Atoms and Molecules

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water?

(i) 2 moles of H20
(ii) 20 moles of water
(iii) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water
(iv) 1.2044×1025 molecules of water
(a) (i)
(b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
Ans. (d) (ii) and (iv)

2. Which of the following statements is not true about an atom?

(a) Atoms are not able to exist independently
(b) Atoms are the basic units from which molecules and ions are formed
(c) Atoms are always neutral in nature
(d) Atoms aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch
Ans. (a) Atoms are not able to exist independently.
Explanation: Atoms of inert gases exist independently, i.e. as single atom.

3. The chemical symbol for nitrogen gas is

(a) Ni
(b) N2
(c) N+
(d) N
Ans. (b) N2

4. The chemical symbol for sodium is

(a) So
(b) Sd
(c) NA
(d) Na
Ans. (d) Na

5. Which of the following would weigh the highest?

(a) 0.2 mole of sucrose (C12H22O11)
(b) 2 moles of CO2
(c) 2 moles of CaCO3
(d) 10 moles of H2O
Ans. (c) 2 moles of CaCO3
Explanation: Weight of 1 mole of each compound can be calculated as follows:
 (a) Sucrose = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11× 16 = 144 + 22 + 176 = 342 g
Or 0.2 M Sucrose = 342 × 0.2 = 68.4 g
(b) 1 M carbon dioxide = 1× 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 g
Or 2 M CO2 = 44 × 2 = 88 g
(c) 1 M CaCO3 = 1× 10 + 1× 12 + 3 × 16 = 100 g
Or 2 M CaCO3 = 100 × 2 = 200 g
(d) 1 M H2O = 2 × 1 + 1× 16 = 18g
Or 10 M water = 18 × 10 = 180g

6. Which of the following has maximum number of atoms?

(a) 18 g of H2O
(b) 18 g of O2
(c) 18 g of CO2
(d) 18 g of CH4
Ans. (d) 18 g of CH4
Explanation: Number of atoms
mass of substance × no. of atoms in a molecule
= × NA
molar mass
18 g × 3
(a) for 18g of H 2 O= × N A = 3N A
18 g
18 g × 2
(b) for 18g of O 2 = × N A = 1.125N A
32 g
18 g × 3
(c) for 18g of CO 2 = × N A = 1.23N A
44 g
18 g × 5
(d) for 18g of CH 4 = × N A = 5.625N A
16 g

7. Which of the following contains maximum number of molecules?

(a) 1g CO2
(b) 1g N2
(c) 1g H2
(d) 1g CH4
Ans. (c) 1g H2
mass of substance
Explanation: Number of molecules = × NA
molar mass
1g
For 1 g hydrogen = × N A = 0.5N A = 0.5 × 6.022 ×10 23
2g
 = 3.011×1023
Molar mass of other molecules are much higher than given mass, so number of molecules
in them will be less than that in hydrogen.

8. Mass of one atom of oxygen is

16
(a) g
6.023 ×1023
32
(b) g
6.023 ×1023
1
(c) g
6.023 ×1023
(d) 8 u
16
Ans. (a) g
6.023 ×1023
Explanation: Mass of one atom of oxygen
Atomic mass 16
= = g
NA 6.023 ×1023

9. 3.42 g of sucrose are dissolved in 18 g of water in a beaker. The number of oxygen

atoms in the solution are
(a) 6.68 x 1023
(b) 6.09 x 1022
(c) 6.022 x 1023
(d) 6.022 x 1021
Ans. (a) 6.68 x 1023
Explanation: Number of moles = mass of substance/molar mass
Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g
3.42 g
No. of moles for 3.42 g sucrose = = 0.01 M
342 g
1 M sucrose (C11H22O11) contains = 11× N A atoms of oxygen
So, number of oxygen atoms in 0.01 M sucrose = 0.11 N A
18 g
No. of moles for 18 g water = = 1M
18 g
1 M water contains 1 NA oxygen atoms
So, total number of oxygen atoms in given solution
= 0.11N A + 1.0 N A = 1.11 N A
= 1.11× 6.022 × 10 23 = 6.68 × 1023.
10. A change in the physical state can be brought about
(a) only when energy is given to the system
(b) only when energy is taken out from the system
(c) when energy is either given to, or taken out from the system
(d) without any energy change
Ans. (c) when energy is either given to, or taken out from the system
Explanation: When a solid changes into liquid, it takes energy. When a liquid changes
into solid, it releases energy.
 Atoms and Molecules

Short Answer Questions

11. Which of the following represent correct chemical formula? Name it.
(a) CaCl
(b) BiPO4
(c) NaSO4
(d) NaS
Ans. (b) In BiPO4; with ions are trivalent and hence this shows the correct chemical formula.
In option (a); Ca is bivalent while chlorine is monovalent. In options (c) and (d); Na is
monovalent while sulphate and Sulphur are bivalent.

12. Write the molecular formulae for the following compounds

(a) Copper (II) bromide
Ans. CuBr2
(b) Aluminium (III) nitrate
Ans. Al(NO3)3
(c) Calcium (II) phosphate
Ans. Ca3(PO4)2
(d) Iron (III) sulphide
Ans. Fe2S3
(e) Mercury (II) chloride
Ans. HgCl2
(f) Magesium (II) acetate
Ans. Mg(CH3COO)2

13. Write the molecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by the
combination of following ions
Cu 2 + , Na + , Fe3+ , Cl − , SO42 − , PO43−
Ans. CuCl2/ CuSO4/ Cu3(PO4)2
NaCl/ Na2SO4/ Na3PO4
FeCl3/ Fe2(SO4)3 / FePO4

14. Write the cations and anions present (if any) in the following compounds
(a) CH3COONa
(b) NaCl
(c) H2
(d) NH4NO3
Ans.

15. Give the formulae of the compounds formed from the following sets of elements
(a) Calcium and fluorine
Ans. CaF2
(b) Hydrogen and sulphur
Ans. H2S
(c)Nitrogen and hydrogen
Ans. NH3
(d)Carbon and chlorine
Ans. CCI4
(e)Sodium and oxygen
Ans. Na2O
(f) Carbon and oxygen
Ans. CO, CO2

16. Which of the following symbols of elements are incorrect? Give their correct
symbols
(a) Cobalt CO
(b) Carbon c
(c) Aluminium AL
(d) Helium He
(e) Sodium So
Ans. (a) Incorrect, the correct symbol of cobalt is Co
(b) Incorrect, the correct symbol of carbon is C
(c) Incorrect, the correct symbol of aluminium is Al
(d) Correct (He)
(e) Incorrect, the correct symbol of sodium is Na

17. Give the chemical formulae for the following compounds and compute the ratio by
mass of the combining elements in each one of them. (You may use appendix-III).
(a) Ammonia
 (b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Hydrogen chloride
(d) Aluminium fluoride
(e) Magnesium sulphide
Ans. (a) NH3; ratio N : H = 14 : 3
(b) CO; ratio C : O = 3 : 4
(c) HCl; ratio H : Cl = 1 : 35.5 or 2 : 71
(d) AlF3; ratio Al : F = 9 : 19
(e) MgS; ratio Mg : S = 3 : 4

18. State the number of atoms present in each of the following chemical species
(a) CO 32 −
Ans. 4
(b) PO 34−
Ans. 5
(c) P2O5
Ans. 7
(d) CO
Ans. 2

19. What is the fraction of the mass of water due to neutrons?

Ans. Mass of one mole (Avogadro Number) of neutrons ~ 1 g
1
Mass of one neutron = g
Avogadro Number (N A )
molar mass 18
Mass of one molecule of water = = g
NA NA
There are 8 neutrons in one atom of oxygen
8
Mass of 8 neutrons =
NA
8
Fraction of mass of water due to neutrons
18

20. Does the solubility of a substance change with temperature? Explain with the help
of an example.
Ans. Yes, it is a temperature dependent property. The solubility generally, increases with
increase in temperature. For example, you can dissolve more sugar in hot water than in
cold water.
21. Classify each of the following on the basis of their atomicity.
(a) F2
(b) NO2
(c) N2O
(d) C2H6
(e) P4
(f) H2O2
(g) P4O10
(H) O3
(i) HCl
(j) CH4
(k) He
(l) Ag
Ans. (a) 2 atom
(b) 3 atom
(c) 3 atom
(d) 8 atom
(e) 4 atom
(f) 4 atom
(g) 14 atom
(h) 3 atom
(i) 2 atom
(j) 5 atom
(k) 1 atom (noble gases are always monoatomic)
(l) Polyatomic (because metals are bound by metallic bond and any measurable quantity
of a metal can contain millions of atoms.)

22. You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt.
How would you identify it without tasting?
Ans. On heating the powder, it will char if it is a sugar.
Alternatively, the powder may be dissolved in water and checked for its conduction of
electricity. If it conducts, it is a salt.

23. Calculate the number of moles of magnesium present in a magnesium ribbon

weighing 12 g. Molar atomic mass of magnesium is 24g mol–1.
Ans. Number of moles = mass/molar mass = 12 g/24 g = 0.5 mol
 Atoms and Molecules

Long Answer Questions

24. Verify by calculating that

(a) 5 moles of CO2 and 5 moles of H2O do not have the same mass.
Ans. CO2 has molar mass = 44g mol–1
5 moles of CO2 have molar mass = 44 × 5= 220 g
H2O has molar mass = 18 g mol–1
5 moles of H2O have mass = 18 × 5 g= 90 g
(b) 240 g of calcium and 240 g magnesium elements have a mole ratio of 3:5.
240
Ans. Number of moles in 240g Ca metal = =6
40
240
Number of moles in 240g of Mg metal = = 10
24
Ratio 6: 10 = 3: 5

25. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the following compounds. (You
may use Appendix-III)
(a) CaCO3
Ans. Ca: C: O3 = 40: 12: 16 × 3 = 40: 12: 48 = 10: 3: 12
(b) MgCl2
Ans. Mg: CI2 = 24: 35.55 × 2 = 24: 71
(c) H2SO4
Ans. H2: S: O4 = 1 × 2: 32: 16 × 4 = 2: 32: 64 = 1: 16: 32
(d) C2H5OH
Ans. C2: H6: O = 12 × 2: 1 × 6: 16 = 24: 6: 16 = 12: 3: 8
(e) NH3
Ans. N: H3 = 14: 1 × 3 = 14: 3
(f) Ca(OH)2
Ans. Ca: O2: H2 = 40: 16 × 2: 1 × 2 = 40: 32: 2 = 20: 16: 1

26. Calcium chloride when dissolved in water dissociates into its ions according to the
following equation.
CaCl2 ( aq ) → Ca 2+ ( aq ) + 2Cl − ( aq )
Calculate the number of ions obtained from CaCl2 when 222 g of it is dissolved in
water.
Ans. 1 mole of calcium chloride = 111g
∴ 222g of CaCl2 is equivalent to 2 moles of CaCl2
 Since 1 formula unit CaCl2 gives 3 ions, therefore, 1 mol of CaCl2 will give 3 moles of ions
2 moles of CaCl2 would give 3 × 2 = 6 moles of ions.
No. of ions = No. of moles of ions × Avogadro number
= 6 × 6.022 × 1023
= 36.132 × 1023
= 3.6132 × 1024 ions

27. The difference in the mass of 100 moles each of sodium atoms and sodium ions is
5.48002 g. Compute the mass of an electron.
Ans. A sodium atom and ion, differ by one electron. For 100 moles each of sodium atoms and
ions there would be a difference of 100 moles of electrons.
Mass of 100 moles of electrons= 5.48002 g
5.48002
Mass of 1 mole of electron = g
100
5.48002
Mass of one electron = 23
= 9.1×10−28 g = 9.1×10−31 kg
100 × 6.022 ×10

28. Cinnabar (HgS) is a prominent ore of mercury. How many grams of mercury are
present in 225 g of pure HgS? Molar mass of Hg and S are 200.6 g mol-1 and 32 g
mol-1 respectively.
Ans. Molar mass of HgS = 200.6 + 32 = 232.6 g mol-1
Mass of Hg in 232.6 g of HgS = 200.6 g
200.6
Mass of Hg in 225 g of HgS = × 225 = 194.04 g
232.6

29. The mass of one steel screw is 4.11g. Find the mass of one mole of these steel
screws. Compare this value with the mass of the Earth (5.98 x 1024kg). Which one of
the two is heavier and by how many times?
Ans. One mole of screws weigh = 2.475 × 1024 g = 2.475 × 1021 kg
Mass of the Earth 5.98 ×1024 Kg
= 21
= 2.4 ×103
Mole of 1 mole of screws 2.475 ×10 Kg
Mass of earth is 2.4 ×103 times the mass of screws
The earth is 2400 times heavier than one mole of screws.

30. A sample of vitamin C is known to contain 2.58 ×1024 oxygen atoms. How many
moles of oxygen atoms are present in the sample?
Ans. 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 6.023 ×1023 atoms
2.58 ×1024
∴ Number or moles of oxygen atoms = = 4.28 mol
6.022 ×1023
 4.28 moles of oxygen atoms.

31. Raunak took 5 moles of carbon atoms in a container and Krish also took 5 moles of
sodium atoms in another container of same weight. (a) Whose container heavier?
(b) Whose container has more number of atoms?
Ans. (a) Mass of sodium atoms carried by Krish = (5 × 23) g = 115 g
While mass of carbon atom carried by Raunak = (5 ×12) g = 60 g
Thus, Krish’s container is heavy
(b) Both the bags have same number of atoms as they have same number of moles of
atoms.

32. Fill in the missing data in the Table 3.1

Ans.

33. The visible universe is estimated to contain 1022 stars. How many moles of stars
are present in the visible universe?
1022
Ans. Number of moles of stars = = 0.0166 moles
6.023 × 1023

34. What is the SI prefix for each of the following multiples and submultiples of a unit?
(a) 103 (b) 10-1 (c) 10-2 (d) 10-6 (e) 10-9 (f) 10-12
Ans. (a) kilo
(b) deci
(c) centi
(d) micro
(e) nano
(f) pico
35. Express each of the following in kilograms
(a) 5.84 × 10-3 mg
Ans. 5.84 × 10 −9 Kg
(b) 58.34 g
Ans. 5.834 × 10−2 Kg
(c) 0.584 g
Ans. 5.84 × 10 −4 Kg
(d) 5.873 × 10-21 g
Ans. 5.873 × 10−24 Kg

36. Compute the difference in masses of 103 moles each of magnesium atoms and
magnesium ions. (Mass of an electron = 9.1×10-31 kg)
Ans. A Mg2+ ion and Mg atom differ by two electrons.
103 moles of Mg2+ and Mg atoms would differ by
103×2 moles of electrons
Mass of 2×103 moles of electrons = 2 × 103 × 6.023 × 10 23 × 9.1× 10−31 Kg
⇒ 2 × 6.022 × 9.1× 10−5 Kg
⇒ 109.6004 ×10−5 Kg
⇒ 1.096 × 10 −3 Kg

37. Which has more number of atoms?

(i) 100g of N2
100
Ans. 100 g of N2 = moles
28
100
Number of molecules = × 6.022 ×1023
28
2 ×100
Number of atoms = × 6.022 ×1023 = 43.01×1023
28
(ii)100 g of NH3
100 100
Ans. 100 g of NH3 = moles = × 6.022 ×1023 molecules
17 17
100
= × 6.022 ×1023 × 4 atoms
17
= 141.69 ×1023
NH3 would have more atoms.
38. Compute the number of ions present in 5.85 g of sodium chloride.
5.85
Ans. 5.85 g of NaCl = = 0.1 moles
58.5
Or 0.1 moles of NaCl particle
Each NaCl particle is equivalent to one Na+ one CI-
⇒ 2 ions
⇒ Total moles of ions = 0.1 × 2
⇒ 2 moles
No. of ions = 0.2 × 6.022 ×1023
⇒ 1.2042 ×1023 ions

39. A gold sample contains 90% of gold and the rest copper. How many atoms of gold
are present in one gram of this sample of gold?
90
Ans. One gram of gold sample will contain = 0.9 g of gold
100
mass of gold
Number of moles of gold =
atomic mass of gold
0.9
= = 0.0046
197
One moles of gold contains NA atoms = 6.022 ×1023
∴ 0.0046 mole of gold will contain = 0.0046 × 6.022 ×1023
= 2.77 ×1021

40. What are ionic and molecular compounds? Give examples.

Ans. Atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions to form molecules of
compounds. Examples— water, ammonia, carbondioxide. Compounds composed of metals
and non-metals contain charged species. The charged species are known as ions. An ion is
a charged particle and can be negatively or positively charged. A negatively charged ion is
called an anion and the positively charged ion is called cation. Examples— sodium chloride,
calcium oxide.

41. Compute the difference in masses of one mole each of aluminium atoms and one
mole of its ions. (Mass of an electron is 9.1x10-28 g). Which one is heavier?
Ans. Mass of 1 mole of aluminium atom = the molar mass of aluminium = 27 g mol-1
An aluminium atom needs to lose three electrons to become an ion, AI3+
For one mole of AI3+ ion, three moles of electrons are to best lost.
The mass of three moles of electrons = 3 × (9.1× 10 −28 ) × 6.022 × 10 23 g
= 27.3 × 6.022 × 10−5 g
 = 164.400 × 10−5 g
= 0.00164 g
Molar mass of Al3+ = (27 − 0.00164) g mol−1 = 26.998 g mol−1
Difference = 27 – 26.9984 = 0.0016 g

42. A silver ornament of mass ‘m’ gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1% of the
mass of silver. Compute the ratio of the number of atoms of gold and silver in the
ornament.
Ans. Mass of silver = m g
m
Mass of gold = g
100
mass
Number of atoms of silver = × NA
atomic mass
m
= × NA
108
m
Number of atoms of gold = × NA
100 ×197
Ratio of number of atoms of gold to silver = Au: Ag
m m
= × NA : × NA
100 ×197 108
= 108 :100 ×197
= 108 :19700
= 1:182.41

43. A sample of ethane (C2H6) gas has the same mass as 1.5 ×1020 molecules of methane
(CH4). How many C2H6 molecules does the sample of gas contain?
16 g
Ans. Mass of 1 molecules of CH4 =
NA
1.5 × 10 20 × 16
Mass of 1.5 ×1020 molecules of methane = g
NA
30
Mass of 1 molecules of C2H6 = g
NA
1.5 × 10 20 × 16
Mass of molecules of C2H6 is = g
NA
1.5 × 10 20 × 16 N A
∴ number of molecules of ethane = = = 0.8 × 10 20
NA 30
44. Fill in the blanks
(a) In a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains
unchanged. This is called __________.
Ans. Law of conservation of mass
(b) A group of atoms carrying a fixed charge on them is called __________.
Ans. Polyatomic ion
(c) The formula unit mass of Ca3(PO4)2 is __________.
Ans. (3 × atomic mass of Ca) + (2 × atomic mass of phosphorus) + (8 × atomic mass of
oxygen) = 310
(d) Formula of sodium carbonate is and that of ammonium sulphate is __________.
Ans. Na2 CO3; (NH4)2SO4

45. Complete the following crossword puzzle (Fig. 3.1) by using the name of the
chemical elements. Use the data given in Table 3.2.
Ans. (1) Silver (2) Gold (3) iron (4) Copper (5) Phosphorus (6) Mercury (7) Hydrogen (8) Lead

46. (a) In this crossword puzzle (Fig 3.2), names of 11 elements are hidden Symbols of
these are given below. Complete the puzzle.
1. Cl, 2. H, 3. Ar, 4. O, 5. Xe, 6. N, 7. He, 8. F, 9. Kr, 10. Rn, 11. Ne
(b) Identify the total number of inert gases their names and symbols from this
cross-word puzzle.

Ans. (a)
 (b) Insert Gases: There are total six insert six inert gases present in this crossword, i.e.
helium (He), Argon (Ar), Xenon (Xe), Krypton (Kr), Radon (Rn) and Neon (Ne).

47. Write the formulae for the following and calculate the molecular mass for each one
of them.
(a) Caustic potash
Ans. KOH
(39 + 16 + 1) = 56 g mol-1
(b) Baking powder
Ans. NaHCO3
23 + 1 + 12 + (3 × 16) = 84 g mol-1
(c) Lime stone
Ans. CaCO3
40 + 12 + (3 × 16) = 100 g mol-1
(d) Caustic soda
Ans. NaOH
23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g mol-1
(e) Ethanol
Ans. C2H5OH = C2H6O
2 × 12 + (6 × 1) + 16 = 46 g mol-1
(f) Common salt
Ans. NaCI
23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g mol-1
48. In photosynthesis, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide combine with an equal number of
water molecules through a complex series of reactions to give a molecule of glucose
having a molecular formula C6H12O6. How many grams of water would be required
to produce 18 g of glucose? Compute the volume of water so consumed assuming
the density of water to be 1 g cm-3.
Chlorophyll
Ans. 6CO2 + 6H 2 O 
sunlight
→ C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2
1 mole of glucose needs 6 moles of water
180 g of glucose needs (6 × 18) g of water
108
1 g of glucose will need g of water.
180
108
18 g of glucose would need ×18 g of water = 10.8 g
180
Mass 10.8
Volume of water used = = = 10.8cm 3 .
Density 1g cm −3