PRODUCTION OF BIOCHAR FROM SUGARCANE

AND IT’S ADSORPTION KINETICS.

APROJECTREPORT

Submitted by

Caroline (21BCH1084)
Kartik (21BCH1030)
Abraham (21BCH1074)
Jatin(21BCH10170)
Umojok(21BCH1050)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOROFENGINEERING

IN

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Chandigarh University
Dec2023

I
I
 BONAFIDECERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PRODUCTION OF

BIOCHAR FROM SUGARCANE AND its ADSORPTION
KINETICS.”
Is the bonafide work of “ Caroline Karlo (21BCH1084),
Kartik (21BCH1030), Abraham (21BCH1074), Umojok
(21BCH1050), Jatin (21BCH1070)” who carried out the project work
under my/our supervision.

SUPERVISOR HEADOFTHEDEPARTMENT
Dr. Manish Khodwe Dr. Deepak Tiwari

Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering

INTERNALEXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave us
the possibility to complete thisreport. Special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Manish
Sudakar Khowde whose help, stimulating suggestions; andencouragement helped
us during all times of the fabrication process and in writing the report. We also
sincerely thank you for the time spent proof reading and correcting our many
mistakes.

Wewouldalsoliketoacknowledgewithmuchappreciationthecrucialroleofthestaffinthe
chemicallaboratoryof mass transfer, who permitted us to use the lab equipment and
other tools required for our project in thelaboratory.

We would like to extend our gratitude to the Department of Chemical Engineering,

Chandigarh University

and our Head of the Department Dr.Deepak Tiwari for giving us this opportunity.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

List Of Figures……………………………………………………….
List Of Tables………………………………………………………...
Abstract……………………………………………………………….
Graphical Abstract…………………………………………………..
Abbrevations…………………………………………………………
Symbols……………………………………………………………….
Chapter 1. Introductioin ……………………………………………
1.1 Biochar adsorption mechanism…………………………………
1.2 Organic Structure………………………………………………..
1.3 Surface functional group………………………………………..
1.4 Surface electrical properties…………………………………….
Chapter 2. Literature Survey……………………………………….
Chapter 3. Design Flow/ Process……………………………………
3.1 Feed stock Preparation…………………………………………..
3.2 pyrolysis…………………………………………………………..
3.3 Biochar Collection………………………………………………..
3.4 Adsorption Kinetic Process……………………………………...
3.5 Sampling and Analysis…………………………………………...
3.6 Kinetic Modeling…………………………………………………
3.7 Characterization………………………………………………….
Chapter 4. Result Analysis and Validation………………………...
Chapter 5. Conclusion And Future Work………………………….

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1:pyrolysis reactor………………………………………………..8

Figure1.2: Application of Biochar…………………………………………..9

Figure1.3: Adsorption Kinetics procedure…………………………………15

Figure 1.4: Solution of methylene blue and biochar………………………....15

Figure1.5:Solution of methylene blue and biochar……………………….15

Figure1.6:Solution of Methylene blue after Adsorptio…………………...18

Figure 1.7: Graph representation of Adsorption Kinetics………………..20

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table1.Listofchemicalsused…………………………………………
Table2. XRD data…………………………………………………….1

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 ABSTRACT

Biochar, as a high efficiency, environmentally friendly, and low-cost adsorbent,

is usually used as soil conditioner, bio-fuel, and carbon sequestration regent.
Recently, biochar has attracted much attention in wastewater treatment field

There are plenty of studies about application of biochar to adsorb pollutants in wastewater,
because of its low-cost preparation, high surface area, large pore volume, plentiful
functional groups, and environmental stability.

Furthermore, it can be reused due to their high treatment efficiency and resource recovery
potential.
As biochar can be used for adsorption of typical pollutants in livestock wastewater, it
becomes a promising method to treat livestock wastewater. The preparation methods,
including pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and gasification, were introduced.
The applications of biochar to adsorb typical pollutants, such as organic pollutants, heavy

metals, and nutrients, in livestock wastewater were present.

The organic structures, surface functional groups, surface electricity, and mineral
component of biochar were investigated to explain the adsorption mechanism of organic
pollutants, heavy metals, and nutrients in wastewater.

Finally, outlooks were made for the better use of biochar in future. The relationship of
preparation parameters, structures, and adsorption performance of biochar should be
discussed.
The quantitative analysis for the adsorption of organic structures, surface functional
groups, surface electricity, and mineral component should be performed. The disposal of
post-sorption biochar should be investigated

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 Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION

Biochar is a carbon-rich solid product formed by pyrolysis of bio-organic materials at middle to

low temperature (200°C).
The raw materials of Biochar are mainly biomass waste (straw, feces, or deteriorations and
bagasse), which not only benefits waste resource utilization but also effectively alleviate
environmental deterioration.
For our experiment we are dealing with sugarcane bagasse.

The methods to make Biochar, including pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, gasification, and
so on, different bio-organic materials, pyrolysis temperature, modification methods, and other
factors will influence the performance of Biochar.

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Fig 1:01 pyrolysis reactor

The most studies mainly focus on these areas such as soil performance regulation, global climate
change, and renewable biofuels. In recent years, Biochar in the field of wastewater treatments
has become major research.

Large-scale farming is an important direction of agricultural economic development and an

important way for farmers to increase income.

However, large-scale farming will produce large amounts of wastewater; especially, the
excessive emissions of organic pollutants, heavy metals, nitrogen, and phosphorus will cause

serious contamination of the water environment agricultural.

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The first national pollutant source general survey technical report shows: agricultural non-point
pollutant source is the main reason for water pollution in India.
At present, the harmless treatment of typical pollutants in livestock wastewater has become the
focus of agricultural development and environmental protection.

Biochar adsorption technology is gradually applied in the field of wastewater treatment. It has
been shown that Biochar has good adsorption effect on typical pollutants of livestock wastewater
such as organic pollutants
, heavy metals, nitrogen, and After magnetization, Biochar with good magnetic is easily
separated from liquid, which is more suitable for livestock wastewater, compared to commercial
activated carbon products.

At the same time, because Biochar has good adsorption capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus, it
can be used as a slow-release fertilizer and has the characteristics of agricultural environment-
friendly.
In the adsorption kinetics of biochar from a methylene blue solution, the chemicals involved
typically include:

1. Biochar: The adsorbent derived from biomass, often used for its porous structure.

2. Methylene Blue Solution: The dye solution serves as a model contaminant for studying
adsorption.

a. Deionized Water: Used for preparing solutions and ensuring the absence of
interfering ions.

3. NaOH or HCl: Used for adjusting the initial pH of the solution, as pH can influence
adsorption.

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 4. Buffer Solutions: Sometimes employed to maintain a specific pH throughout the
experiment.

These chemicals help create a controlled environment for studying the kinetics of adsorption and
understanding the interaction between biochar and methylene blue molecules.

There are many ways to produce biochar

Few are mentioned below

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Table 1:

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 1.1 Biochar adsorption mechanism
In order to improve the adsorption efficiency of biochar on pollutants,
Especially for the typical pollutants in livestock wastewater, moreover, it is variable for
the different type and properties of pollutants; therefore, it is very important to analyze
the adsorption mechanism of biochar on the pollutants.
In this paper, the adsorption mechanism of biochar is discussed from four aspects,
including organic structure, surface functional group, surface electrical property and
mineral composition.

1.2 Organic Structure

The organic structure of the biochar is composed of two layers: stacked layers of graphene and
aromatic structures which are interspersed with the graphene layer.

Armoring the biochar with the characteristics of large specific surface areas and rich pore
structures. The large specific surface areas enhance the physical adsorption capacity of biochar,
and the rich pore structures help to adsorb the organic matter with the same molecular weight.

Showed that biochar made by bamboo had a lot of pore structures, mesoporous structure
accounted for nearly 90% of total pore structure, and quinolone antibiotics adsorption mainly
may occured in the mesoporous structures.
1.3 Surface functional group

The functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, etc.) on the surface of biochar fix metals by
electrostatic attraction, complexation, and surface precipitation. Zhang et al. [57] showed that
when the pyrolysis temperature increased to 500°C or higher, ─OH and ─CH on the surface of
sludge biochar would be destroyed, although the more specific surface areas prepared on high-
temperature conditions, the adsorption capacity of Pp. (II) was weaker, indicating that surface
functional groups ─OH and ─CH play major roles in the adsorption of heavy metals. Nguyen
and Lee [40] found that the surface of chicken manure biochar modified by HNO3/NH3 could
form new amino functional groups, which could improve the adsorption performance to dimethyl
sulfide.

1.4 Surface electrical properties

The electrostatic attraction ability on the surface of biochar plays a very important role in the
adsorption of pollutants. In general, the surface electricity of biochar is negative, so it has a good
adsorption performance for positive ions such as ammonia, heavy metals. If the biochar is
modified so that the surface electricity is positively charged, anions such as phosphate can be
adsorbed. Zhang et al. [47] fund the biochar had a good adsorption effect on ammonia nitrogen,
while the adsorption of phosphate was very weak. Fang et al. [11] modified corncob biochar with
magnesium salt, so that the surface electricity of biochar was positive, which enhanced its
phosphate adsorption efficiency.
1.6 Mineral ingredients

Mineral components such as CO32−, PO32−, etc. in biochar can increase their adsorption
properties. Inyang et al. [45] found that the main role of Pb (II) adsorption by digested cow dung
biochar was surface precipitation. Pb (II) reacted with CO32−, HCO3−, H2PO4− ions on the
surface of biochar forming PbCO3, Pp. (CO3)2(OH)2 and Pb5(PO4)3X{S} (where X may be F-,
Cl-, Br-, or OH-) precipitation.
 CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Title Author Raw materials Findings

Bogusz, Biochar, copper, Application of laboratory

Bio resource Oleszczuk., zinc and cadmium prepared and commercially
Technology and available Biochar to
Dobrowolski, adsorption of cadmium,
(2015). copper and zinc ions from
water

Separation and Chand, Wheat straw and barley Evaluation of wheat straw
purification Watari, and barley straw carbon
technology Inoue, for Cr (VI) adsorption
Torikai, and
Yada, (2008
Minerals Chand, Barley straw and rice Selective adsorption of
engineering Watari, Inoue., husk. precious metals from
Kawakita, Luitel, hydrochloric acid solutions
Parajuli, Torikaiand using porous carbon
Yada, (2009). prepared from barley straw
and rice husk

Catalytic activation and

Statistical analysis Chowdhury Lignin application of micro
using Box-Behnken biomass spherical carbon derived
Hamid
design from hydrothermal
Rahman
carbonization of
Rafique
lignocellulosic biomass

Positive and negative effects

Gonzaga Coconut husk of Biochar from coconut
growth and Orange bagasse husks, orange bagasse and
Mackowiak
nutrition Wood chips pine wood chips on maize
Almeida
Junior
Andrade
List of Chemicals:

Sno. Name of chemicals Characteristics Formula

1. Methylene blue The molecular weight of

C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S.
Methylene Blue is
approximately 319.85
grams per mole.
2. Magnesium The molecular weight of Mg
magnesium (Mg) is
approximately 24.305 grams per
mole.
 Objective

The objectives of studying the adsorption kinetics of Biochar in methylene blue typically
include:

1. Kinetic Modeling: Develop mathematical models to describe how Biochar

adsorbs methylene blue over time. This helps understand the underlying mechanisms
and predict the adsorption behavior.

2. Rate Constants Determination: Calculate rate constants to quantify the speed

at which the adsorption process occurs. This information is crucial for optimizing
Biochar-based adsorption systems.

3. Effect of Variables: Investigate the influence of various factors like temperature,

pH and initial concentration of methylene blue, and Biochar characteristics on the
adsorption kinetics. This aids in identifying optimal conditions for maximum
adsorption efficiency.

4. Mechanism Elucidation: Gain insights into the adsorption mechanism by

analyzing experimental data. This may involve distinguishing between different
kinetic models to determine the controlling factors in the adsorption process.

5. Application Optimization: Provide a foundation for designing efficient

Biochar-based adsorption systems for the removal of methylene blue from
wastewater or other solutions.
6. Comparative Studies: Compare the adsorption kinetics of Biochar with other
adsorbents to evaluate its effectiveness and potential as a sustainable and cost-
effective alternative.

7. Environmental Implications: Assess the environmental impact of using

Biochar for methylene blue adsorption, considering factors such as reusability and
any by-products formed during the process.
Fig1:2 Application of Biochar
CHAPTER-3: EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

3.1 Feed stock Preparation:

Sugarcane biomass is collected and prepared for pyrolysis.

3.2 Pyrolysis:

The prepared biomass undergoes pyrolysis in a controlled environment with limited

oxygen.
High temperatures break down the organic matter, producing Biochar.

3.3 Biochar Collection:

The Biochar is collected after pyrolysis and cooled.

3.4 Adsorption Kinetic Process:

The Biochar is exposed to a solution containing the target adsorb ate (e.g., pollutants).

Adsorption occurs as the adsorb ate molecules adhere to the bio char’s porous surface.

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3.5 Sampling and Analysis:

Samples are periodically taken to analyze the concentration of adsorb ate

over time.

3.6 Kinetic Modeling:

Experimental data is used to develop adsorption kinetic models (e.g., pseudo-first-order,

pseudo-second-order) to describe the rate of adsorption.

3.7 Characterization:

Biochar properties, such as surface area and pore structure, are characterized to
understand their influence on adsorption kinetics.

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Fig1:3 adsorption Kinetics procedure

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EXPERIMENTAL IMAGES:

Fig 102: bagasse. Fig 103: Biochar

Fig 104: solution of methylene blue and Biochar

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 Block Diagram:

Fig 105: solution of methylene blue and biochar

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Fig106: Solution of methylene blue after Adsorption

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CHAPTER 4: Result Analysis

Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound with the molecular formula
C₁₆H₁₈N₃Cl. Here are some key points regarding its characterization:

1. Chemical Structure: Methylene blue has a thiazine ring system with two nitrogen
atoms as part of its structure. It typically appears as a dark green powder.

2. Color and Spectral Properties: It is known for its deep blue color in solution,
and it has a characteristic absorption spectrum with peaks in the visible region. The color
arises from the absorption of light in the red part of the spectrum.

3. Solubility: Methylene blue is soluble in water and forms a blue solution. Its solubility
allows it to be used in various applications, including biological staining and industrial
 processes.

4. Applications: Widely used as a biological stain, methylene blue is employed in

laboratories for staining cells and tissues. It is also utilized in various industrial processes,
including dyeing textiles and treating wastewater.

5. Redox Properties: Methylene blue can undergo redox reactions, shifting between
its oxidized (blue) and reduced (colorless) forms. This property is exploited in various
applications, including redox indicator reactions.

6. Photo stability: It is generally photo stable, meaning it does not readily degrade upon
exposure to light. This property is crucial in its applications where stable color is
required.
RESULT
Methylene blue solution got adsorbed by the Biochar and it’s
concentration reduce
 Chapter 5: Conclusion

The adsorption of methylene blue serves as an indicator defining the adsorptive

capacity of granular activated carbon in water filters.

Fig:107 Graph representation of Absorbance & Adsorption Kinetics

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 SCOPE:

The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue involves studying the rate at which the dye molecules
adhere to a solid surface.
Understanding this process is crucial in various fields like wastewater treatment and material
science.

The factors influencing the kinetics, such as temperature, concentration, and the adsorbent’s
characteristics, to optimize removal efficiency and design effective adsorption systems.

Adsorption kinetics provides valuable information on the possible adsorption mechanisms and
their potential rate-limiting step during the adsorption process.

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The scope of studying the adsorption kinetics of biochar from a methylene blue solution

encompasses various aspects with practical implications and broader scientific understanding :

1. Environmental Remediation: Understanding the kinetics helps design efficient

biochar-based systems for removing methylene blue and other contaminants from water,
contributing to environmental cleanup.

2. Wastewater Treatment: Insights into adsorption kinetics aid in optimizing biochar

applications for treating industrial effluents and municipal wastewater, providing a
sustainable and cost-effective treatment method.

3. Adsorption Mechanism: The study contributes to unraveling the mechanisms

involved in the adsorption process, providing a theoretical foundation for designing

effective adsorption systems.

4. Material Characterization: Adsorption kinetics studies contribute to

characterizing biochar materials, including their surface properties and the impact of
various factors on adsorption behavior.

5. Optimization of Conditions: Researchers can optimize parameters such as biochar

dosage, initial concentration, and contact time for maximum adsorption efficiency,
enhancing the practical applicability of biochar in water treatment.

6. Comparative Studies: Adsorption kinetics data allow for comparisons between

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 different biochar types or preparation methods, helping identify the most effective
biochar for specific applications.

In summary, the scope of adsorption kinetics studies with biochar and methylene blue extends
from fundamental insights into adsorption mechanisms to practical applications in environmental

and water treatment technologies.

Future scope

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The future scope of adsorption kinetics holds promise in various fields, including
environmental remediation, pharmaceuticals, and materials science.

Advancements in understanding and controlling adsorption rates could lead to more

efficient water purification, drug delivery systems, and improved materials for diverse
applications.

Ongoing research may uncover novel adsorbents and optimize kinetic models,
contributing to enhanced industrial processes and sustainable solutions

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 CONSTRAINTS

Adsorption of methylene blue is influenced by various factors and subject to certain constraints.
The key constraints include:

1. pH Level: The pH of the solution affects the surface charge of the adsorbent and the
ionization of the dye, influencing adsorption.

2. Temperature: Adsorption is often temperature-dependent, with optimal conditions

varying for different materials used as adsorbents.

3. Concentration of Methylene Blue: Higher initial concentrations of methylene

blue may lead to saturation, limiting further adsorption.

4. Contact Time: The duration of contact between the adsorbent and the dye is crucial,
but it can reach equilibrium, restricting additional adsorption.

As for adsorption kinetics, it typically follows models like:

1. First-order kinetics: The rate of adsorption is directly proportional to the number of

unoccupied sites on the adsorbent.

2. Second-order kinetics: The rate is proportional to the square of

the concentration of the adsorbate.

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 3. Inter particle diffusion model: Describes the diffusion of the adsorbate within the
adsorbent particles.

Understanding these constraints and kinetics is crucial for optimizing the adsorption
process for methylene blue removal.

Outcomes of the experiment

The outcomes of adsorption kinetics studies involving methylene blue and biochar provide
valuable information about the efficiency and behavior of this adsorption process. Key outcomes
include:

1. Adsorption Isotherms: Determination of equilibrium adsorption capacity, helping

understand the maximum amount of methylene blue adsorbed by biochar under specific
conditions.

2. Rate Constants: Calculation of rate constants (e.g., using kinetic models like pseudo-
first order or pseudo-second order) to characterize the speed at which adsorption occurs.

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 3. Intra particle Diffusion: Insights into the intraparticle diffusion mechanism, which
reveals the diffusion rate of methylene blue within the biochar particles.

4. Effect of Variables: Understanding the influence of variables such as initial

concentration, temperature, and pH on adsorption kinetics, providing crucial information
for optimization.

5. Kinetic Models: Determination of the most suitable kinetic model that describes the
adsorption process, aiding in the theoretical understanding of the mechanism involved.

Overall, these outcomes contribute to the optimization of biochar application in wastewater

treatment, environmental remediation, and the development of sustainable adsorption

technologies.

CONCLUSIONS

Under the selected conditions of Biochar preparation under limited-oxygen conditions, the
surface area and micro pore area of Biochar were mainly determined by the raw materials.

A Biochar with the highest total porosity of 92.8% and the maximum removal of Pb2+
adsorption of 98.3% (78.6 mg/g) was produced from MS at a temperature of 300 °C under
partially limited oxygen conditions.

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The low-temperature pyrolysis and the partially limited oxygen condition process that was used
to carbonize SS, MS, WS, OS, SH, and CS was feasible and beneficial to the recycling of
agricultural wastes, which simplified the preparation of carbon adsorbents.

The six Biochar with lower specific surface areas and total pore volume had better adsorption to
Pb2+. It is apparent that the porous structure had some less influence on metal retention. The
difference in adsorption performance of Biochar were mainly caused by surface chemical groups
of Biochar.

In conclusion, the adsorption of methylene blue by biochar presents a promising avenue for
environmental remediation and wastewater treatment.
The study of adsorption kinetics has provided valuable insights into the efficiency and
mechanisms of this process.

Key findings include the determination of adsorption isotherms, rate constants, and the influence
of variables such as initial concentration and pH. The diverse surface functional groups of
biochar, including hydroxyl, carboxyl, phenolic, carbonyl, and amine groups, contribute to its
versatile adsorption properties.

Practical applications of this research include the design of biochar-based systems for effective
removal of methylene blue from water, contributing to sustainable solutions for environmental
challenges.
The optimization of conditions based on kinetic studies allows for the development of efficient
and cost-effective water treatment strategies.

Overall, the adsorption of methylene blue by biochar stands as a promising and environmentally
friendly approach with implications for both scientific understanding and practical applications

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in water purification.

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