Lab-1: Assemble different parts of a computer.

1. Hard disk drive

A computer hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile data storage

device. Non-volatile refers to storage devices that maintain stored
data when turned off. All computers need a storage device, and
HDDs are just one example of a type of storage device.

Fig: Hard disk drive

2. Cpu

responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. CPUs process data
and instructions fetched from memory and control the operations of other hardware
components within a computer system. In simpler terms, it's like the
conductor of an orchestra, directing all the parts to work together
harmoniously to perform tasks and run programs
Fig: CPU
3. Motherboard

A motherboard is a circuit board inside general-purpose computing systems, including

personal computers, smart televisions, smart monitors, and other similar devices, which
supports communication between different electrical components and houses components
such as the CPU, memory, etc.
Fig:
Motherboard
4. RAM\ROM

RAM is a memory scheme within the computer system responsible

for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly
accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is volatile in
nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the
storage device is turned off.
Fig: RAM
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we
can. Only read but cannot write on it. ROM is a permanent form of
storage. ROM stays active regardless of whether power supply to it is
turned on or off.

Fig: ROM

5. CD\DVD ROM

A CD-ROM, or Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, is a type of

optical disc used for storing digital data. It looks like a regular CD,
but unlike audio CDs, which can only store music, CD-ROMs can
store various types of data, including software programs,
documents, images, and videos. CD-ROMs are read-only, meanin
data can be read from them but not written to them. They were
Fig: CD ROM
popular in the 1990s and early 2000s for distributing software and
multimedia content before the rise of USB drives and digital downloads.

Digital versatile disc-read only memory (DVD-ROM) is a read-

only digital versatile disc (DVD) commonly used for storing
large software applications. It is similar to a compact disk-read
only memory (CD-ROM) but has a larger capacity
Fig: DVD ROM
6. KEYBOARD\ MOUSE
A keyboard is a peripheral input device used to enter
characters and commands into a computer or other electronic
device. It typically consists of a set of keys arranged in a
specific layout, most commonly the QWERTY layout, named
after the first six letters in the top row of keys. Keyboards can
be physical or virtual (on-screen), and they come in various Fig: KEYBOARD
designs, including standard keyboards, ergonomic keyboards,
and specialized keyboards for gaming or specific industries. Keyboards can connect to
devices via wired connections (USB, PS/2) or wirelessly (Bluetooth, RF). They are
essential for text input and navigation in computing devices.
A MOUSE is a small rodent mammal characterized by a pointed snout, small rounded
ears, a body-length scaly tail, and a high breeding rate. They are
found all over the world in various habitats. In the context of
computers, a mouse refers to a handheld device used to move a
cursor on a computer screen and interact with graphical user
interfaces. This computer mouse typically has buttons and
sometimes a scroll wheel for additional functionality. It's an Fig:
MOUSE
essential tool for navigating and interacting with computers.

7. SATA CABLE
A data cable is a type of cable designed to transmit data between
electronic devices, such as computers, smartphones, printers, and
more. It typically consists of multiple wires encased in an
insulating sheath, and it can transfer various types of data,
including digital signals, analog signals, and power. Data cables
come in different forms, such as USB cables, Ethernet cables,
HDMI cables, and more, each tailored to specific types of
Fig: SATA CABLE
Devices and data transmission needs.

8. USB PORT

A USB port, short for Universal Serial Bus port, serves as a

common connection point for various devices, enabling data
transfer, device charging, and peripheral connections across a
wide range of electronics like computers, smartphones, and
gaming consoles.

Fig: USB PORT

9. INPUT DEVICE
There are many different ways we can input data into a computer system. The devices we

use are called input devices and include keyboards, touch screens, microphones,
 movement sensors and webcams. Some examples of input
include: Words written using a keyboard. Screen clicks using a
touch screen

Fig: INPUT DEVIC

10. OUTPUT DEVICE

Output devices are hardware components of a computer system that present data or
information generated by the computer to the user. Examples
include monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones. They
essentially display or transmit processed data from the
computer to the user in a perceivable form.

Fig: OUTPUT DEVICE

11. HEAT SINK

A heat sink is a type of heat exchanger used to transfer heat from a

heat-producing device or heat source into a surrounding fluid. This fluid
is commonly air, but can also be water or some other non-conductive
thermal transfer fluid.

Fig: HEAT
SINK

12. POWER SUPPLY

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric

power to an electrical load. The main purpose of a power
supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct
voltage, current, and frequency to power the load.

Fig: POWER SUPPLY

13. COOLING FAN

Cooling fans are also known as panel fans, they are an ideal
solution for application that requires high efficiency and silent
operation. The cooling fans work by sucking the cold air at the
bottom vent, and thereby realizing hot air from the top vent as
the heat rises upward.

Fig: COOLING FAN

 LAB -2 : Install different types of application and utilities
software.

Application software:

1. MS OFFICE :
Installing Microsoft Office involves
downloading a setup file and running it on
your computer. Here's a general overview
of the process with explanations for each
step:
1. Visit the Microsoft Website:
• Open a web browser and go to th e
Microsoft Office website: https://www.office.com/. Fig: MS OFFICE
2. Sign in or Create an Account (if necessary):
• If you have a Microsoft account associated with your Office subscription, sign in using your
email and password.
• If you don't have an account, you might need to create a free one to access the download
3. Locate the Install Option:
• Once signed in, you should see an "Install Office" button on the Office homepage.
4. Download the Setup File:
• Click the "Install Office" button. This will start the download of the Office setup file.
5. Run the Setup File:
• Once the download is complete, locate the downloaded file (usually named "Setup.exe") and
double-click it to begin the installation process.
6. Follow On-Screen Instructions:
• The setup program will guide you through the installation. You might be prompted to choose
which Office applications you want to install (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.) and where you
want to install them on your computer.
• Agree to the license terms and follow any additional prompts during the installation.
7. Wait for Installation to Complete:
• The installation process can take some time depending on your internet speed and computer
configuration.
 8. Close the Setup Program:
• Once the installation is finished, you should see a confirmation message. You can then close
the setup program.
9. Launch an Office Application:
• Open the Start menu and search for the Office application you want to use (e.g., Word, Excel).
• The first time you launch an Office application, you might be prompted to activate your Office
license using your Microsoft account.

2. PowerPoints, Excel, Microsoft Word.

PowerPoint isn't available as a standalone application. It comes bundled with Microsoft
Office. Here's how to install PowerPoint as part of Microsoft Office:
1. Purchase or activate Microsoft 365:

There are two main options:

• Purchase Microsoft 365 subscription: This gives you access to the latest versions of Office
applications like PowerPoint, Word, Excel, and more. You can buy a subscription for
personal or business use.

Fig: powerpoint
• Start a free trial: Microsoft offers a free trial of Microsoft 365, which lets you try out the
applications for a limited time.
You can get either option directly from the Microsoft website https://www.microsoft.com/en-
us/microsoft-365/microsoft-office.
2. Download and Install:
• Once you have a subscription or activated the trial, log in to your Microsoft account on the
Microsoft website.
• Click the "Install" button to download the setup file for Microsoft Office.
• Double-click the downloaded setup file and follow the on-screen instructions in the installation
wizard.
3. Choose Installation Options (Optional):
By default, the installation wizard installs all Microsoft Office applications, including
PowerPoint. However, you can choose to install only specific applications you need. During
the installation process, you might see an option to customize the installation. Make sure
PowerPoint is checked for installation.
4. Complete the Installation:
The installation wizard will download and install the necessary files. Once the installation is
complete, you'll be able to launch PowerPoint from your Start menu or Applications folder
(depending on your operating system).

Microsoft Excel isn't available as a standalone installation. It comes bundled with Microsoft
Office applications. Here's how to install Microsoft Office which includes Excel:

For PC and Mac:

1. Visit the Microsoft Office website (https://www.office.com/).
2. Sign in to your Microsoft account if you haven't already.
3. On the Microsoft Office home page, locate the "Install Office" section and click "Install" or
"Install Office" depending on your version. Fig:Microsoft Excel
4. Choose the language and bit version (32-bit or 64-bit) you want to install. On a PC, you'll be
able to select between the two.
5. Click "Install" to begin the download and installation process.

There are two main ways to install Microsoft Word, depending on whether you're getting
Microsoft 365 (subscription) or a one-time purchase version (like Office 2021).
Microsoft 365:

1. Go to office.com and sign in with the Microsoft

account associated with your subscription.
2. Click on "Install Office" or a similar button.
3. You might need to choose the specific Office product you want (like Microsoft 365 Apps for
home or work). Fig: Microsoft Word
4. Click "Install" and the download will begin.
5. Once downloaded, double-click the setup file to start the installation.
6. Follow the on-screen prompts, which may include agreeing to license terms and choosing
installation options.
One-time purchase (Office 2021):
If you have a physical disc:
1. Insert the DVD into your computer's DVD drive.
2. The installation window should appear automatically. If not, browse to the disc's files and run
the setup program.
3. Follow the on-screen prompts, which may include entering a product key, agreeing to license
terms, and choosing installation options.
If you purchased a digital download:
1. You'll receive a download link or file from the retailer. Download the installation file.
2. Double-click the downloaded file to start the installation.
3. Follow the on-screen prompts, which may include entering a product key, agreeing to license
terms, and choosing installation options.

3 . Internet browsers like google chrome, Firefox

Google Chrome:
1. Visit the official Chrome download page using your current web browser. You can find it by
searching for "Download Chrome".
2. Click the "Download Chrome" button.
3. The installer file will download (usually to your Downloads folder). Fig: Google
Chrome
4. Once downloaded, locate the installer file and double-click it to run.
5. You might see a prompt asking permission to make changes to your device. Click "Yes" or
"Allow".
6. The installation will begin. It should be quick and may not require much interaction from you.
7. Once finished, Chrome will likely launch automatically.
Mozilla Firefox:
1. Open your current web browser and head to the official Firefox download website by
searching for "Download Firefox".
2. Click the "Free Download" button.
3.The installer file (often named "Firefox Setup Stub") will download.
4. Once downloaded, find the installer file in your Downloads folder and double-click it.
5. The installation wizard will start. Click "Next" through the prompts, which may include
options like setting Firefox as your default browser.
6. The installation will commence and shouldn't take long
 Fig: FIREFOX

7. Upon completion, Firefox might launch automatically.

 Lab -3 : Install different types of Operating System such
as Windows 10.

Installing a new operating system like Windows 10 requires a bit more technical knowledge
compared to installing software. Here's a breakdown of the general process, but be
cautious as it can erase your data if not done correctly. It's recommended to back up your
important files before proceeding.
Preparation:

Fig: windows 10

1. Check Compatibility: Make sure your computer meets the minimum system requirements
for Windows 10. You can find them on the Microsoft website [Microsoft Windows 10
Specifications].
2. Backup Data: Crucially important! Back up all your important files, documents, photos, etc.
to an external hard drive or cloud storage.
3. Installation Media: There are two main ways to install Windows 10:

. USB Flash Drive: You'll need a blank USB drive with at least 8GB of space. Download the
Windows 10 installation media creation tool from Microsoft [Microsoft Download Windows
10] and use it to create a bootable USB drive.

. DVD: If your computer has a DVD drive, you can download the ISO file from Microsoft and
burn it to a blank DVD.
 Installation Process:
1. Boot from Installation Media: Restart your computer and enter the boot menu (usually by
pressing a key like F12, Del, or Esc during startup). Choose the option to boot from your
USB drive or DVD.
2. Initial Setup: The Windows 10 setup wizard will start. Choose your language, keyboard
layout, and other preferences.
3. License Agreement: Agree to the license terms for Windows 10.
4. Choose Installation Type: Here's a critical decision:

. Upgrade: This keeps your files and settings from the previous operating system (if
compatible). However, it's not recommended for a clean install.

. Custom: This option allows you to erase your entire drive and perform a clean installation.
This is recommended for a fresh start.
5. Partitioning Drives: For the "Custom" option, you might need to choose or create partitions
on your hard drive. Unless you're an advanced user, it's usually best to stick with the default
settings here.
6. Installation: The installation process will begin and may take some time. Your computer
might restart several times during this stage.
7. Final Setup: Once the installation is complete, you'll need to go through some final setup
options like creating a user account, connecting to Wi-Fi, and configuring settings.
 Lab -4 : Partition a computer hard disk.

Fig: Hard disk partition

Partitioning a computer hard disk involves dividing the storage space into separate sections.
Each partition acts like an independent drive, allowing you to organize your files and
optimize your system. Here's a guide to partitioning on Windows, but remember data loss is
possible if not done correctly. Backup your important files before proceeding!
What you'll need:
• Windows computer
• Administrative privileges on your computer
Steps:
1. Open Disk Management:

. Search for "Disk Management" in the Windows search bar.

. Right-click on "This PC" and select "Manage" followed by "Disk Management".
2. Identify your target drive:

. In the Disk Management window, you'll see a list of all storage drives connected to your
computer. Identify the hard disk you want to partition.
3. Shrink existing volume (if needed):
o If you want to create a partition from existing unallocated space, skip this step.
o Right-click on the drive containing the space you want to shrink and select "Shrink Volume".
o Enter the amount of space (in MB) you want to shrink and click "Shrink". This creates
unallocated space for the new partition.
4. Create a new partition:
o Right-click on the unallocated space you created and select "New Simple Volume".
o The "New Simple Volume Wizard" will launch. Click "Next" to proceed.
5. Specify partition size:
o Enter the desired size (in MB) for the new partition. You can use the entire unallocated space
or leave some for future use.
o Click "Next" to continue.
6. Assign drive letter and label:
o Choose a drive letter for your new partition (e.g., D:, E:).
o You can also assign a label (name) for easy identification. Click "Next".
7. Format the partition (optional):
o By default, the option to format the partition will be selected. Formatting erases all data on
the partition and prepares it for use.
o Choose the file system (e.g., NTFS for most cases) and set the allocation unit size (usually
leave at default).
o You can add a volume label here too.
o If you're unsure about formatting, it's best to leave the settings alone for now. You can format
the partition later using Disk Management.
o Click "Next" to proceed.
8. Review and finish:
o Review the summary of your new partition settings.
o Click "Finish" to begin creating the partition.
After creating the partition:
• The new partition will appear in Disk Management and File Explorer.
• If you didn't format the partition during creation, you can right-click on it in Disk Management
and select "Format" to prepare it for use.
Warnings:
• Partitioning can be risky. Make sure you have a backup of your important data before
proceeding.
• Incorrectly partitioning your drive can lead to data loss or system instability.
• If you're uncomfortable with the process, consider seeking help from a computer technician.

LAB -5: Fault findings Detect hardware related problems

in CPU and find the solution.
Detecting hardware-related problems in a CPU can be a bit tricky, but there are several
common symptoms that can indicate issues:

1. CPU Overheating:
o Symptoms: System instability, sudden shutdowns, high CPU temperatures.
o Solution:
 Ensure proper airflow within the computer case.
 Clean dust and debris from CPU heatsinks and fans.
 Apply high-quality thermal paste between the CPU and its heatsink.
 Consider upgrading CPU cooling solutions such as air coolers or liquid
cooling systems.

2. Faulty CPU Fan:

o Symptoms: Loud noises, irregular fan speed, overheating.
o Solution:
 Check if the fan is properly connected to the motherboard.
 Replace the faulty fan with a new one if necessary.
 Consider upgrading to a more efficient CPU cooler.

3. CPU Compatibility Issues:

o Symptoms: System fails to boot, error messages during startup.
o Solution:
 Verify that the CPU is compatible with the motherboard socket and
chipset.
 Update the motherboard BIOS to the latest version to support newer
CPU models.
 Replace the CPU with a compatible one if necessary.

4. CPU Voltage or Frequency Settings:

o Symptoms: System instability, crashes, BSOD (Blue Screen of Death).
o Solution:
 Reset BIOS/UEFI settings to default.
 Manually adjust CPU voltage and frequency settings within safe limits.
 Ensure the power supply unit (PSU) can handle the CPU's power
requirements.
 5. CPU Thermal Throttling:
o Symptoms: Reduced performance, frequent system slowdowns.
o Solution:
 Improve CPU cooling as mentioned above.
 Monitor CPU temperatures and adjust fan speeds accordingly.
 Ensure adequate airflow within the computer case.

6. Physical Damage to CPU or Motherboard:

o Symptoms: Burn marks, bent pins, damaged sockets.
o Solution:
 Inspect the CPU and motherboard for signs of physical damage.
 Replace damaged components as necessary.
 Exercise caution during installation and handling of CPU and
motherboard components.

7. Memory Compatibility Issues:

o Symptoms: System instability, BSOD, memory-related errors.
o Solution:
 Ensure RAM modules are compatible with the motherboard and CPU.
 Test memory modules individually to identify faulty ones.
 Update motherboard BIOS to improve memory compatibility.

8. Electrical Problems:
o Symptoms: Power surges, electrical shorts, component failures.
o Solution:
 Use a surge protector or uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to protect
against power fluctuations.
 Inspect power cables and connectors for damage.
 Replace faulty power supply unit (PSU) if necessary.

By diagnosing and addressing these hardware-related problems, you can improve the
stability, performance, and longevity of your CPU and overall computer system.
Lab – 6: Getting familiar with DOS and its commands.
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System and serves as the fundamental building
block of computer operating systems.
Understanding MS-DOS commands is still valuable for computer professionals and the
fundamentals of computing. A deep understanding of its commands can significantly boost
your computational efficiency.
In this article, we will be discussing:
 What Are MS-Dos Commands?
 Why are MS-Dos Commands used?
 Core MS-DOS commands along with their syntax

Fig: A Comprehensive List of MS-Dos Commands

What Are MS-Dos Commands?

MS-DOS is a text-based system of Microsoft Operating System, The users interact with the
computer by typing text-based commands rather than a Graphical User Interface. These
commands allow users to perform various tasks, such as copying, deleting, or moving files,
and managing programs.
Why are MS-Dos Commands used?
 File Management: MS-Dos commands enable users to navigate through
directories and create, delete, or copy files, enabling efficient file management.
  System Configuration: Users can configure system settings, manage drives, and
analyze hardware issues using MS Dos commands, providing a robust toolkit for
system customization.
 Program Execution: MS-Dos for commands facilitate the execution of programs
and scripts, offering a streamlined approach to launching applications without the
need for graphical interfaces.
List of MS-Dos Commands:
Here’s a table of some of the essential and commonly used commands MS-Dos for
Commands for quick reference:

Command Syntax Description

ges the current directory to

CD CD [drive:][path]Change
the specified folder.

Displays a list of files and

DIR DIR [drive:][path]
subdirectories in a directory.

Copies files from one location

COPY COPY [destination]
to another.

DEL DEL [drive:][path] Deletes one or more files.

REN [drive:][path][filename1]
REN Renames a file or directory.
[filename2]

MKDIR MKDIR [drive:][path] Creates a new directory.

BACKUP BACKUP [destination] [/S] Backs up files and directories.

Restores files and directories

RESTORE RESTORE [destination] [/S]
from a backup.

MSCDEX MSCDEX [/D: driver /L:drive] Provides CD-ROM access.

Command Syntax Description

[/M:bufsize] [/E /S /V]

Transfers system files to a

SYS SYS [drive1:][path]
disk.

Installs file-sharing and

SHARE SHARE [/F:(space)] [/L:(locks)]
locking capabilities.

SMARTDRV [size] [/E /V] [/C]

SMARTDRV Disk caching utility.
[/L:size]

SETVER [drive:][path]filename Sets the MS-DOS version

SETVER
[/B:bytes] number for a program.

Disables automatic drive-

ASSIGN ASSIGN [/D]
letter assignments.

Provides a quick overview of

FASTHELP FASTHELP [command] [command] /?
MS-DOS commands.

Compares two files or sets of

FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N]
FC files and displays the
[/OFF[LINE]] [/T]
differences between them.

FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] [/OFF[LINE]] Searches for a text string in
FIND
“string” [[drive:][path]filename[ …]] files.

Display the content of a text

MORE MORE [filename]
file one screen at a time

ECHO ECHO [on/off] This command can either

Command Syntax Description

show or hide the text of the

commands you type.
Command echoing is on by
default

Specifies the text to display

ECHO ECHO [<message>]
on the screen.

Displays or sets a search path

PATH PATH [[drive:][path] [;…]]
for executable files.

Sets or displays environment

SET SET [variable=[string]]
variables.

Displays a disk label and

VOL VOL [drive:]
serial number.

Associates a path with a drive

SUBST SUBST [drive1: [drive2:]path]
letter.

EDLIN EDLIN [drive:][path][filename] Edits text files.

KEYB [/CODEPAGE=page[,country]] Configures a keyboard for a

KEYB
[/E] specific language.

CHOICE [/C:choices] [/N] [/S] Provides a prompt with a list

CHOICE
[/T:c,nn] of choices.

Compares the contents of two

DISKCOMP DISKCOMP [drive1:][drive2:]
floppy disks.
 Command Syntax Description

SMARTDRV [size] [buffers] Manages and optimizes disk

SMARTDRV
[doublebuffer] [/E] [/C] [/L] [/V] [/B] caching.

Executes the commands

BATCH BATCH [filename]
specified in a batch file.

CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch- Calls one batch program from

CALL
parameters] another.

Note: These commands are instructive and may differ slightly based on the different version
of MS-DOS . Always refer to the detailed documentation or use the command followed
by /? for detailed information on each command.