- RAPID REVISION -

Metals & Non Metals

Rapid
Revision
 Elements

Metals Non Metals Metalloids Noble Gas

e.g. Gold (Au), Iron (Fe), e.g. Hydrogen (H), e.g. Boron (B), Silicon e.g. Helium (He),
Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb). Helium (He),Oxygen (O), (Si), Germanium (Ge), Neon (Ne), Argon
Antimony (Sb) (Ar)

Property Metals Non Metals

Malleable (can be hammered). Ex: Aluminium, Iron

Malleability Brittle (easily break). Ex: Sulphur, Phosphorus
Exceptions : Zinc, Arsenic, Mercury

Ductile (can be drawn into wires). Ex: Copper, Al

Ductility Not ductile. Ex: Sulphur, Iodine
Exceptions: Mercury, Zinc

Mostly hard. Ex: Iron, Aluminium

Hardness Soft (except diamond).
Ecept - sodium and potassium
 Property Metals Non Metals

Sonorous (produces sound). Ex: Iron, Copper

Sonority Non-sonorous.
Exceptions: Mercury

Lustre Lustrous (shiny). Ex: Gold, Aluminium Dull (except iodine).

High. Ex: Tungsten, Gold

Melting/Boiling Point Exceptions: Sodium, Potassium, Mercury, Gallium, Low (except diamond).
Cesium

Good conductor. Ex: Silver, Copper

Electrical Conductivity Poor conductor (except graphite).
Exceptions: Mercury, Lead

Good conductor. Ex: Silver, Copper

Heat Conductivity Poor conductor (except graphite).
Exceptions: Mercury, Lead

State Solid (except mercury). Can be solid, liquid, or gas.

Density High density. Ex: Gold, Iron Low density. Ex: Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Interesting Facts Mercury is liquid at room temp. Gallium melts in hand. Graphite conducts electricity. Diamond is hardest.
 Reactions of Metals and Non Metals

Reaction with Metals Non Metals

Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide (Basic)

Example: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
Amphoteric Metals: Beryllium (Be), Zinc (Zn), Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb), Aluminium
Non-Metal + Oxygen → Non-
(Al), (Antimony (Sb)
Metal Oxide (Acidic/Neutral)
Oxygen Aluminium with Oxygen: 4Al(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2Al₂O₃(s)
Example: C + O₂ → CO₂
Zinc with Oxygen: 2Zn(s) + O₂(g) → 2ZnO(s)
S + O₂ → SO₂
Aluminium Oxide Reactions:
1. Al₂O₃(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂O(l)
2. Al₂O₃(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2NaAlO₂(aq) + H₂O(l)

Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + H₂

Na₂O, K₂O, CaO, and MgO dissolve in water to form metal hydroxides
Non metals don’t react with water
Example: 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂
Non-Metal Oxide + Water → Acid
K, Na react violently with water; Ca reacts mildly;
SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃
Water Ca+2H2​O→Ca(OH)2​+H2​
SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄
Mg reacts with hot water. Al, Fe, Zn react with steam;
CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃
2Al+3H2​O (steam)→Al2​O3​+3H2​
NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₃ + HNO₂
3Fe+4H2​O (steam)→Fe3​O4​+4H2
Pb, Cu, Ag, Au do not react with water.
 Reaction with Metals Non Metals

Metal + dil. Acid → Salt + H₂

Example: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
Hydrogen gas isn't produced when metals react with HNO₃ because it
oxidizes H₂ to water and reduces to nitrogen oxides. Only Mg and Mn with
very dilute HNO₃ release H₂ gas.
Metal (Mg and Mn) + Dilute nitric acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas
Acids 2Mg + 4HNO₃ → 2Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂ No Reaction
Mn + 2HNO₃ → Mn(NO₃)₂ + H₂
Other Metals + Dilute nitric acid → Salt + Water + NO₂/N₂O/NO
Aqua regia is a mix of concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids in a 3:1
ratio. It’s highly corrosive and can dissolve gold and platinum.

More reactive metals displace less reactive metals from their salt solutions
(displacement reaction).
Metal Salts No Reaction
Metal A + Salt solution of B → Salt solution of A + Metal B
Example: Pb + CuCl₂ → PbCl₂ + Cu
Reactivity
Series
 Reactions of Metals + Non Metals

When metals react with non-metals, electrons transfer from metals to non-metals, forming ions. The
compound formed is ionic.
Metal + Non-metal → Ionic compound

Sodium loses 1 electron, forming Na+ cation.

Chlorine gains that electron, forming Cl- anion.

Opposite charges attract. Strong

electrostatic forces hold them together.

Ionic bond forms due to electrostatic

attraction between the ions.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed.

 Property Description

Properties Physical nature Solid, hard, brittle due to strong ionic bonds.

of Ionic Melting & Boiling points High, due to strong inter-ionic attractions requiring more energy to break.

Compounds Solubility Soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents like kerosene and petrol.

Electrical conductivity Conducts in molten and aqueous states, not in solid due to immobile ions.

Metallurgy: Science & tech of metals' properties, production, purification

Minerals: Naturally occurring elements/compounds in Earth's crust

Ores: Minerals from which metals can be extracted economically and conveniently

Gangue Particles: Impurities in ores (sand, oil, etc.)

Enrichment of Ore/Concentration: Process of removing gangue particles from ores

 Minerals Ores

Elements or compounds occurring naturally in Earth's

Minerals with a high percentage of metal, profitable for extraction.
crust.

May or may not contain metals. Definitely contain metals.

All minerals are not ores. All ores are minerals.

Example: Salt, Clay, Marble Example: Bauxite, Hematite, Rock Salt

K (Potassium)
Na (Sodium)
Highly reactive metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg,
Ca (Calcium) Electrolysis
Mg (Magnesium) Al) are extracted using electrolysis.
Al (Aluminum)

Zn (Zinc) Moderately reactive metals (Zn, Fe,

Fe (Iron) Reduction using carbon Pb) are usually extracted through
Pb (Lead)
carbon reduction.
Cu (Copper)
Metals like gold and silver are
Ag (Silver) Found in native state
Au (Gold)
found in a free state due to low
reactivity.
 Metallurgy
Reactivity Metals Process Key Reactions

1. HgS + O₂ → HgO + SO₂

2. HgO → Hg + O₂
Low Reactivity Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu) Reduction by heating
3. Cu₂S + O₂ → CuO + SO₂
Cu₂O + Cu₂S → Cu + SO₂

Roasting (for sulphides), 1. ZnS + O₂ → ZnO + SO₂

Medium Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Lead
Calcination (for 2. ZnCO₃ → ZnO + CO₂
Reactivity (Pb)
carbonates) 3. ZnO + C → Zn + CO

Reduction using carbon MnO₂ + Al → Mn + Al₂O₃

or displacement Fe₂O₃ + Al → Fe + Al₂O₃ (Thermit reaction- highly exothermic)

Sodium (Na), Magnesium 1. Na⁺ + e⁻ → Na

High Reactivity (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Electrolytic reduction 2. 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻
Aluminium (Al) 3. Al₂O₃ (electrolysis) → Al

Acche se dekhlena reactions!

 Cathode : Na⁺ + e⁻ → Na
Electrolytic Reduction
Anode : 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻

Refining of Metals
Electrolytic refining is
widely used for impure metal is the anode
purification.
Metals like copper, zinc,
tin, nickel, silver, gold are
Electrolyte
refined using this method.

pure metal is the cathode Insoluble impurities form

anode mud, while soluble
ones stay in the solution.
 Roasting Calcination

Heating of a metal ore in the presence of excess air or oxygen. Heating of a metal ore in the presence of limited air or oxygen.

Requires an excess amount of air or oxygen. Done with limited air or oxygen.

Mainly done for sulphide ores. Done for carbonate ores.

Releases toxic gases and substances (e.g., SO₂). Releases volatile compounds, often less toxic than in roasting.

Corrosion
Metal Reaction/Result Prevention Methods Chemical Reaction

Turns black when exposed to air due to the Painting, oiling, greasing, galvanizing,
Silver 4Ag + 2H₂S + O₂ → 2Ag₂S + 2H₂O
formation of silver sulphide. chrome plating, anodizing, alloying

Gains a green coat (copper carbonate) when Galvanization (coating with zinc), Cu + H₂O + O₂ + CO₂ →
Copper
reacting with moist carbon dioxide. Alloying (e.g., stainless steel) CuCO₃·Cu(OH)₂ (green)

Forms a brown flaky substance (rust) when Galvanization, alloying, painting, oiling, Fe + O₂ + H₂O → Fe₂O₃·xH₂O
Iron
exposed to moist air. greasing (rust)
 Alloying
An alloy is a mixture of metals or a metal with a non-metal, altering properties like conductivity and melting
point.
Examples :
Brass (Copper + Zinc) and Bronze (Copper + Tin) are poor conductors, unlike Copper, which powers electrical
circuits.
Solder (Lead + Tin) melts easily, making it perfect for welding electrical wires.
Pure gold is soft, so it is alloyed with silver or copper to make jewelry, typically in 22 carat form in India.
The Iron Pillar near Qutub Minar in Delhi, over 1600 years old, resists rust due to ancient Indian
metallurgy techniques
Class 10th
Phodenge!