21st Century Japanese Period

JAPANESE PERIOD
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
• Japan invaded the Philippines on December

8, 1941 which was strongly opposed by the
Guerillas.
• Captured soldiers and American deportees
were forced to have "Death March" to a
prison camp where they walked for 100
kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San
Fernando, Pampanga. An estimated 10,000
prisoners died here.
• Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to
end Filipino and American opposition.
• ✔ Japanese colonizers failed to gain

the trust of Filipinos.
• ✔ The resurgence of World War II
forced former President Manuel L.
Quezon and Vice-President Sergio
Osmeña Sr. to immediately leave the
Philippines and sought residence in the
United States as the Commonwealth
government was suddenly in exile.
• ✔ There was a great tension

between the two major groups:
HUKBALAHAP (unified guerilla
army against Japanese
invasion) and KALIBAPI
(political party approved by
the Japanese).
• ✔ Jose P. Laurel was appointed as

the President of the Philippines under
the Japanese-sponsored Republic.
• ✔ In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but
promised to return which he did in
1944. The US victory in the battle of
Leyte gulf signaled the beginning of
Philippine liberation from the
Japanese.
DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
DURING THIS PERIOD
✔ All forms of writings were censored during
this time because there was no freedom of speech
and of the press.
✔ Only those who were living in the United
States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L.
Quezon could write freely.
✔ The use of English language was stopped in
almost all publications and only Tagalog and the
vernaculars were permitted.
DURING THIS PERIOD
✔ Few literary works were printed and mostly considered
as pessimistic and bitter according to the author Victoria
Abelardo.
✔ Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku
consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic
poetry in all.
✔ Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best
works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in
Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943.
Some notable stories were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso
G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo,
“Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V.M. Gonzalez, and
“Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.
DURING THIS PERIOD
✔ Opera and classical music gained

popularity.
✔ Among the other types of literature
emerged were essay (e.g. "Literature
and Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and
autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by
Manuel Quezon).
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
•Common theme of most poems in this

period: nationalism, country, love, life in
the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
•There are three types of poems in this
period:
• Haiku
• Tanaga
• Karaniwang Anyo
•HAIKU – a poem of
free verse that the
Japanese like
- Allegorical in meaning
-Has 17 syllables
- 1st and 3rd line – 5
syllables
- 2nd line – 7 syllables
•TANAGA – a short poem

like the haiku
- Also allegorical in
meaning
- 7 syllables per line (4
lines)
• KARANIWANG ANYO
(Usual Form)
– the usual and common
form of poetry
B. FILIPINO DRAMA
• Drama experienced a lull because movie houses

showing American films in this period were closed
down.
• Big movie houses were just made for stage shows.
• Many of the stage plays were reproductions of
English plays to Tagalog.
• Translators: Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto
Concio, Narciso Pimentel
B. FILIPINO DRAMA
•Playwrighters:
•Jose Ma. Hernandez - wrote Panday Pira
•Francisco Soc Rodrigo - wrote Sa Pula, Sa
Puti
•Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote Bulaga (and
expression in the game of Hide and Seek)
•Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote Sino Ba
Kayo, Dahil sa Anak, and Higante ng Patay.
C. FILIPINO SHORT STORIES DURING THE
JAPANESE PERIOD
•Field of short stories widened during the
Japanese occupation.
•Filipino writers in this period:
Brigada Batungbakal, Macario Pineda,
Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo,
Narciso Ramos, N.V.M Gonzales, Alicia
Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria
Guzman
C. FILIPINO SHORT STORIES DURING THE
JAPANESE PERIOD
•Best writings in 1945

•First : Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG
TINUBUAN
•Second : Liwayway Arceo’
UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA
•Third : NVM Gonzalez’s LUNSOD NAYON
C. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
•Philippine literature in English experienced a

dark period.
•There are strict prohibitions imposed by the
Japanese in the writing and publishing of
works in English
•The few who dared to write English did so for
their bread and butter or for propaganda
Noteworthy Authors in this Period
•Carlos P. Romulo - won the

Pulitzer Prize for his
bestsellers I SAW THE FALL
OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE
THE PHILIPPINES RISE and
his MOTHER AMERICA AND
MY BROTHER AMERICANS.
•Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO

LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS.
•Fred Ruiz Castro wrote a few poems
•Journalists:
• Salvador P. Lopez
• Leon Ma. Geurrero
• Raul Manglapuz
• Carlos Bulosan
• F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine

Review.
• Carlos Bulosan’s works included THE LAUGHTER
OF MY FATHER (1944), THE VOICE OF BATAAN,
1943, SIX FILIPINO POETS, 1942,
• Alfredo Litiatco published With Harp and Sling in
1943.
• Jose P. Laurel published Forces that Make a
Nation Great
• Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prices to

praiseworthy authors. Works that won include:
•LIKE THE MOLAVE – Rafael Zulueta da
Costa (poetry)
•HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A
WIFE – Manuel E. Arguilla (Short Story)
•LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – Salvador P.
Lopez (Essay)
•HIS NATIVE SOIL– Juan Laya (Novel)
Other Works:
• President Manuel L. Quezon – his autobiography
THE GOOD FIGHT.
Other Writers:
• Juan Collas
• Tomas Confesor
• Roman A. Dela Cruz
• Elisa Tabuñar
Some Notable Writers

✔ Carlos P. Romulo. He won the Pulitzer
Prize for his notable works such as "I Saw the
Fall of the Philippines", "I See the Philippines
Rise", "Mother America", and "My Brother
Americans".
✔ Narciso Reyes. He won first prize with his
short story "Lupang Tinubuan".
CONGRATULATIONS FOR FINISHING
THE LESSON!!!
>>Time to have a short quiz<<
ASSIGNMENT
•In a short bobdpaper, Compose a haiku

with any theme of your choice and use
their creativity to turn it into a poster.
ASSIGNMENT
• In a short bobdpaper, Compose a haiku with any

theme of your choice and use their creativity to
turn it into a poster.
• Rubrics:
• Creativity – 30%
• Design – 25%
• Neatness – 10%
• Composition (in terms of the poetry) – 25%

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JAPANESE PERIOD

JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)

• Japan invaded the Philippines on December

• ✔ Japanese colonizers failed to gain

• ✔ There was a great tension

• ✔ Jose P. Laurel was appointed as

✔ Opera and classical music gained

•Common theme of most poems in this

•TANAGA – a short poem

• Drama experienced a lull because movie houses

•Best writings in 1945

•Philippine literature in English experienced a

•Carlos P. Romulo - won the

•Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO

• F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine

• Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prices to

Some Notable Writers

•In a short bobdpaper, Compose a haiku

• In a short bobdpaper, Compose a haiku with any

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