of psychology as a means of the analysis
in the plot development can help to find out the climax, how the main
character interacts with others that turn to the finding of his personality
development. From the development of the plot, the setting and the theme of
the drama will be revealed. Author may want to express something through
the setting. Moreover, it sometimes leads the reader to get the theme.
Therefore, by using the psychology as a means of analysis so that the plot
psychology will find out. Considering the explanation above, the
psychology is the most appropriate method to apply in this analysis.
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2. Type of the Data and the Data Source

The data source of this research are divided into two groups,
those are :
a. Primary Data Source
The primary data is taken from Henrik Ibsen‟s drama, An Enemy of the
People published by Webster‟s Thesaurus Edition. It includes idea,
attitude, and ways of thinking in dialogue among the characters in the
play.
b. Secondary Data Source
Taken from the theory of literature, criticism, encyclopedia,
previous research, other relevant information that supports the primary
data.
3. Technique of The Data Collection
Data, are collected by attempting close reading to the play An Enemy
of the People (as the main data) and the other sources (as the supporting
data). From the understanding of the drama and those sources, data are
collected related to the object of analysis. The method of collecting data are:
1) Reading the novel several times for getting the data and information.
2) Identifying the data based on the topic.
3) Reading various relates sources and theory.
4) Writing notes of the essentials part. The fifth is to classify the data into
specific category.
5) Arranging and developing the selected data refers to the topic.
4. Technique of the Data Analysis
Technique of analysing data is managed into four interrelated steps as
follows:
a. Selecting the data and categorizing it in accordance with the need.
b. Combining the data with the Individual Psychology Theory of Alfred
Adler used in the research.
c. Reducing the useless data to avoid some deviations.
d. Drawing conclusion based on the analysed data.
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5. Paper Organization
The research paper is organized as Chapter I contains Introduction;
including Background of the Study, Limitation of the Study, Problem
Statements, Objectives of the Study, Benefits of the Study, Research
Methodols, and Thesis Organization. Chapter II contains Notion of
Individual theory ,Basic concept of Individual Psychology, Notion of
Loyalty Structural Element of Drama, and Theoretical Applications , while
Chapter III Contains Structural Analysis and Discussion. Chapter IV is
Psychological Analysis of Enemy of the People, and Chapter V is
Conclusion, Pedagogical Implication, and Suggestions.