Workshop Manual

METHODIST
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Estd: 2008 Approved by AICTE New Delhi | Affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad
Abids, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500001
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
WORKSHOP/
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
BE I & II Semester: 2020-21
Name: ................................................................................................
Roll No: ..............................................................................................
Branch:.................................................................SEM:…………...........
Academic Year: ....................................................................................

VISION
To produce ethical, socially conscious and innovative professionals who would

contribute to sustainable technological development of the society.
MISSION
To impart quality engineering education with latest technological

developments and inter disciplinary skills to make students succeed in
professional practice.
To encourage research culture among faculty and students by establishing

state of art laboratories and exposing them to modern industrial and
organizational practices.
To inculcate humane qualities like environmental consciousness,

leadership, social values, professional ethics and engage in independent
and lifelong learning for sustainable contribution to the society.
METHODIST
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE New Delhi | Affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad
Estd: 2008
Abids, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500001
LABORATORY MANUAL
WORKSHOP / MANUFACTURING
PROCESS LAB
(ES157 ME)
Prepared by
PART-A
Mr. Venkataratnam Akumarthy
Assistant Professor, Mech. Engg.
PART-B
Mrs. Unnati Khanapurkar
Assistant Professor, Computer Science & Engg.
VISION
To be a reputed centre of excellence in the field of mechanical engineering by

synergizing innovative technologies and research for the progress of society.
MISSION
 To impart quality education by means of state-of-the-art infrastructure.
 To involve in trainings and activities on leadership qualities and social

responsibilities.
 To inculcate the habit of life-long learning, practice professional ethics and

service the society.
 To establish industry- institute interaction for stake holder development.

After 3-5 years of graduation, the graduates will be able to:
PEO1: Excel as engineers with technical skills, and work with complex
engineering systems.
PEO2: Capable to be entrepreneurs, work on global issues, and contribute to

industry and society through service activities and/or professional
organizations.
PEO3: Lead and engage diverse teams with effective communication and
managerial skills.
PEO4: Develop commitment to pursue life-long learning in the chosen

profession and/or progress towards an advanced degree
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
Po1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the basic knowledge of mathematics, science
and engineering fund a mentals along with the specialized knowledge of mechanical
engineering to understand complex engineering problems.
PO2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, design and analyse complex
mechanical engineering problems using knowledge of science and engineering.
Po3. Design/development of solutions: Develop solutions for complex
engineering problems, design and develop system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration of the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Formulate engineering
problems, conduct investigations and solve using research-based knowledge.
PO5. Modern tool usage: Use the modern engineering skills, techniques and tools
that include IT tools necessary for mechanical engineering practice.
Po6. The engineer and society: Apply the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities during professional practice.
PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
to various groups, ability to write effective reports and make effective presentations.
PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate and apply the knowledge
to understand the management principles and financial aspects in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in Independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
Mechanical Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PSO1: Apply the knowledge of CAD/CAM/CAE tools to analyse, design and develop
the products and processes related to Mechanical Engineering.
PSO 2: Solve problems related to mechanical systems by applying the principles of
modern manufacturing technologies.
PSO 3: Exhibit the knowledge and skill relevant to HVAC and IC Engines.
CODE OF CONDUCT
1. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the time table schedule.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the
experiment scheduled for the day.
3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge

in the observation book is necessary.
4. Staff member in-charge shall award marks based on continuous evaluation for each
experiment out of maximum 15 marks and should be entered in the evaluation
sheet/attendance register.
5. Students should bring a note book of about 100 pages and should enter the
readings/observations into the note book while performing the experiment.
6. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the
experiment performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by
the staff member in-charge.
7. Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a
setup for conventional labs and one student in case of computer labs.
8. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores
in-charge after duly filling in the requisition form.
9. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them,
and should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.
10. Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously either
by putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the
semester/year.
11. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
12. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to
Laboratory.
DO’S
1. All the students are instructed to wear protective uniforms, shoes & identity
cards before entering into the laboratory.
2. Please follow instructions precisely as instructed by your supervisor. If any part of
the equipment fails while being used, report it immediately to your supervisor.
3. Take proper guidance before performing any experiment on the machine.
4. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring the
practical record fully completed in all respects pertaining to the experiment
conducted in the previous class.
5. Practical records should be neatly maintained.
6. Students should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the observation
book after completing each experiment.
7. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the practical record
before procedure in your own words.
8. One student from each batch should put his/her signature during receiving the
instrument in the instrument issue register.
DON'TS
1. Don't operate any instrument without getting concerned staff member's prior
permission. Handle equipment carefully to avoid breakage.
2. Using the mobile phone in the laboratory is strictly prohibited.
3. Do not touch the work piece after completion of the experiment, because due to
friction it gets heated.
4. Do not leave the experiments unattended while in progress.
5. Do not crowd around the equipment & run inside the laboratory.
6. Don’t wear loose torn clothing of any kind.
7. Do not wander around the lab and distract other students
8. Do not use any machine that smokes, sparks, or appears defective.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this course are to:
1. Identify and use marking out tools, hand tools, measuring equipment and to work to
prescribed tolerances.
2. Provide hands on experience about use of different engineering materials, tools,
equipments and processes those are common in the engineering field.
3. To gain a good basic working knowledge required for the production of various
engineering products.
4. To Study different hand operated power tools, uses and their demonstration.
5. Adopt safety practices while working with various tools
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO
Course Outcomes PO
No.
Explain the usage of different tools and processes in
CO 1 1, 3, 6, 10
various trades with safety measures.
Apply the skills developed to execute various experiments
CO 2 1, 3, 9,10
in workshop practice as well as everyday life problems.
Demonstrate the various trades such as machining,
CO 3 injection moulding, mould making, casting and basic 1, 3, 10
electronics instruments.
Illustrate the advanced machining processes like CNC,
CO 4 1, 3, 5, 10
rapid prototyping,3D printing
Utilize the basic knowledge of computer to install various
CO 5 1, 3, 5,10
operating systems such as windows or Linux.
Apply the basic knowledge of computer to assemble or
CO 6 1, 3, 5,10
dissemble various components computer
COURSE OUTCOMES VS POs MAPPING
S. NO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
C157.1 2 - 1 - - 3 - - - 3 - 1 - 2 -
C157.2 3 - 1 - - - - - 3 3 - 1 - 2 -
C157.3 2 3 1 - - - - - - 3 - 1 - 2 -
C157.4 2 - 1 - 1 - - - - 3 - 1 1 3 -
C157.5 3 - 1 - 1 - - - - 3 - 1 1 - -
C157.6 3 - 1 - 1 - - - - 3 - 1 1 - -
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Exp. Page No.

Experiment Name
No.
1 Carpentry: Introduction 1-5
2 Carpentry: Sawing and Grooving 6-7
3 Carpentry: T-Lap Joint 8-9
4 Carpentry: Dovetail Joint (Additional Experiment) 10-11
5 Fitting: Introduction 12-26
6 Fitting: Step Cutting and Filing 27-28
7 Fitting: Drilling and Tapping 29-30
8 Fitting: V-Fitting(Additional Experiment) 31-32
9 House Wiring: Introduction 33-37
10 House Wiring: One Lamp Controlled by one switch 38-39

House Wiring: Two Lamps Controlled by one switch in Series or
11 40-41
Parallel Connection
House Wiring: One Lamp Controlled by 2 two-way Switches
12 42-43
(Additional Experiment)
13 Sheet Metal Working : Introduction 44-49
14 Sheet Metal Working: Open Scoop 50-51
15 Sheet Metal Working: Funnel 52-53
16 Sheet Metal Working: Rectangular Tray(Additional Experiment) 54-55
17 Smithy: Introduction 56-60
18 Smithy: Upsetting 61-62
19 Smithy: Fullering 63-64
20 Smithy: S-Hook(Additional Experiment) 65-66
21 Welding: Introduction 67-74
22 Welding: Single V Butt Joint 75-76

23 Welding: Lap Joint 77-78
24 Welding: Corner Joint(Additional Experiment) 79-80
25 Plumbing: Introduction 81-86
26 Plumbing: External Pipe Threading 87-88
27 Plumbing: Shower Connection 89-90
28 Plumbing: Tap Connection(Additional Experiment) 91-92
29 IT Workshop: Introduction 93-101
IT Workshop: Computer Hardware, identification of parts, 102-105

30
Disassembling Assembling of computer to working condition
31 IT Workshop: Operating System Installation 106-120
Note: At least ten experiments should be conducted in the Semester

INDEX
Experiment Marks Remarks/

Experiment Name Date Page No
No P R V T Signature
Experiment Marks Remarks/
Experiment Name Date Page No
No P R V T Signature
Methodist College of Engineering & Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CARPENTRY
INTRODUCTION
Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It starts from a
marketable form of wood and end with a finished product. It deals with the building work,
furniture, cabinet making etc. Joinery is the preparation of the joints is very important
operation in all wood works for making different types of joints to form a finished product.
Marking and Measuring Tools:
1. Steel Rule: It is an important tool for linear measurement. It can also be used as a
marking tool
2. Measuring Steel Tape: It is used for large measurements, such as marking boards
and checking the overall
dimensions of the
work.
Measuring Steel Tape
3. Marking Gauge: It is a tool used to mark lines

parallel to the edge of a wooden piece. It consists
of a square wooden stem with a sliding wooden
stock (head) on it. On the stem is fitted a marking
pin made of steel. The stock is set at any desired
distance from the marking point and fixed in
position by a screw. It must be ensured that the
marking pin projects through the stem about 3mm and the end is sharp enough to
make a very fine line .
BE 1st YEAR, I / II SEMESTER, WORKSHOP / MANUFACTURING PROCESS LAB Page 1

4. Try-Square:: It is used for making and testing the squareness and straightness of
planed surfaces. It consists of a steel blade, fitted in a cast iron stock. It is also used
for checking the planed surfaces for flatness. Its size varies from 150 to 300 mm
according to the length of the blade
5. Compass & Divider:: Compass and divider as shown in Fig are used for marking arcs
and circles on the planed surfaces of the wood.
6. Scriber:: It is used for marking on timber. It is made of steel, having one end pointed
and other end formed into a sharp cutting edge.
Holding tools
1. Carpenter’s vice: Fig shows Carpenter’s vice, used as a work
holding device in a carpenter shop. Its one jaw is fixed to the
side of the table while the other is movable by means of a screw
and a handle. The jaws are lined with hard wooden faces.

Planing Tools
1. Jack plane: It is the most commonly used general purpose plane. It is about 35 cm
long. The curing iron (blade) should have a cutting edge of slight curvature. It is used
for quick removal of material on rough work and is also used in oblique planning.
planning
Wood Jack Plane
Cutting Tools
1. Cross-Cut
Cut or hand Saw
Saw:: It is used to cut across the grains of the stock. The teeth are
so set that the saw kerfs will be wider than the blade thickness (Fig). This allows the
blade to move freely in the cut without sticking.
2. Compass Saw: A compass saw is a type of saw used for making curved cuts known
as compasses, particularly in confined spaces where a larger saw would not fit.
Tenon Saw / Back Saw Compass Saw
3. Tenon Saw: A tenon saw is one kind of backsaw primarily used for cutting furniture
joinery pieces with accuracy.
4. Mortise Chisel: It is used for cutting mortises and chipping inside holes, etc. The
cross section of the mortise chisel is proportioned to withstand heavy blows during
mortising. Further, the cross
cross-section is made stronger near the shank.
5. Firmer Chisel: The word ‘firmer’ means stronger and hence it is stronger than other
chisels. It is a general purpose chisel and is used either by hand pressure or by mallet.
The blade of firmer chisel is flat, as shown in Figure.
Firmer Chisel
6. Dovetail Chisel: It has a tapering cross section and is used to reach difficult to reach
corners where sharp corners are required.
Dovetail Chisel
Drilling and Boring Tools
1. Gimlet: It has cutting edges like a twist drill. It is used for drilling large diameter
holes with the hand pressure.
Miscellaneous Tools
1. Wooden Mallet: It is used to drive the chisel, when considerable force is to be

applied, which may be the case in making deep rough cuts.

2. Pincer:: Figure shows the shape of a pincer. It is made of two forged steel arms with a
hinged joint and is used for pulling-out
pulling small nails from
wood. The inner faces of the pincer jaws are bevelled
and the outer faces are plain. The end of one arm has a
ball andd the other has a claw. The bevelled jaws and the
claw are used for pulling out small nails, pins and screws from the wood.
3. Claw hammer:: It has a striking flat face at one end and

the claw at the other, as shown in extracting relatively
large nails out of wood. It is made of cast steel and
weighs from 0.25 kg to 0.75kg.
4. Wood Rasp File: It is a finishing tool used to make the wood surface smooth, remove
sharp edges finish fillets and other interior surfaces. Sharp cutting teeth are provided
on its surface
ce for the purpose. This file is exclusively used in wood work.
Wood Rasp File (Flat)
Wood Rasp File (Half Round)

EXPERIMENT - 01
CARPENTRY: SAWING AND GROOVING
AIM:
To make Sawing and Grooving experiment from the given wood piece.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Teak wood piece of size 50 X 30 X 125 mm – 1 piece
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Governor setup, Carpenter’s vice, Steel Rule, Jack plane, Try-square, Marking Gauge, Firmer
Chisel, Cross-cut Saw, Tenon- Saw, Scriber, Wooden Mallet and Wood rasp File.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given wood piece is checked to confirm size as per sketch given.
2. The wood piece is firmly fixed in the carpenter’s vice and any two adjacent faces are
planned by jack plane and the two other faces are checked for the squareness using
the try-square.
3. Making gauge is set and lines are drawn as per sketch given respectively.
4. Using the cross cut saw the portions to be removed are cut in the wood piece.
5. Followed by chiselling the unwanted wood material can be removed.
6. A fine finishing is given by using wood rasp file.
Precautions:
1. Do not use firmer chisel without handle.
2. Do not put finger on cutting edge of chisel and Saw.
RESULT & CONCLUSION:

The T-Lap Joint is thus made by following the above sequence of operations.

DIAGRAM:
All dimensions are in mm
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is bench vice?
2. How many types of files?
3. What is chisel? What are the safety precautions are required in carpentry
4. What is carpentry?
5. What are the tools required in carpentry?
6. What are drilling tools?

EXPERIMENT - 02
CARPENTRY: T- LAP JOINT
AIM:
To make a T- LAP JOINT as shown in the figure from the given reaper.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Teak wood piece of size 50 X 30 X 125 mm – 2 pieces
TOOLS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
7. The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size.
8. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenter’s vice and any two adjacent faces are
planed by the jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness with try-square.
9. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 24 and 45mm to mark the thickness and
width of the model respectively.
10. The excess material is first chiselled out with firmer chisel an then planned to correct
size.
11. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using scale and marking
gauge.
12. Using the cross cut saw, the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces,
followed by chiselling.
13. The ends of both the parts are chiselled and filed by wood rasp file to the exact length.
14. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that proper fitting is obtained.
15. The parts are fitted to obtain a straight tight joint.
Precautions:


DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the safety precautions are required in carpentry?
2. How many types of chisel?
3. What is carpentry?
4. What are the tools required in carpentry?
5. What are drilling tools?

EXPERIMENT - 03
CARPENTRY: DOVETAIL LAP JOINT
AIM:
To make a Dovetail Lap joint experiment from the given wood piece.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Teak wood piece of size 50 X 30 X 125 mm – 2 pieces
TOOLS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
1. The given wood pieces are checked to confirm size as per sketch given.
2. The wood piece is firmly fixed in the carpenter’s vice and any two adjacent faces are
planned by jack plane and the two other faces are checked for the squareness using
the try-square.
3. Making gauge is set and lines are drawn at 24 and 48mm, to mark the thickness and
width of the model respectively.
4. The portions to be removed in both male and female pieces can be cut by using the
cross cut saw, followed by chiselling.
5. A fine finishing is given by using wood rasp file.
6. The ends of both parts are chiselled and filed by Wood rasp file.
7. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtained.
8. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint
Precautions:


DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is mortise chisel?
2. What is rough file and smooth file

FITTING
INTRODUCTION
Machine tools are capable of producing work at a faster rate, but there are occasions when
components are processed at the bench. The term bench work refers to the production of
components by hand on the bench, where as fitting deals with the assembly of mating
parts, through the removal of metal to obtain the required fit. Both the bench work and
fitting operations consists of filing, chipping, sawing, drilling, tapping etc.,
CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS:
The tools commonly used in fitting may be classified as 1) Holding tools 2) Cutting
tools 3) Striking tools 4) Marking & checking tools.
HOLDING TOOLS:
1) Bench vice 2) Pipe vice, 3) Hand vice, 4) Pin vice, Tool makers, 6) Leg vice 7)
C- clamp.
BENCH VICE (OR) PARALLEL JAW VICE:
The bench vice is the work holding device. It has two jaws one of which is fixed to the
bench and other slides with the aid of square screw and a box nut arrangement. The outer
end of the screw carries a handle. The jaws are made with hardened tool and the body is
cast iron or cast steel. The working faces of jaws are serrated to give additional grip for
holding job. The size of the parallel or bench vice is specified by the jaws width.

BENCH VICE
V-Block C- Clamp

CUTTING TOOLS:
Hacksaw:
1. Solid Frame Hacksaw
2. Adjustable Frame Hacksaw
The hacksaw is used for cutting metal by hand. It consists of a frame, which holds a thin
blade firmly in position. Hacksaw blades have a number of teeth ranging from 5 to 15 per
cm. Hacksaw blades are classified as
1. HSS Hacksaw Blade 2. Flexible Bimetal Hacksaw Blade
The teeth of hacksaw blade are staggered or bending alternatively are known as a “set of
teeth”. These make slots wider than the blade thickness preventing the blade from
jamming.
Power Hacksaw: It is similar to hacksaw, but has a large size blade and is driven by
motor.
Drills: Drills are cutting tools used for making holes. These are naturally made of high
speed steel tools. Drills have two cutting edges and two helical grooves (flutes). The
flutes admit coolants and also allow the chips to escape during the drilling. Its cutting
angle (lips) is grounded to 118˚. The shank of twist drill may be either straight or taper.
Reamer: A reamer is used for finishing a drilled hole to an accurate size and to produce a
good surface finish. It is made of HSS. There are two types of reamers.
1. Hand reamer
2. Machine reamer
Chisels: Chisels are used for removing excess material from large surfaces and cutting
thin sheets. These tools are made from 0.9˚ to 1.0˚ carbon steel of octagonal or hexagonal.
The cutting angle for the chisel for general purpose is about 60˚. The recommend angles
for cutting different materials at cold state are:
Aluminium 35˚
MildSteel 55˚

Copper and Brass 40˚ – 45˚
Cast Iron 60˚
Cast Steel 70˚
Hacksaw Frame with Blade

CUTTING TOOLS
The most commonly used chisels are:
1. Flat chisel
2. Cross cut chisel
3. Half round chisel
4. Diamond point chisel
5. Side chisel
Scrapers: Scrapers are used for producing finished surface. It removes the surface
irregularities at selected spots on a surface. The scrapers are made of tool steel. The
cutting edge is hardened but not usually tempered. The most commonly used scrapers are:
1. Flat scraper
2. Triangular scraper
3. Half round scraper
Striking tools: Hand hammers are striking tools. They are made of medium carbon steel.
The various types of hand hammers in common use are ball peen hammer, cross pen
hammer and straight peen hammer.
Ball Peen Hammer Cross Peen Hammer

Straight Peen Hammer
STRIKING TOOLS
Marking tools: Marking is a process of layout of sizes on work piece. The
following tools are used in marking operations.
1. Scriber
2. Divider
3. Jenny caliper
4. Scribing block
5. Angle plate
6. V-block
7. Punch
8. Try Square
9. Surface plate
Scriber: A scriber is a slender tool used to scribe or mark lines on metal work piece.
Tap and Tap wrenches: A tap is hardened steel tool used for cutting internal threads in a
drilled hole. Hand taps are available in sets containing three taps. Taper tap, Second
Sec tap,
and plug or bottom tap.

Die and Die holders: Dies are cutting tools used for making external threads. They are
made of tool steel or high carbon steel.
Punch: It is made of tool steel and the various types of punches are prick punch or dot
punch, centre punch, number punch and letter punch.
Prick punch: It is also called as dot punch and used for marking small dots along the
layout lines. The point is tempered and grounded to an angle of 60˚.
Centre punch: This is similar to dot punch, except that its point is grounded to angle of
90˚. It is used for marking the location of the holes to be drilled.
V- block: V blocks are made of cast iron or hardened steel. They are provided with V
grooves on the top and bottom and rectangle dots on two sides for location of clamps.
Try square: It is used for checking squareness of small works. The size of the try square
is specified by the length of the blade.
Surface plate: It is used for providing true surface support to the work during marking. It
is made of cast iron, hardened steel or granite and is specified by length× width × height×
grade.
Divider: This is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular lines, bisecting
lines etc.
Jenny caliper: This is also called as odd leg or hermaphrodite caliper. It is used for
marking parallel lines from a finished edge and also for locating the centre of round bars.
Scribing block: It is also known as universal scribing block. This is used for scribing
lines for layout and for checking parallel surfaces.
Angle plate: The angle plate is made of cast iron or hardened steel. They are provided
with v-grooves on the top and bottom and rectangular slots on two sides for the location
of clamps.
Vernier height gauge: It is clamped with scriber and is used when it is required to take
measurements from the surfaces on which gauge is standing. The accuracy and working
principles of this gauge is same as vernier caliper.
Outside Micrometer: It is used for measuring external dimensions accurately of

0.01mm.

Inside micrometer: This is used to measure inside dimension accurately to 0.01mm. It

consists of a measuring unit, a number of interchangeable extension rods and a handle.
Surface Plate Angle Plate
Universal Scribing Block Try Square
Scriber Spring Calipers (Outside & Inside)

DIVIDER
DIES & DIE HANDLE

FILE:
File is a cutting tool. A file is a hardened steel tool having slant parallel rows of cutting
edges or teeth on its surface on the faces. The one end of the file is shaped to fit into
wooden handle. The hand file is parallel in width and tapering slightly in thickness
towards the tip. It is provided with double cut teeth on the faces, single cut on one edge
and no teeth on the other edge which is known as “safe edge”.
Types of files: Files are classified according to their shape of cutting teeth and
pitch grades of teeth.
S. No Type of file Uses
It is used for filing a surface, at a right angle to an

1 Hand file
already finished surface.
2 Flat file Used for general file
3 Square file Used for slots and key ways
4 Triangular file Used for filing internal corners
Used for filing concave surfaces and internal

5 Half round file
corners
Used for filing concave surfaces and circular
6 Round file
opening
Used for filing corners, grooves, slots etc., in
7 Swiss or needle File
intricate work
Based on the coarseness or pitch of the teeth, files are graded as follows:
a. Rough: It has 8 teeth per cm and it is used for rough work.
b. Baste red: It has 12 teeth per cm.
c. Second cut: It has 16 teeth per cm
d. Smooth: It has 20 to 24 teeth per cm
e. Dead smooth: It has 40 to 48 teeth per cm

PARTS OF FILE
TYPES OF FILES CUT OF FILES
MEASURING AND CHECKING INSTRUMENTS:

Measuring tools may be classified as :
1. Linear measuring instruments

a. Steel rule
b. Caliper
c. Depth gauge
d. Vernier caliper
e. Micrometer
f. Gauge block
g. Dial indicator or dial gauge
2. Angular measuring instruments
a. Level protractor

b. Combination set
c. Sine bar
3. Surface measuring instruments
a. Spirit level
b. Straight edge
Steel rule: It is a strip of steel with graduation on its edges.

Calipers: They are used for transferring the dimensions both external and internal. They are
made either with firm joint or spring caliper.
Outside caliper: It is used for measuring outside dimensions of cylindrical shapes.
Inside caliper: It is used for measuring the diameter of holes and width of key ways.
Vernier caliper: It is used for measuring outside as well as inside dimensions accurately. It
may also be used as depth gauge.
Least count of vernier = 1 main scale division – 1 vernier scale division
Combination set: It consists of rule, square head, centre head, and a protractor and spirit
level. This may be used as a rule, a square, depth gauge for marking meters (45˚) for locating
the centre on the end of the round bar and for measuring and marking angles.
Gauges: Gauges are inspection tools used in production work to control the size and shape of
the components.
Feeler gauges: These are thin steel blades hardened and grounded to various sizes. These are
used to check the clearance between two mating parts. The blade thickness varies from
0.03mm – 1.0mm and the length of the blade is about 100mm.
Screw pitch gauge: It is used to check the pitch of the screw. The pitch of the screw is
directly on the gauge.
Wire gauge: The wire gauge is used to check the diameter of the wire from 0.1mm – 10mm.
Plate gauge: Plate gauge (standard wire gauge) is used to measure thickness of sheets of
different thickness. Each slot is represented by number (SWG number). As the number
increases the thickness size decreases. The most common gauge used in sheet metal has 21
slots with gauge numbers ranging from 4 to 24.

Radius and fillet gauge: These are used to check the radii of curvature of convex and
concave surfaces.
Miscellaneous tools:
1. File card: It is a metal brush used for cleaning the files to free them from filings
logged in between the teeth.
2. Screw driver: It is used for tightening and loosening the screws. It is made of steel
and its tip is hardened. It is made in a variety of sizes and shapes.
3. Spanners: Spanners or wrenches are used for tightening and loosening of nuts and
bolts. They are made of forged steel. The size of spanner denotes the size of the
bolt on which it can work.
Types of spanners:
1. Single end spanner
2. Double end spanner
3. Ring spanner
4. Box end spanner
5. Adjustable spanner
Allen key: It is used for hallow sunk head bolts and screws.
Pliers:
1. Cutting pliers: It is used for holding work and cutting thin soft wires.
2. Nose pliers: It is used for holding and bending thin wires.
3.Circlip pliers: It is used for locking and removal of Circlip and are available in outside
and inside pliers.


SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Never wear loose clothes, wear the prescribed dresses while in workshop.
 Never enter the workshop without shoes
 Do not run or play in the shop floor
 Keep the floor clear of metal chips, curls, and waste pieces.
 Concentrate on the work and don’t talk unnecessarily while operating the machine.
 Do not operate the machine without getting conversant with the machine.
 Do not wear rings, watches etc., that could be caught in moving machinery.
 Do not attempt to oil, clean or adjust or repair any machine when it is running.
 When you switch off the machine, do not leave before it has completely stopped
running.
 Keep your body behind the cutting edge of an edged cutting tool.
 Never use a hammer with a loose head.
 Do not clean chips with hands.
 Do not try to stop the machine with your hands or body.
 Keep all the hand tools in proper working condition.
 Slippery floors, poor ventilation, poor lightening, and inadequate space are the
potential causes of accidents and hence should be avoided.

EXPERIMENT - 04
FITTING: STEP SAWING AND FILING
AIM:
To make a Step Sawing and Filing from the given M.S. pieces.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
M.S. Piece of size: 50 X 50 X 5 mm
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Bench Vice, Steel Rule, Try Square, Ball-Peen Hammer, Scriber, Dot Punch, Set of Files,
Surface Plate, Jenny Caliper, Hacksaw with Blade and Flat Chisel.
PROCEDURE:
1. The burrs in the pieces are removed and the dimensions are checked with the steel
Rule.
2. The pieces are clamped one after the other and the outer mating edges are filed and
checked for their flatness, with the help of the try-square.
3. The side edges of the two pieces are filed such that, they are at right angle to each
other and widths are exactly 48 mm.
4. Chalk is then applied on the surfaces of the two pieces.
5. The given dimensions of the step fitting are marked, by using the Jenny caliper, steel
rule and surface plate.
6. Using the dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
7. Using the hack saw, the unwanted portions are removed.
8. Using the flat chisel, the unwanted material in the piece is removed.
9. The cut edges are filed by the Flat file.
10. The corners of the stepped surfaces are filed by using a square or triangular file to get
the sharp corners.
11. The piece fitted together the mating is checked for the correctness of the Stepped,
defects noticed, are rectified by filing with a smooth file.
Note:
The single hemmed vertical edges of the tray can either be riveted or soldered to
ensure stability of the joints.


The required step fitting is thus obtained by following the stages, as described above.
DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is marking gauge?
2. What is full form of M.S?
3. What are the tools required in fitting
4. 4. What is angle plate?

EXPERIMENT - 05
FITTING: DRILLING AND TAPPING
AIM:
To prepare a square flat with a drilled hole and two tapped holes in given MS Piece.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
M.S. Piece of size: 50 X 50 X 5 mm
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Bench Vice, Steel Rule, Try Square, Ball Peen Hammer, Jenny Caliper, Scriber, Hack Saw,
Dot and Centre Punches, Surface Plate, Bet of Files, Drill Bits and Tap Set.
PROCEDURE:
1. The burrs that are present in the piece are removed and the dimensions area checked
with the steel rule.
2. Any two adjacent sides of the flat are filed by using rough and smooth files such that
they are perpendicular each other.
3. Wet chalk is applied on one side of the flat and dried for marking.
4. Lines are marked at 48 mm from the two edges, using the Jenny caliper and steel rule.
5. Using the dot punch, dots are made along the making lines.
6. The excess material is either filed or cut with the hacksaw and then filed to correct
size.
7. By using Jenny caliper and steel rule, lines are marked to locate the centres of the
holes.
8. Using the centre punch, dots are made at the centres of the holes.
9. Choosing appropriate sizes of drill bits, holes are made using a bench drill.
Note:
1. To find the drill diameter for the holes, the following relation is used.
Drill diameter = 0.84 X Nominal Diameter of the threaded hole.
2. The nearest available smaller drill bit is used for drilling the holes.
3. The corner holes are tapped by using the hand tap set.
4. All the sharp edges around the holes are deburred.


The square flat with a drilled hole and two tapped holes are thus made by following
the stages as mentioned above.
DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is holding tools?
2. What is thickness of metal?
3. What are the safety precautions are required in fitting section?
4. What is centre punch?

EXPERIMENT - 06
FITTING: “V” FITTING
AIM:
To make V-fit from the given two M.S. pieces.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
M.S. Piece of size: 50 X 50 X 5 mm – 2 Pieces
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Bench Vice, Steel Rule, Try Square, Ball-Peen Hammer, Scriber, Dot Punch, Set of Files,
Surface Plate, Jenny Caliper, Hacksaw with Blade and Flat Chisel.
PROCEDURE:
1. The burrs in the pieces are removed and the dimensions are checked with the steel
rule.
2. The pieces are clamped one after the other and the outer mating edges are filed and
checked for their flatness with the help of the try-square
3. The side edges of the two pieces are filed such that, they are at right angle to each
other and widths are exactly 48 mm.
4. Chalk is then applied on the surfaces of the two pieces.
5. The given dimensions of the “V” fitting are marked, by using the Jenny caliper,steel
rule and surface plate.
6. Using the dot punch, dots are punched along the above scribed lines.
7. Using the hack saw, the unwanted portions are removed.
8. Using the flat chisel, the unwanted material in the piece Y is removed.
9. The cut edges are filed by the triangular file.
10. The corners of the stepped surfaces are filed by using square or triangular file to get
the sharp corners.
11. The pieces (X and Y) are fitted together and the mating is checked for the correctness
of the fit. Any defects noticed, are rectified by filing with a smooth file.
Note:
Care is taken to see that the marking dots are not crossed, which is indicated by the
half of the punch dots left on the pieces.


The required V-fit is thus obtained by following the stages as described above.
DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is dot punch?
2. What is c- clamp?
3. What are the safety precautions are required in fitting section?
4. What is centre punch?

HOUSE WIRING
INTRODUCTION
Electrical wiring is defined as a system of electrical conductor, components and apparatus,
for conveying electric power from the source to the point of use. Electrical power is supplied
to domestic installation through a phase and a neutral forming a single phase A.C. 230V, two
wire system. For industrial establishment, power is supplied through 3-phase wire system to
give 440v. The figure below shows the power tapping for domestic and industrial purpose.
The neutral is earthed at the distribution sub-station of the supply.
Elements of house wiring:
1.Fuses and Circuit Breakers: These are devices designed to provide protection to a
circuit against excess current.
2. Electric Switch: This is a device that makes and breaks or changes the course
of electric circuit.
3. Plug: It is a device carrying two or more metallic contacts in the form of pins intended
for engaging with the corresponding socket contacts.
4. Socket outlet: It is a device carrying 2or 3 contacts designed for engagement with
corresponding plug pins and arranged for connection to fixed wiring.
5. Lamp Holder: It is designed to hold lamps and connect them in the circuit.
6. Main switch: This is a switch intended to connect or cut off the supply of electricity to
the whole of installation. It contains one or more fuses.

ELECTRICAL SWITCHES
PLUGS AND SOCKETS
WIRES

Wiring methods
A circuit is a path along which the electric current flows the negative side of the power
source to the positive side. There are three types of electrical circuits that are used for
connecting devices or controls to the power source i.e. series circuit, parallel circuit and
combination of the two.
The series circuit provides a single, continuous path through which current flows. The
devices are connected one after another and the current flows through them until it returns to
the power source. In parallel circuit the devices are connected side by side so that, current
flows in a number of parallel paths.

Common House wiring connections:

1. One Lamp controlled by one-way switch:
One lamp controlled by a one-way switch, this is the normal connection one comes across
in house wiring.
2. Two Lamps controlled by one-way switch:

Two Lamps may be connected by one –way switch in parallel for bright glow or in series
for dull glow.
3. One Lamp controlled by 2 two-way switches:

It is sometimes desirable to control a lamp from 2 different places. One may come across
this situation with staircase, long corridors or hall containing two entrances etc.


EXPERIMENT - 07
HOUSE WIRING: ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH
AIM:
To give connection to one Lamp controlled by one Switch.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Aluminum Sheet of (120 X 156 X 0.30 mm)
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Wooden Wiring Board, One Way Switch, Wooden Round Block, Batten Lamp Holder,
Connector, Screw Driver, Wires, Wire Clips, Nails, Wood Screws, Poker and Bulb.
PROCEDURE:
1. The outline of the wiring diagram is marked on the wooden wiring board.
2. Clips are nailed to the board, following the wiring diagram
3. Wires are stretched and clamped with the clips
4. Round block is screwed onto the board, as per the diagram.
5. Wires are connected to the holder and switch which are then screwed onto the round
blocks.
6. Bulb is fitted to the holder.
7. The wiring connections are then tested, by giving power supply

By following above sequence of operation one light controlled by one switch is thus made.
DIAGRAM:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the tools are required in house wiring ?
2. What is screw driver ?
3. What is tester ?
4. What is lamp holder?
5. What Is difference between one way switch and two way switch ?
6. What are safety precautions required in house wiring section

EXPERIMENT - 08
HOUSE WIRING: TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH IN
PARALLEL OR IN SERIES CONNECTION
AIM:
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Wooden wiring board, one way switch, wooden round blocks, batten lamp holders,
connector, screw driver, wires, wire clips, nails, wood screws, poker and bulbs.
PROCEDURE:
2. Clips are nailed to the board, following the wiring diagram
3. Wires are stretched and clamped with the clips
4. Round blocks (3 No's) are screwed onto the board, as per the diagram.
5. Wires are connected to the holders and switch which are then screwed onto the round
blocks.
6. Bulbs are fitted to the holders
7. The wiring connections are then tested, by giving power supply.

The electrical circuit, for two lights controlled by one switch in series is thus made.

DIAGRAM:
Two Lamps controlled by one switch in Series connection
Two Lamps controlled by one switch in Parallel connection
VIVA QUESTIONS:
2. What is house wiring ?
3. What is plug
4. What is earthing
5. What is socket outlet ?

EXPERIMENT - 09
HOUSE WIRING: ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY 2 TWO-WAY
SWITCHES
AIM:
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Wooden wiring board, two way switches (2 No’s), wooden round blocks, batten lamp
holders, connector, screw driver, wires, wire clips, nails, wood screws, poker and Bulb.
PROCEDURE:
2. Clips are nailed to the board, following the wiring diagram.
3. Wires are stretched and clamped with the clips.
4. Round blocks (3 No’s) are screwed onto the board, as per the diagram
5. Wires connected to the holders and switches which are then screwed onto the round
blocks.
6. Bulb is fitted to the holder.
7. The wiring connections are then tested, by giving power supply.

The electrical circuit, for one light controlled by two way switches is thus made.

DIAGRAM:
One Lamp controlled by two way switches
VIVA QUESTIONS:
2. What is house wiring ?
3. What Is difference between one way switch and two way switch ?
4. What are safety precautions required in house wiring section?

SHEET METAL WORKING
INTRODUCTION
The metal plank having less than 2mm thick is called sheet metal. Sheet metal work deals
with the production of components in wide variety of shapes and sizes with the aid of tools or
machines.
Some of the important metals used in sheet metal work are described below.
Galvanized Iron: It is a sheet of soft steel, which is coated with zinc. Zinc resists corrosion
and improves the appearance of the metal galvanized iron in one of the least expensive metals
and is used for making pans, buckets, ducts, gutters, tanks, boxes, etc.
Black Iron: It is an uncoated sheet of metal with bluish- back appearance. It corrodes rapidly
is not expensively due to difficulties of soldering the block iron sheet are used for parts that
are to be painted.
Tin plate: Tin plate is an iron or steel coated with pure iron. It has very bright silver
appearance and is used for food containers, cans, pans.
Stainless steels: It is an alloy steel possessing corrosion resistance. General type stainless
steel contains 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel. This steel is commonly known as
18-8 stainless steel. These are available various sizes and thickness. It is widely used for food
containers, dairy equipment.
Copper: It has reddish color and possesses good malleability, ductility and resistance to
atmospheric corrosion.
Aluminum: Sheet aluminum is never pure aluminum and it is always allowed with small
quantities of copper silicon, magnesium, and iron.
Tools and Equipment used in Sheet Metal
The common hand tools used in sheet metal work are steel rule, wire gauge, dot punch,
trammels, scriber, ball peen hammer, straight –peen hammer, cross peen hammer, Nylon
Mallets Hammer, Snips and Soldering Iron etc.

Snips: Hand shear or snips are used to cut sheet metal. Although there are many types, the
sheet metal works generally use straight snips and curved snips.
Straight Snips: Straight snips have straight blades and are used for cutting along the straight
lines and for trimming edges.
Curved Snips / Bent Snip: Curved snips has a curved blade and used for cutting circles and
irregular shapes.
Bench shears: Bench shear is used for cutting thick sheets. The lower fixed blade is firmly
secured by bracket at bottom. The movable blade is pivoted at the rear end; the hand
operating lever is attached to the front end of movable blade link mechanism.
Stakes: Stakes are made of steel and forged in a variety of shapes and sizes. Its working face
is machined and polished to facilitate various operations such as bending, seaming or
forming.
The following types of stakes are mostly used.
a. Double seaming: These stakes has two horns and it is used to make double seam for
vessels.
b. Blow horn: These stakes have two horn tapering norms and it is used to forming or
seaming funnels.
c. Break horn: These stakes have a square tapered horn on one side and a round tapered
horn on opposite side. It is used for shaping round and square surfaces, bending edges, and
making corners.
d. Conductor stake: These stakes has two cylindrical horns having different diameters. It is
used for forming pipes and cylindrical pieces.
e. Funnel stake: It is used for forming conical shapes and for making wire rings.
f. Hatchet stake: It has a horizontal sharp straight edge and can be used for making straight
sharp bends and for folding and bending edges.
g. Square Stake: It has a square straight edge and can be used for folding and bending of the
sheet edges and for making right angle bends.
h. Wire gauge: The thickness of sheet metal is referred in number known as standard wire
gauge. The gaps in the circumference of the gauge are used to check the gauge number as
shown in figure.

i. Sheet Metal Joints: Various types of joints are used in sheet metal work to suit the
varying requirements. Some commonly used sheet metal joints and folded edges are
shown below. These are self secured joints, formed by joining together 2 pieces of sheet
metal and using the metal itself to form the joint.
j. Hand Hammers and Mallets: The sheet metal worker uses a wide variety of hammers
and mallet by forming shapes by different operations. The most commonly used hammers
are follows.
k. Straight-Peen Hammer: It has a peen end similar to its bottom size round shape and its
top side is straight point. Square, slightly curved face and its peen is tapered, it is used for
riveting.
l. Cross Peen Hammer: It has a square flat face and it is tapered on one side. It is used for
setting down the edges for making a double seam.
m. Mallet: Mallet is generally made of wood and Nylon. It is used whenever slight blows are
required. Wooden and Nylon mallets don’t damage the surface.
Wooden Mallet Nylon Mallet
Trammel Standard Wire Gauge

Square Stake Hatchet Stake
Half Moon Stake Funnel Stake
Bench Shear Machine Straight Snip

Bent Snip
Bent Scriber
Straight Scriber
TYPES OF SEEMS AND FOLDED EDGES

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
 Never carry tools in pockets.

 Do not try to hold the sheets with bare hands.
 Do not remove any guards on squaring shears.
 Care should be exercised when working on squaring shears.
 Be sure that the fingers are away from the shearing blade.
 Never use a soldering iron a loose handle.
 Never touch a soldering Iron to see its hotness.
 The melting of solder indicates the correct temperature.
 Be careful when cutting out a pattern. Remove scrap metal to avoid injuries.

EXPERIMENT - 10
SHEET METALWORKING : OPEN SCOOP
AIM:
To prepare an Open Scoop using the given Sheet Metal
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Aluminium Sheet, Size: 80 X 90 X 0.32 mm or 32 Gauge
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Strait Snip, Steel Rule, Scriber, Square Stake, Hatchet Stake, Wooden Mallet or Nylon
Hammer and Try Square.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measurements confirm to drawing dimensions.
2. With the help of Steel rule, Scriber mark on the Sheet as per the Sketch.
3. Using the Straight Snip cut along marking whichever is not required.
4. Using the Nylon Hammer, Square Stake, Hatchet Stake, bending and forming of the
sheet to form Open Scoop.
5. Using Straight Snip If any sharp edges on the final Open Scoop, cut and remove.
Precautions:
1. Wear Apron and Shoes whenever you are in the Lab.
2. Take care while handling the sheet metal piece, not to get injury by sharp edges.

The Open Scoop is thus made by following the above sequence of operations.

DIAGRAM:
Open Scoop Development Drawing Open Scoop
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is scriber ?
2. What is thickness of G.I sheet ?
3. What is full form of G.I ?
4. What are the uses of soldering ?
5. What are the tools are required in sheet metal ?

EXPERIMENT - 11
SHEET METALWORKING: FUNNEL
AIM:
To prepare a FUNNEL using the given Aluminum Sheet
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Aluminium Sheet, Size: 65 X 120 X 0.32 mm – 1 no., 40 X 60 X 0.32 mm -1 no.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Straight Snip, Bent Snip, Steel Rule, Scriber, Circular Stake, Wooden Mallet or Nylon
Hammer, Try Square, Divider, Protractor, Nose Plier.
PROCEDURE:
1. With the help of Steel rule check the dimensions of the given Sheet.
2. Mark the development of funnel by using steel rule, protractor, divider and scriber as
per sketch on the given sheet.
3. Using the Straight Snip and Bent Snip cut along marking whichever is not required.
4. The development of the funnel after bending X & Y joint together for making funnel.
5. Cut and remove if any sharp edges on the final FUNNEL by using Straight Snip.
6. The joint is then soldered if required.
Precautions:
1. Wear Apron and Shoes whenever you are in the Lab.

2. Take care while handling the sheet metal piece, not to get injury by sharp edges.

The Funnel is thus made by following the above sequence of operations.

DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
2. What is try square ?
3. What is wood mallet ?
6. What are the safety precautions are required in sheet metal section ?

EXPERIMENT - 12
SHEET METAL WORKING: RECTANGULAR TRAY
AIM:
To make a rectangular tray using the given sheet.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Steel Rule, Try Square, Divider, Scriber, Straight Snip, Mallet or Nylon Hammer, Square
Stake, Hatchet Stake.
PROCEDURE:
1. The size of given sheet is checked with the steel rule.
2. The developed drawing of the tray is marked on the given sheet.
3. The unwanted material of the tray is cut by using the straight snip as shown in
development.
4. Single hemming is made on the four sides of the tray by using stakes and nylon
hammer.
5. The four sides of the tray are bent to 90°.
Precautions:
1. Do not try to hold the sheets with bare hands.

2. Be sure that the fingers are away from the shearing bend.
3. Markings should be done carefully.
4. Cutting should be done carefully to avoid cross cutting.
Note:
The single hemmed vertical edges of the tray can either be riveted or soldered to
ensure stability of the joints.

The rectangular tray is thus made, from the given sheet metal.

DIAGRAM:
Rectangular Tray Development drg.
Rectangula Tray

VIVA QUESTIONS:
2. What is try square ?
3. What is wood mallet ?
6. What are the safety precautions are required in sheet metal section ?

SMITHY
INTRODUCTION
Smithy is one of the oldest metal working processes. It is defined as the shaping of a heated
metal by hammering and pressing .In forging; metals are made plastic by heating them and
deformed by hammering, while they are hot. This process is usually carried at above the
recrystallisation temperature. Therefore it is regarded as hot working. It is also called as
Black Smithy.
Forge or Hearth: - The forge or hearth is needed for heating metals. In this forges, metals
are heated to plastic state for hammering them into desired shape.
Smithy Forge
Anvil: The anvil is used for supporting the work while hammering they are made in different
forms to provide the means for other forging operations. The usual form of anvil used in hand
forging weighs up to 25 to 250 kgs. It has a round hole for bending rods and a square hole for
holding square shanks of various tools such as
swages, fullers etc. The body is made of mild
steel and a strip of high carbon steel about20
mm thick is welded to its to provide hard face.
Beak is used for bending metal to round shapes.
Swage block: -The swage block is generally made of cast iron or cast steel. It has grooves on
faces and holes in the body. It is used as a support while forming different shapes and
punching holes. It can also be used for finishing round, square and hexagonal forms.

Swage block Sledgehammer
Sledgehammer: - The sledgehammers are heavy hammers used by smith helper. The
various forms of sledgehammers weigh 3 to 8 kgs. The sledgehammer is specified by its
weight.
Chisel: -The chisel are used for cutting steels and for nicking prior to breaking.
Hot chisel: - The hot chisel is used for cutting the metal when hot. The angle of cutting edges
is about 30.
Cold chisel:-The cold chisel is used for cutting cold material .The angle of cutting edge is
about 60.
Swages:-Swages are used for reducing and finishing the round square or hexagonal shapes.
The top swage is provided with handle and the bottom swage with square shank, which is
held in hardie hole.
Fuller: -Fullers are used in pairs for necking or growing operations. These are made in
various shape and sizes. The bottom fuller has square shank to fit in the hardie hole and top
one is provided with handle
Flatters: -Flatters are used to obtain and smooth and finished flat surfaces. These are made of
tool steel with flat faces
Tongs:-The metal to be forged must be held securely, while it is being shaped. A pair of
tongs of suitable size and shape must be used for the purpose. They are made of mild steel
and sizes vary from 40cmto 60cm in length and 6mm to 55mm opening.

Leg vice: - It is a heavy duty vice. It is mainly used for light forging and bending work..
Forging temperature of metals:

Type Material Forging Temperature
Mild steel 750-1300° C
Wrought Iron 900-1300° C
Medium carbon steel 750-1250° C
High carbon &alloy steel 800-1150° C
Forging operations:-
Drawing: -Drawing
Drawing is the process of stretching the stock while reducing its cross section.
Upsetting:-It
It is the process of increasing the area of cross section
Fullering: -Fullers
Fullers are used for necking down a piece of work.
Flattening:: These are used for finishing flat surfaces.
Swaging : These are used to reduce and finish to round or hexagonal form.

Bending:
Bending of bars, flats etc., is done to produce different types of bent shapes such as angles,
circles and ovals etc.

Twisting: It is also one of form of bending. It is done to increasing the rigidity of the work
piece.
Cutting: Chisels are used to cut metals, either in hot or cold state.
SAFETY PRACTICES
1) Use correct size and type of tongs when forging short work, otherwise the job will fly,
causing injuries.
2) Hold the hot work, downwards close to the ground, while transferring from the forge
to anvil, to minimise danger of burns, resulting from accidental collision with others.
3) Keep stray forgings off the floor.
4) Wear face shield when hammering hot metal.
5) Wear gloves when handling hot metal.
6) Protect the eyes from infrared rays from the hot object.
7) All hammers should be fitted with tight and wedged handles.

EXPERIMENT - 13
SMITHY: UP SETTING
AIM:
To perform UP SETTING operation on a given round rod by following hand forging
operation.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
M.S. Rod Ø10 x 100 mm long.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Smith's Forge, Anvil, 1.5 kg Ball-Peen Hammer, Swage Block, Round Bit Tongs, Pick-Up
Tongs and 5 kg Sledge Hammer.
PROCEDURE:
1. Half of the given mild steel rod is heated to a red hot condition in the smith forge.
2. Holding the rod with round bit tong and the rod is placed vertically on the anvil face.
3. By using the suitable sledge hammer, hammer on the other end so that the bottom end
will get required flat by increasing in cross section of the rod at the end.
Precautions:
1. Always use suitable tongs to handle hot jobs. While carrying hot jobs by using tongs
at ground level only.

By following above sequence of operations we performed UP SETTING experiment.
DIAGRAM:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the name of fuel used in the smithy shop?
2. What is the purpose of drift in the smithy shop?
3. What is the difference between cold set and hot set (chisel)?
4. What is the purpose of fullers?
5. What is the purpose of flatter?
6. What is meant by black smithy?
7. What are the parts of a forge?

EXPERIMENT - 14
SMITHY: FULLERING
AIM:
To make a Fullering formation from a given M.S. Square Rod
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Mild Steel Square Rod of 10 X 10 X 100 mm long
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Smith's Forge, Anvil, 5kg Sledge Hammer, Square Bit Tongs, Bottom Fuller, Top Fuller and
Swage Block.
PROCEDURE:
1. Collect one Rod of given MS Sq. Rod and Heat it at one end in a Furnace.
2. Insert the bottom fuller in the hardie hole of the anvil.
3. Few minutes later the rod becomes reddish, then take out the square rod from furnace
by using Square Bit Tong.
4. Locate the flat face of square rod on a bottom Fuller which is placed in the hardie
hole.
5. Take top Fuller and keep on the other flat side of the square Rod, which is already
located on a bottom fuller.
6. One should hold the fuller and other one collect the sledge hammer.
7. Use hammering as shown in fig to form fullering formation.
Precautions:
1. Always use suitable tongs to handle hot jobs. While carrying hot jobs by using tongs
at ground level only.

By following above sequence of operations, Fullering Formation on a M.S Rod of Square
Shape is performed.

DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the name of fuel used in the smithy shop?
2. What is the purpose of drift in the smithy shop?
3. What is the difference between cold set and hot set (chisel)?
4. What is the range of forging temperature for mild steel?
5. Can you tell the names of at least 4 types of tongs
6. What is the name of supporting tool used in the smithy shop?

EXPERIMENT - 15
SMITHY: S-HOOK
AIM:
To make a S-hook from a given round rod, by following hand forging operation.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Mild Steel Rod Ø10 X 160 mm long
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Smith's Forge, Anvil, 1.5kg Ball-Peen Hammer, Flatters, Swage Block, Half-Round Tongs,
Pick-Up Tongs and 5kg Sledge Hammer.
PROCEDURE:
1. One end of the bar is heated to red hot condition in the smith's forge for the required.
2. Using the pick-up tongs; the rod is taken from the forge, and holding it with the half
round tongs, the heated end is forged into a tapered pointed end.
3. The length of the rod required for S-hook is estimated and the excess portion is cut
off, using a cold chisel.
4. One half of the rod towards the pointed end is heated in the forge to red hot condition
and then bent into circular shape as shown.
5. The other end of the rod is then heated and forged into a tapered pointed end.
6. The straight portion of the rod is finally heated and bent into circular shape as
required.
7. Using the flatter, the S-hook made as above, is kept on the anvil and flattened so that
the shape of the hook is proper.
Precautions:
1. Always use suitable tongs to handle hot jobs, while carrying hot jobs by using tongs at
ground level only.
Note:
1. In-between the above stages, the bar is heated in the smith's forge to facilitate forging
operations.


The S-hook is thus made from the given round rod; by following the stages mentioned above.
DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by black smithy?
2. What are the parts of a forge?
3. What is the range of forging temperature for mild steel?
4. Can you tell the names of at least 4 types of tongs
5. What is the name of supporting tool used in the smithy shop?

WELDING
INTRODUCTION
Welding is a process for joining two similar or dissimilar metals by fusion. It joins different
metals/alloys, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler
metal. The fusion of metal takes place by means of heat. The heat may be generated either
from combustion of gases, electric arc, electric resistance or by chemical reaction.
Welding provides a permanent joint but it normally affects the metallurgy of the components.
It is therefore usually accompanied by post weld heat treatment for most of the critical
components. The welding is widely used as a fabrication and repairing process in industries.
Some of the typical applications of welding include the fabrication of ships, pressure vessels,
automobile bodies, off-shore platform, bridges, welded pipes, sealing of nuclear fuel and
explosives, etc.

Most of the metals and alloys can be welded

by one type of welding process or the other.
However, some are easier to we
weld than
others. To compare this ease in welding term
‘weldability’ is often used. The weldability
may be defined as property of a metal which
indicates the ease with which it can be
welded with other similar or dissimilar
metals.
Edge preparations
For welding the edges of joining surfaces of metals are prepared first. Different edge
reparations may be used for welding butt joints, which are given in Figure.
Welding joints
Some common welding joints are shown in Figure. Welding joints are of generally of two
major kinds namely lap joint and butt joint. The main types are described as under
1. Lap Weld Joint
Single-Lap Joint
This joint, made by overlapping the edges

of the plate, is not recommended for most
work. The single lap has very little
resistance to bending. It can be used
satisfactorily for joining two cylinders
that fit inside one another.
Double-Lap Joint
This is stronger than the single-lap

single joint
but has the disadvantage that it requires
twice as much welding.
Tee Fillet Weld

This type of joint, although widely used, should not be employed if an alternative design is
possible.
2. Butt weld joint:
Single V- Butt Weld:
It is used for plates up to 15.8 mm thick. The angle of the vee depends upon the technique
being used, the plates being spaced approximately 3.2 mm.
Double V- Butt Weld:

It is used for plates over 13 mm thick when the welding can be performed on both sides
of the plate. The top vee angle is either 60° or 80°, while the bottom angle is 80°,
depending on the technique being used.
Welding Positions
As shown in the below Fig., there are four types of welding positions, which are given as:
a. Flat or down hand position

b. Horizontal position
c. Vertical position
d. Overhead position
Flat or Down-hand Welding Position
The flat position or down hand position is one in which the welding is performed from the
upper side of the joint and the face of the weld is approximately horizontal.
Horizontal Welding Position
In horizontal position, the plane of the workpiece is vertical and the deposited weld head is
horizontal. This position of welding is most commonly used in welding vessels and
reservoirs.

Vertical Welding Position
In vertical position, the plane of the work-piece is vertical and the weld is deposited upon a
vertical surface. It is difficult to produce satisfactory welds in this position due to the effect
of the force of gravity on the molten metal.
Overhead Welding Position
The overhead position is probably even more difficult to weld than the vertical position. Here
the pull of gravity against the molten metal is much greater.
ARC WELDING PROCESSES
The process, in which an electric arc between an electrode and a work-piece or between two
electrodes is utilized to weld base metals, is called an arc welding process. The basic
principle of arc welding is shown in Figure. However the basic elements involved in arc
welding process are shown in the figure.
Most of these processes use some shielding gas while others employ coatings or fluxes to
prevent the weld pool from the surrounding atmosphere.
Arc Welding Equipment
Arc welding equipment, setup and related tools and accessories are shown in Figure.
However some common tools of arc welding are shown separately through Figure. Few of
the important components of arc welding setup are described as under.
1. Arc welding power source
Both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) are used for electric arc welding, each
having its particular applications. DC welding supply is usually obtained from generators
driven by electric motor or if no electricity is available by internal combustion engines. For
AC welding supply, transformers are predominantly used for almost all Arc-welding where

mains electricity supply is available. They have to step down the usual supply voltage (200-
400 volts) to the normal open circuit welding voltage (50
(50-90
90 volts). The following factors
influence the selection of a power source:
a. Type of electrodes to be used and metals to be welded

b. Available power source (AC or DC)
c. Required output
d. Duty cycle
e. Efficiency
f. Initial costs and running costs
g. Available floor space
h. Versatility of equipment
2. Welding cables
Welding cables are required for conduction of current from the power source through the
electrode holder, the arc, the work piece and back to the welding power source. These are
insulated copper or Aluminum
luminum cables.
3. Electrode holder
Electrode holder is used for holding the electrode

manually and conducting current to it. These are
usually matched to the size of the lead, which in turn
matched to the amperage output of the arc welder.
Electrode holders are available in sizes that range from
150 to 500 Amps.
4. Welding Electrodes
An electrode is a piece of wire or a rod of a metal or alloy, with or without coatings. An arc is
set up between electrode and workpiece. Welding electrodes are classified into following
types.
Consumable Electrode
1. Bare Electrode
2. Coated Electrode

Non-Consumable Electrode
1. Carbon or Graphite Electrodes

2. Tungsten Electrode
Consumable electrode is made of different metals and their alloys. The end of this electrode
starts melting when arc is struck between the electrode and work piece. Thus consumable
electrode itself acts as a filler metal. Bare electrodes consist of a metal or alloy wire without
any flux coating on them. Coated electrodes have flux coating which starts melting as soon as
an electric arc is struck. This coating on melting performs many functions like prevention of
joint from atmospheric contamination, arc stabilizers etc.
Non-consumable electrodes are made up of high melting point materials like carbon, pure
tungsten or alloy tungsten etc. These electrodes do not melt away during welding. But
practically, the electrode length goes on decreasing with the passage of time, because of
oxidation and vaporization of the electrode material during welding. The materials of non-
consumable electrodes are usually copper coated carbon or graphite, pure tungsten, thoriated
or zirconiated tungsten.
5. Hand Screen
Hand screen used for protection of eyes and supervision of weld bead.
6. Chipping hammer
Chipping Hammer is used to remove the slag by striking.
7. Wire brush
Wire brush is used to clean the surface to be weld.
8. Protective Clothing
Operator wears the protective clothing such as apron to keep away the exposure of direct
heat to the body.


Safety Recommendations for ARC Welding
The beginner in the field of arc welding must go through and become familiar with these
general safety recommendations which are given as under.
1. The body or the frame of the welding machine shall be efficiently earthed. Pipe lines
containing gases or inflammable liquids or conduits carrying electrical conductors
shall not be used for a ground return circuit All earth connections shall be
mechanically strong and electrically adequate for the required current.
2. Welding arc in addition to being very is a source of infra-red and ultra-violet light
also; consequently the operator must use either helmet or a hand-shield fitted with a
special filter glass to protect eyes
3. Excess ultra-violet light can cause an effect similar to sunburn on the skin of the
welder
4. The welder’s body and clothing are protected from radiation and burns
caused by sparks and flying globules of molten metal with the help of the
following:
5. Gloves protect the hands of a welder.
6. Leather or asbestos apron is very useful to protect welder’s clothes and his
trunk and thighs while seated he is doing welding.
7. For overhead welding, some form of protection for the head is required
8. Leather skull cap or peaked cap will do the needful.
9. Leather jackets and 1ather leggings are also available as clothes for body protection.
10. Welding equipment shall be inspected periodically and maintained in safe working
order at all times.
11. Arc welding machines should be of suitable quality.
12. All parts of welding set shall be suitably enclosed and protected to meet the usual
service conditions.

EXPERIMENT - 16
WELDING: SINGLE V BUTT JOINT
AIM:
To make a Single ‘ V ‘ Butt Joint using the given two Mild Steel pieces by Arc Welding.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Mild Steel Pieces 50 X 50 X 5 mm – 2 no’s
EQUIPMENTS & TOOLS REQUIRED:

Arc Welding Transformer (AC), MS Electrodes Ø 3.15mm,Electrode Holder, Ground Clamp,
Hand Shield, Tongs, Leather Apron, Leather Gloves, Chipping Hammer, Steel Wire Brush,
Steel Rule, Try Square, Work Bench and Rough File.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given MS pieces are thoroughly cleaned of rust and scale
2. One edge of each piece beveled, to an angle of 300, leaving nearly ¼ of the flat
thickness, at one end.
3. The two pieces are positioned on the welding table such that they are separated
slightly for better penetration of the weld.
4. The electrode is fitted in the electrode holder and the welding current is set to a proper
value. (for MS Ø3.15mm Electrode - 120 Amps current )
5. The ground clamp is fastened to the welding table.
6. Wearing leather apron and using the face shield the arc is struck and holding the two
pieces together tack welding is done on the two ends
7. Holding the electrode at an angle 450 to 700 to the surface to be welded, welding is
done.
8. With uniform speed maintaining medium arc length, ensure that the weld material is
deposited in the gap in between the work pieces in convex shape.
9. The slag formation on the weld is removed by using chipping hammer.
10. Brushing is done to clean the surface of the work piece by a Steel wire brush.
Precautions:
1. Inflammable and Combustible material are removed from welding area.

2. Ensure good electrical contact before starting the operation .

3. To hold the work pieces after welding use Iron Tong.

4. While welding hold the Hand Shield to protect Eyes and Face from the ’’UV’’ rays.

The Single V Butt Joint is thus made using the Tools and Equipment as mentioned above.
DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by welding?
2. What is the name of item coated over a welding rod?
3. What is the name of tool to remove the slag from welded portion?
4. What is meant by Butt welding?
5. What is the advantage of 'v' Butt joint?
6. What is the difference between welding and soldering?

EXPERIMENT - 17
WELDING: LAP JOINT
AIM:
To make a Lap Joint using the given two M.S. pieces by Arc Welding.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Arc Welding Transformer (AC), Mild Steel Welding Electrodes Ø 3.15mm, Electrode
Holder, Ground Clamp, Hand Shield, Iron Tongs, Leather Apron, Leather Hand Gloves,
Chipping Hammer, Steel Wire Brush, Steel Rule, Try Square, Work Bench and Flat File.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given M.S. pieces are thoroughly cleaned of rust and scale.
2. The work pieces are positioned on the welding table to form a Lap Joint with required
over lapping.
3. The electrode is fitted in an electrode holder and the welding current is set to a proper
value. (for Ø3.15mm M.S. electrode - 120 amps current).
5. Wearing the leather apron, using the face shield and holding the over lapped pieces,
the arc is struck and the work pieces are tack welded at the ends of both the sides.
6. Welding is carried out throughout the length of the Lap joint, on both the sides.
7. The slag formation on the welds is removed by using the chipping hammer.
8. Brushing is done to clean the surfaces of the work pieces by steel wire brush.
Precautions:
2. Ensure good electrical contact before starting the operation.

The Lap Joint is thus made using the Tools and Equipment as mentioned above.

DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
3. What is the difference between welding and soldering?
4. What are the accessories used in the welding shop?
5. Name the main tools used in the welding shop?
6. What type of transformer is used in welding shop?
7. What are the safety precautions to be followed in welding shop?

EXPERIMENT - 18
WELDING: CORNER JOINT
AIM:
To make a Corner Joint using the given two M.S. pieces by Arc Welding.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Arc Welding Transformer (AC), Mild Steel Welding Electrodes Ø 3.15mm, Electrode
Holder, Ground Clamp, Hand Shield, Iron Tongs, Leather Apron, Leather Hand Gloves,
Chipping Hammer, Steel Wire Brush, Steel Rule, Try Square, Work Bench and Flat File.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given M.S. pieces are thoroughly cleaned of rust and scale.
2. The work pieces are positioned on the welding table such that, the L-shape (90˚) is
formed.
3. The electrode is fitted in an electrode holder and the welding current is set to a proper
value. (for Ø3.15mm M.S. electrode-120 amps current)
5. Wearing the leather apron, using the face shield, the arc is struck and the work pieces
are tack welded at both the ends and at the center of the joint.
6. The alignment of the corner joint is checked with try square and tack welded pieces
are reset if required.
7. Welding is carried out throughout the length of the Corner joint.
8. The slag formation on the welds is removed by using the chipping hammer.
9. Brushing is done to clean the surfaces of the work pieces by steel wire brush.
Precautions:
2. Ensure good electrical contact before starting the operation.


The Corner Joint is thus made using the Tools and Equipment as mentioned above.
DIAGRAM:
Corner Joint
VIVA QUESTIONS:
3. What is the name of tool to remove the slag from welded portion?
4. What is meant by Butt welding?
5. What is the advantage of 'v' Butt joint?
6. Name the main tools used in the welding shop?
7. What type of transformer is used in welding shop?
8. What are the safety precautions to be followed in welding shop?

PLUMBING
INTRODUCTION
Plumbing is a skilled trade of working with pipes or tubes and plumbing fixtures. The
process is mainly used for the supply of drinking water and the drainage of waste water,
sometimes mixed with waste floating materials in a living or working place. A plumber is
someone who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as
valves, washbasins, water heaters, water closests, etc. Thus it usually refers to a system of
pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution of water and the removal of
waterborne wastes.
The latin word plumbum, means metal lead pipe, is the origin for developing the term
plumbing. Plumbing process was originated during the ancient civilizations such as the
greek, Roman, Persian, Indian and Chinese civilizations as they developed public baths and
needed to provide potable water, and drainage of wastes carried by water.
PIPES AND THEIR JOINTS:
Pipes are manufactured by using different types of materials like Steel, Cast Iron, Galvanized
Iron, Brass, Copper, Aluminum, Lead, Plastic, Concrete, Asbestos, etc. They are usually
classified according to the material. They are also grouped as cast, welded, seamless,
extruded, etc. For conveying large quantity of water, cast iron, steel or concrete pipes having
large diameter are usually used. Galvanized Iron pipes (GI pipes) are popular for medium
and low pressure water supply lines.
Plastic pipes are preferred for household uses at low pressure. Pipes are generally specified
by their inner diameter (Nominal diameter specified in inches). Hence, the pipe fitting size is
also based on this dimension. But for plastic pipes, this rule is not strictly followed because
threading is not usually required for them. For engineering uses, along with the nominal
diameter, the pipe thickness is also specified as light, medium or heavy.
TYPES OF PIPE JOINTS:
According to the pipe material, size and application, different methods are used to join pipes.
The most common types of pipe joints are:

1. Screwed pipe joint – For GI Pipes

2. Welded pipe joint – for Steel, Copper, Aluminum and Lead pipes
3. Flanged pipe joint – for Cast Iron and Steel pipes
4. Soldered pipe joint – for Brass and Copper tubes
5. Glued or Cemented pipe joint – for PVC pipes
Pipes made of iron (GI Pipes) and brass of small and medium diameters (10 mm to 100 mm)
are usually joined by screwing the pipe specials with internal or external threads. Welding is
used to make permanent joint of medium and large diameter steel pipes. Flanged pipe joints
are common in medium and large diameter pipes of cast iron and steel, along with
rubber/CAF (Compressed asbestos fibre) gaskets. The flanged are screwed to the pipe for
smaller diameter but made integral for large diameters. Pipes of copper and brass are usually
joined by soldering.
PVC (poly Vinyl Chloride) pipe is the most popular choice in plastic group. It is rigid and
uses thread and solvent weld (glue) connections. It also can be heat fused. PVC pipes are
available in various pressure ratings for water supply, and is a very choice for landscape
irrigation. The reasons for the popularity are the economy, no corrosion and easiness to work.
CPVC is a different type of plastic, which has an extra chlorine atom in the compound, can
be used for the hot water supply, and in industry.
To join plastic pipes, gluing or cementing method is used. Solvent cement is the gluing
material and it partially melts the surface of the plastic pipe to make the joint. As the glue
evaporates within two minutes, a strong joint is obtained. Screwed pipe fittings, (pipe
specials) are removable or temporary pipe connections which permit necessary dismantling
or reassembly for the purpose of installation, maintenance, cleaning, repair, etc. The
functions of pipe fittings can be broadly classified as:
1. To join two or more pipe lines together

2. To effect change in diameter or direction
3. To close the end of a pipe line
The most common types of screwed pipe fittings used in galvanized iron (GI) pipe lines and
plastic (PVC) pipe lines are shown in Figure. A brief description of these fittings is given
below

1. Coupler (coupling): Two pipe lines of equal diameter and in axial alignment can be
joined by a coupler (coupling). It is a short sleeve with internal thread.
2. Reducer coupler (Reducer coupling): This is a coupler to join two pipe lines of
different diameters in axial alignment.
3. 900 Elbow: This is a pipe special used or effecting abrupt change in direction through
90°. Internal threads are provided on both ends. An elbow brings twice the head loss
than a bend.
4. 900 Reducer Elbow: This is an elbow with outlet diameter less than that of inlet
diameter It is used to join two pipe lines having different diameters and meeting at
right angle.
5. Bend: This is a pipe special used to effect gradual change in direction (usually
90°).The two ends of the bend are externally threaded.
6. Return hand: This bend is used to return the direction of pipe line through 180°.The
ends are internally threaded for fitting the pipe lines.
7. Tee: This pipe special is used to make a branch connection of same diameter to the
main pipe line at right angle. A Tee is internally threaded and it connects three ends
of pipes.
8. Reducer Tee: This is a pipe special similar to Tee used to take a branch connection
of reduced diameter from the main pipe line.
9. Cross: This pipe special is used to take two branch connections at right angles to the
main pipe line. The threads are provided internally.
10. Close nipple: A nipple is a short straight piece of pipe with external thread on both
ends. A close nipple is the shortest one of this category with external thread for the
full length. They are used to join two internally threaded pipe specials and valves.
11. Short nipple: A short nipple has the same shape and function of a close nipple, but it
has a short unthreaded portion at the middle of its length for gripping.
12. Short nipple with hexagonal grip: This nipple has an additional hexagonal nut
shape at the middle portion for easy screwing with spanner. It is similar to an ordinary
short nipple, except that difference.
13. Hose nipple: A hose nipple is used to connect a hose (flexible pipe-usually plastic or
rubber) to a pipe line. One end of the hose-nipple has a stepped taper to fit the hose,
while other end has thread. A hexagonal nut shape is given to the middle portion for
gripping with a spanner.

14. Male Plug: A male plug is used to close an internally threaded end of a pipe line or
pipe special. It has external thread and a grip of square shape at the end.
15. Female Plug (Cap): A female plug is used to close an externally thread end of a pipe
or pipe special. It has internal thread and a grip of square shape at the end.
16. Screwed Union: II consists of three pieces as shown in the drawing. The two end
pieces have internal threads at their ends which are connected to the pipe ends. The
central hexagonal (or octagonal) piece (union nut) has internal thread at one end and a
collar at the other end. After the end pieces are screwed on to the pipes, the central
piece (union nut) is tightened to draw the end pieces together to get a water tight
joint.
17. Flange: This is a disc type pipe special having threaded hole at the centre for
screwing to the externally threaded end of a pipe line. It will have holes around the
central hole at equal angular spacing (3, 4, 6f or 8 Nos.) for joining to another similar
flange or flat surface using bolt or stud. Example for the use of various pipe fittings in
pipe line is given in Figure below.
VALVES AND METERS
Valves are used in piping systems to control or stop the flow of liquid or gas. The most
common types of valves used in low pressure water pipe line are:
1. Water tap
2. Water cock
3. Globe valve
4. Gate valve
5. Ball valve
6. Non-return valve
7. Foot valve
WATER TAP
To collect water from low pressure pipe line, water tap

(screw-down valve) is commonly used. Figure gives the
cross section of the tap. Its leather or rubber faced valve
disc is lifted or lowered by rotating the spindle. Brass or
gun-metal is the material used for the valve body and the size is specified by the pipe to
which it is fitted, usually ranging from 10 mm to 25 mm.
WATER COCK
This is the simplest and smallest form of a valve in

which a conical plug called cock is inserted into a
conical hole having a matching taper. A rectangular hole
is provided at the centre across the conical potion so
that, in one position it permits flow of water as shown in
Figure. A half turn of the handle will bring the solid
portion of the cock to the water ways preventing the flow. Cocks are used for low rate of
water flow' or for tapping pressure line.
GLOBE VALVE
Globe valves are used as control valves in fluid (gas and

liquid) pipe lines. Figure shows the simplest and
smallest type of globe valve used in water pipe lines.
Basically, the valve is a variable opening flow device.
The design of a globe valve also creates a slight
retardation to the flow because the fluid is forced to
make a double turn and passes through the opening at 90° to the axis of the pipe. The valve
plug is raised or lowered to stop or regulate the flow through a circular opening. A globe
valve can be identified by the spherical body and the arrow mark for the direction of flow.
These valves are used in water pipe lines from 12 mm to 100 mm or even larger diameter for
the flow control purpose.
GATE VALVE:
A Gate valve is on-off type valve. It allows a straight-line movement of fluid and offer very
little resistance to the flow in fully opened position. The central disc moves completely out of
the passage and leaves a full opening. Figure shows a simple type of gate valve partially
opened in position. These valves are very widely used in water pipe lines of diameter ranging
from 12 mm to higher values. A gate valve can be identified by its slim body. It is to be noted
that there will be no arrow mark or the body of valve because it can be used in both ways.

FOOT VALVE:
Foot valve is a kind of non-return valve used in

centrifugal pumps. It is fitted at the bottom most end of
the suction pipe (Foot) to stop flow in the downward
direction for priming purpose. The strainer restricts the
entry of floating materials to the pipe line. Figure gives
the details of the foot valve. The material used may be
cast iron, brass, or PVC.

EXPERIMENT - 19
PLUMBING: EXTERNAL PIPE THREADING
AIM:
To cut the threads at the end of a given pipe.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1/2” GI Pipe, 1/2” GI socket.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Pipe Vice, Pipe Threading Die with Die Stock, Cutting Oil, Hack Saw, Spanners, Pipe and
Wrenches.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given pipe is securely clamped in the pipe vice.
2. Proper size of the die is selected and inserted into the Die stock.
3. The die is positioned at the end of the pipe and pressure is applied, die is slowly
turned.
4. Once the threading is started, the cutting oil is applied and continued to turn the die
into the pipe till one thread projects through the die.
5. While threading, the stock is turned back and forth frequently, to loosen the chips.
6. After threading the check with 1/2” Socket.

Threads are cut at the end of the given pipe, by following the above sequence of operations.
Size of the Pipe: 1/2” GI Pipe
Size of the Threading: 1/2” BSP, 14 TPI
(GI: Galvanized Iron; BSP: British Standard Pipe Threading; TPI: Thread per Inch).

DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are tools are required in plumbing section ?
2. What is pipe vice?
3. What is coupling ?
4. What is bush ?
5. What is elbow ?
6. What is pipe wrench ?
7. What are safety precautions required in plumbing section ?

EXPERIMENT - 20
PLUMBING: SHOWER CONNECTION
AIM:
To make shower connection.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1/2” GI Pipe, 1” GI Pipe, 1/2” GI Elbow, 1/2” GI coupling, 1/2” Tee, 1/2” Union, 1/2” Ball
valve, 1/2” shower and reducer 1/2” by 1”.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Wrenches.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given 1/2” GI Pipe and 1” GI pipes are cut to the required length using the
hacksaw and make threads on the pipes both the sides with die stock.
2. The die set is withdrawn from the pipe by rotating the threading die in counter and
clockwise direction.
3. The quality of the threads is checked by 1/2” and 1” GI sockets.
4. After completing of threading all the pipes are tightened in to the sockets , reducer
and shower by using Pipe Vice and Pipe Wrenches.(for joining of pipes use Taflon
Tape to avoid leakage).

The Shower Connection is made as per the above procedure.

DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
4. What is bush ?
5. What is union and nipple ?
6. What is gate valve?
7. What is tee ?
8. What is elbow ?

EXPERIMENT - 21
PLUMBING: TAP CONNECTION
AIM:
To make Tap connection.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1/2” GI Pipe, 1” GI Pipe, 1/2” GI Elbow, 1/2” GI coupling, 1/2” Tee, 1/2” Union, 1/2” Ball
valve, 1/2” shower and reducer 1/2” by 1”.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Wrenches.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given 1/2” GI Pipe and 1” GI pipes are cut to the required length using the
hacksaw and make threads on the pipes both the sides with die stock.
2. The die set is withdrawn from the pipe by rotating the threading die in counter and
clockwise direction.
3. The quality of threads is checked by 1/2” and 1” GI sockets.
4. After completing of threading all the pipes are tightened in to the sockets, reducer and
Tap by using Pipe Vice and Pipe Wrenches. (for joining of pipes use Taflon Tape to
avoid leakage).

The Tap Connection is made as per the above procedure.

DIAGRAM:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
4. What is bush ?
5. What is union and nipple ?
6. What is gate valve?
7. What is tee ?
8. What is elbow ?
9. What is pipe wrench ?
10. What are safety precautions required in plumbing section ?

(PART-B)
IT WORKSHOP
INTRODUCTION
AIM: Every student should identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and
its functions. Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each
peripheral and submit to your instructor. Every student should disassemble and assemble the
PC back to working condition. (To identify the peripherals of a computer, assemble and
disassemble the system).
Software Requirement: No Software Required.
Hardware Requirement: Desired Configuration for the above task is
1. System unit
2. CPU
3. Mother Board
4. FDD
5. CD ROM Drive
6. HDD
7. Ethernet Card
8. Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse & Speakers
Safety Precautions:
1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)
2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
PERIPHERALS OF A COMPUTER:
1. Cabinet:
It is used to install all hardware devices like (mother board, SMPS,HDD,
CD Rom, FDD). It has Start, Restart Button, Led’s, Audio and USB
Connecters are available at front side.
2. Monitor:
Monitor of a computer is like a television screen.
It displays text characters and graphics in colors or in shades of grey.
The monitor is also called as screen or display or CRT (cathode ray
tube). In the monitor the screen will be displayed in pixels format
i. 800 by 600 pixels

ii. 1024 by 768 pixels
3. Key Board:
Key board is like a type writer, which contains keys to

feed the data or information into the computer.
Keyboards are available in two modules. These are
 Standard
andard key board with 83-88
83 keys
 Enhanced
nhanced key board with 104 keys or above
st
BE 1 YEAR, I / II SEMESTER, WORKSHOP / MANUFACTURING PROCESS LAB Page 94
4. Mouse:
Every mouse has one primary button (left button) and one
secondary button (right button). The primary button is used to
carry out most tasks, where as secondary button is used in
special cases you can select commands and options.
5. Printer:
A device that prints images (numbers, alphabets, graphs, etc…) on paper is known as Printer.
We have different types of printers to take printouts. These are as follows:
i. Dot matrix printer ii. Inkjet printer
6. Speakers:
Speakers make your system much more delightful to use

entertain you while you are working on computer
7. Scanner: Scanner used to scan images and text.

8. System board/Motherboard
 This is the major part of the PC hardware

 It manages all transactions of data between CPU peripherals.
 which holds the Processor, Random Access Memory and other parts, & has slots for
expansion cards
 It is rectangle shape
9. Socket 478:
 It use 478 – PIN MICROPGA package it
is used installing CPU It is square type
design.
10. CPU
 The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the processor. The
processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various
components, which support the functioning of a PC.
 It is brain of the computer
 It is square shape

11. Ram Slots:

 Ram slots are used to install the rams
 It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips.
 There two type ram slots
 SD Ram ----------Two Gaps (synchronous DRAM) is a generic name for various
kinds of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with the
clock speed that the microprocessor is optimized for. This tends to increase the
number of instructions that the processor can perform in a given time.
 DDR Ram ----------One Gap (Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM: A clock is
used to read data from a DRAM. DDR memory reads data on both the rising and
falling edge of the clock, achieving a faster data rate.)
12. North Bridge:
 It is also called as controller

 It is nearby socket 478
 It placed middle of the mother board
 It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic
signals
13. CMOS Battery:

 Computer is using a coin shape battery
 It generates the clock signal and it manage
system continues time.

14. Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2):
 It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2.

 It used to connecting Hard Disk Drive, CD ROM,
DVD ROM.
15. Input & Output ports:

 IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor,
printer, scanner, speakers etc...
16. AGP Slot & AGP Card:
 AGP Slot is used install the AGP card.

 AGP back view same as VGA port (15-female pins) and used to connecting the
monitor’s c. This slot is above PCI slots and its color is Black or Brown

17. CI Slots &PCI (Expansion) Cards:
 PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as
i. LAN (Ethernet) Card---Back view Ethernet port
ii. Sound Card- Back view Audio pin connectors)
iii. TV Tuner (Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter

iv. PCI Slots are white or yellow color
v. PCI Card has Single gap only
18. BIOS Chip:

 BIOS controls how the operating
system and hardware wok together
 BIOS identification is BIOS name is
available on chip or mother board

19. ATX Power connecter:
 ATX power connecter is used to connect

ATX power plug (This is from SMPS)
 It is white color and it has ATX Name is
available on Mother Board
 ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins available.
 Typical ATX 1.3 power supply. From left to right, the connectors are 20
20-pin
motherboard, 4-pin
pin "P4connector", fan RPM monitor (note
(note the lack of a power
wire), SATA power connector (black), "Molex connector" and floppy
connector.
20. Floppy connecter:

 Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy
Disk Drive.
 This is beside of ATX power connecter and
Name FDD is available on the mother board.
21. Bus Cables or Data cables:
22. Hard Disk Drive:
 The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer
 The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk
drive
 Identifications is the panel name is Hard Disk dive

23. CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:
 CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only

Memory) Drive is a device that reads the
information from Compact Disks (CD).
 CD-Writer is used to write the data into
Compact Disks.
 Identification is the panel name is CD Writer
24. Floppy Disk Drive:
 The floppy disk drive is used to read the

information stored in floppy disks.
 Floppy disks also called as a diskette.
 Identification is smaller than CD Writer.
25. SMPS:
 SMPS is used to supply the power to Mother
Board HDD,CD ROM, FDD
 In SMPS holds a transformer, voltage control
and fan
 Identification is the rectangular box shape
and panel name is switching mode power
supply.

EXPERIMENT - 22
IT WORK SHOP - I
AIM: Assembling & Disassembling the System Hardware components of the Personal
Computer
1. Setting the Cabinet ready

 Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
 Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
2. Fitting the Mother board.
 Line up the patch on the motherboard (ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate holes in
the block panel I/O shield of the case.
 Check the points where you and to install
 Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.
3. Installing the CPU
 Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
 Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit in the
processor.
 You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide smoothly into
the socket.
 Lock the lever back down.
4. Installing CPU fan
 Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor).
 Heat sink /CPU fan.

5. Fitting the RAM:
 The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
 There are currently 3 types of RAM available.

a. SD RAM.
b. DDR SD RAM.
c. RD RAM.
 The mother board‘s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
6. Installing SMPS
7. Installing the ATX Power Connector ATX Connectors:
 PS, Mouse.
 Key board.
 USB.
 Parallel ( Prints )
 Serial COM1.
 Serial COM 2.
 Joystick.
 Sound.
8. Installing the HDD and Floppy disk:
 Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
 Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
 Check the jumper configuration.
 Fix the screws.

9. CD ROM Drive :
 CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
 1st check that the jumper configuration is correct.
 Fix the screw.

10. LAN Card
11. Connecting the ribbon Cables and Front panel connections
 Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard first. The
red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
12. Final Check:
 Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.
 Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
 Is the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in their sockets?
 Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
 Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
 Are the drive secure?
 Have u connected the power cables to all driver?
Powering up for the first time:
1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
 All systems, fans should start spinning
 U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec
 Amber light on monitor should go green
 You will see computer start to boot with a memory check
 Now check front LED‘S to see if u plugged them in correctly
 Check all other buttons
 Power afford change any wrong settings

Why should one learn about hardware?
1. Troubleshoot you and save time.
2. Knowing about system internals and components.
3. Very easy installation for modern hardware.
4. Install extra memory.
5. Removing components.
TEST DATA : No Test Data for This Experiment
ERROR : No Errors for this Experiment
RESULT : Assembling and disassembling the system is completed
VIVA Q & A :
1. Define hardware?
2. Define software?
3. What are the functional units of a computer?
4. IDE Stands for
5. What are the other names for LAN card
6. What is the use of LAN card?

EXPERIMENT - 23
IT WORK SHOP - II
Every student should individually install operating system like Linux or MS windows on the
personal computer. The system should be configured as dual boot with both windows and
Linux.
AIM: A) To install Windows XP
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT: Windows XP Compact Disc Hardware
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Personal computer
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep on press the delete button and go to advanced BIOS feature [ BIOS- Basic Input
Output System ]
2. And go to boot sequence. Select first boot drivers. CD ROM and press F10 to save the
bios feature. Yes and then enter. Press any key to boot from CD. Press enter to setup
windows XP.
3. F8 = To agree the license.
4. Press ESC to don‘t repair the windows XP setup.
5. Press ‗p‘to delete the previous partitions. Then press enter.
6. Press ‗L‘to delete the partition.
7. Press ‗C‘to create the partition in the UN partition space.
8. Press enter to setup windows XP on the selected items.
BASIC FILE SYSTEMS:
FAT : File Allocation Table.
NTFS : New Technology File system.
Format the create using NTFS partition.

BASIC STEPS IN INSTALLATION:-
1. Collecting information.
2. Dynamic update
3. Preparing installation
4. Installing windows.
5. Tracking installation
SCREEN SHOTS OF WINDOWS XP INSTALLATION
1. Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your computer. If prompted
to start from the CD, press SPACEBAR. If you miss the prompt (it only appears for a
few seconds), restart your computer to try again.
2. Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so
you must use the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.

3. On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Press the
PAGEDOWN key to scroll to the bottom of the agreement. Then press F8.
4. This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be
installed. Once you complete this step, all data on your hard disk drive will be removed
and cannot be recovered. It is extremely important that you have a recent backup copy of
your files before continuing. When you have a backup copy, press D, and then press L
when prompted. This deletes your existing data. Press ENTER to select Un partitioned
space, which appears by default.

5. Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system, which
appears by default.
6. Windows XP erases your hard disk drive using a process called formatting and then
copies the setup files. You can leave your computer and return in 20 to 30 minutes.

7. Windows XP restarts and then continues with the installation process. From this point
forward, you can use your mouse. Eventually, the Regional and Language Options page
appears. Click next to accept the default settings. If you are multilingual or prefer a
language other than English, you can change language settings after setup is complete.

8. On the Personalize Your Software page, type your name and your organization name.
Some programs use this information to automatically fill in your name when required.
Then, click Next.
9. On the Your Product Key page, type your product key as it appears on your Windows
XP CD case. The product key is unique for every Windows XP installation. Then, click
Next.

10. On the Computer Name and Administrator Password page, in the Computer name box,
type a name that uniquely identifies your computer in your house, such as
FAMILYROOM or TOMS. You cannot use spaces or punctuation. If you connect your
computer to a network, you will use this computer name to find shared files and printers.
Type a strong password that you can remember in the Administrator password box, and
then retype it in the Confirm password box. Write the password down and store it in a
secure place. Click Next.
11. On the Date and Time Settings page, set your computer‘s clock. Then, click the Time
Zone down arrow, and select your time zone. Click Next.

12. Windows XP will spend about a minute configuring your computer. On the Networking
Settings page, click Next.
13. On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, click Next.
14. Windows XP will spend 20 or 30 minutes configuring your computer and

willautomatically restart when finished. When the Display Settings dialog appears, click
OK

15. When the Monitor Settings dialog box appears, click OK.
16. The final stage of setup begins. On the Welcome to Microsoft Windows page, click
Next.
17. On the Help protect your PC page, click Help protect my PC by turning on
Automatic Updates now. Then, click

18. Windows XP will then check if you are connected to the Internet: If you are connected
to the Internet, select the choice that describes your network connection on the Will this
computer connect to the Internet directly, or through a network ?
If you‘re not sure, accept the default selection, and click Next
19. If you use dial-up Internet access, or if Windows XP cannot connect to the Internet, you
can connect to the Internet after setup is complete. On the How will this computer
connect to the Internet? Page, click Skip.

20. Windows XP Setup displays the Ready to activate Windows? Page. If you are connected
to the Internet, click Yes, and then click Next. If you are not yet connected to the Internet,
click No, click Next, and then skip to step 24. After setup is complete, Windows XP will
automatically remind you to activate and register your copy of Windows XP
On the Ready to register with Microsoft? Page, click Yes, and then click Next.
21. On the collecting registration information page, complete the form. Then, click Next.

22. On the Who will use this computer? page, type the name of each person who will use
the computer. You can use first names only, nicknames, or full names. Then click Next.
To add users after setup is complete or to specify a password to keep your account
private, read Create and customize user accounts.
23. On the Thank you! Page, click Finish.
Congratulations! Windows XP setup is complete.
TEST DATA: No Test data for this Experiment
ERROR: No Errors for this Experiment
RESULT: Installation of Windows XP is completed..

AIM: B) To install Linux in system
SOFT WARE REQUIREMENT: Linux Compact Discs
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT: Personal computer
PROCEDURE:
1. Language Selection
 Using your mouse select the language you would prefer to use for the installation
 Click next to continue.
2. Key Board Configuration:
 Using your mouse select the correct layout type for the keyboard you would prefer
to use for the installation and as the system default.
 Once you have made the selection click next to continue.
3. Mouse Configuration:
 If you have a PS/2, USB or Bus mouse you do not need to pick a port and device.
If you have a serial mouse, you should choose the correct port and device that your
serial mouse is on.
 The Emulate 3 buttons checkbox allows you to use a two-button mouse as if it had
three buttons. If you select this check box you can emulate a third ―middleǁ
button by pressing both mouse buttons simultaneously.
4. Installation Type:
 Choose the type of installation you would like to perform.
 Your options are Personal desktop, Workstation, Server, Custom and upgrade
5. Disk partition Setup:
 You can chose automatic partitioning or manual partitioning using Disk Druid of
fdisk.
 Automatic partitioning allows you to perform an installation without having to
partition your drives yourself.
 Automatic partitioning allows you to have some control concerning what data is
removed from your system.
 Your options are:
o Remove all Linux partitions on this system.

o Remove all partitions on this system

o Keep all partitions and use existing free space.
o To partition manually choose either Disk druid or fdisk partitioning tool.
o Lick next once you have made your selections.
6. Partitioning your system:
 If you chose automatic partitioning and did not select Review skip ahead
 If you choose automatic partitioning and selected review you can either accept
the current partition settings (click next) or modify the setup using Disk Druid, the
manual partition tool.
 If you choose manual partition with disk skip ahead.
 At this point you must tell the installation program where to install Linux. This is
done by defining mount points for one or more disk partitions in which Linux will
be installed.
7. Adding Partitions:
 To add a new partition select new button, a dialogue box appears. Select the
options and click ok
8. Boot Loader Configuration:
 Boot loader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. The
installation program provides two boot loaders GRUB ( GR and Unified Boot
Loader) which is the default and LILO
 If you do not want GRUB as your boot loader click Change Boot Loader.
You can then choose to install LILO or choose not to install boot loader at all by clicking
Do not install boot loader on the change boot loader button.
Network devices are automatically detected and displayed in Network Devices list,
Select a network device and click Edit
Here you can configure IP address and net mask of the device.
9. Firewall configuration:
 Offers firewall protection for enhanced protection.
 A properly configured firewall can greatly increase the security of the system.

10. Time zone configuration:
You can set your time zone by selecting your computers physical location or by specifying
your time zones offset from Universal Time.
11. Account Configuration:
Allows to set Root password or user accounts
Root count is similar to the administrator password that you set up in Win NT.
Click add button to add a new non-rot user.
Enter the details and click OK.
12. Packing group selection:
You can select package groups which groups components together or individual packages
or a combination of the two.
TEST DATA: No Test data for this Experiment
ERROR: No Errors for this Experiment
RESULT: Installing the OS of Linux is completed
VIVA Q&A:
1) Give the advantages of Linux over other OS?

2) Who wrote Linux?
3) What are the Flavors of Linux

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METHODIST

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BE I & II Semester: 2020-21

Roll No: ..............................................................................................

Academic Year: ....................................................................................

To produce ethical, socially conscious and innovative professionals who would

To impart quality engineering education with latest technological

To encourage research culture among faculty and students by establishing

To inculcate humane qualities like environmental consciousness,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

To be a reputed centre of excellence in the ﬁeld of mechanical engineering by

 To impart quality education by means of state-of-the-art infrastructure.

 To involve in trainings and activities on leadership qualities and social

 To inculcate the habit of life-long learning, practice professional ethics and

 To establish industry- institute interaction for stake holder development.

After 3-5 years of graduation, the graduates will be able to:

PEO2: Capable to be entrepreneurs, work on global issues, and contribute to

PEO4: Develop commitment to pursue life-long learning in the chosen

3. After completion of the experiment, certiﬁcation of the concerned staff in-charge

COURSE OUTCOMES VS POs MAPPING

Exp. Page No.

2 Carpentry: Sawing and Grooving 6-7

3 Carpentry: T-Lap Joint 8-9

4 Carpentry: Dovetail Joint (Additional Experiment) 10-11

5 Fitting: Introduction 12-26

6 Fitting: Step Cutting and Filing 27-28

7 Fitting: Drilling and Tapping 29-30

8 Fitting: V-Fitting(Additional Experiment) 31-32

9 House Wiring: Introduction 33-37

10 House Wiring: One Lamp Controlled by one switch 38-39

13 Sheet Metal Working : Introduction 44-49

14 Sheet Metal Working: Open Scoop 50-51

15 Sheet Metal Working: Funnel 52-53

16 Sheet Metal Working: Rectangular Tray(Additional Experiment) 54-55

17 Smithy: Introduction 56-60

18 Smithy: Upsetting 61-62

19 Smithy: Fullering 63-64

20 Smithy: S-Hook(Additional Experiment) 65-66

21 Welding: Introduction 67-74

22 Welding: Single V Butt Joint 75-76

24 Welding: Corner Joint(Additional Experiment) 79-80

25 Plumbing: Introduction 81-86

26 Plumbing: External Pipe Threading 87-88

27 Plumbing: Shower Connection 89-90

28 Plumbing: Tap Connection(Additional Experiment) 91-92

29 IT Workshop: Introduction 93-101

IT Workshop: Computer Hardware, identification of parts, 102-105

31 IT Workshop: Operating System Installation 106-120

Note: At least ten experiments should be conducted in the Semester

Experiment Marks Remarks/

Marking and Measuring Tools:

Measuring Steel Tape

3. Marking Gauge: It is a tool used to mark lines

BE 1st YEAR, I / II SEMESTER, WORKSHOP / MANUFACTURING PROCESS LAB Page 1

BE 1st YEAR, I / II SEMESTER, WORKSHOP / MANUFACTURING PROCESS LAB Page 2

Wood Jack Plane

Tenon Saw / Back Saw Compass Saw

Drilling and Boring Tools

1. Wooden Mallet: It is used to drive the chisel, when considerable force is to be