Chapter 3 Lecture Notes 2
Chapter 3 Lecture Notes 2
Chapter 3 Lecture Notes 2
Cells
Cells
A cell is the unit of
A cell continually carries out
activities essential for life, as
well as specialized functions, and adapts to
changing conditions
Cells interact to form tissues, organs, and
organ systems
Golgi Appartus
Lysosomes
Contain produced by ribosomes
Packaged by the Golgi apparatus
Digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the
cell
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
harmful substances such as
and formaldehyde
Break down free radicals (highly reactive
chemicals)
Large numbers found in Liver and kidney cells
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
Provides the cell with an internal framework
Three different types of elements
(smallest)
Most involved in cell motility and cell shape change
Intermediate filaments
Help form desmosomes
(largest)
Cell shape and organelle distribution
Centrioles
Rod-shaped bodies made of
Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during
cell division
Cellular Projections
Not found in all cells
move materials across the cell
surface
Located in the respiratory system to move
mucus
propel the cell
The only flagellated cell in the human
body is sperm
are tiny, fingerlike extensions of
the plasma membrane
Increase surface area for absorption
The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains
Three regions
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Barrier of the nucleus
Consists of a
Contains nuclear pores that allow for
exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Nucleoli
Nucleus contains one or more nucleolus
Sites of assembly
Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm
through nuclear pores
Chromatin
Composed of
Scattered throughout the nucleus
Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
3.3: Movements Into and Out of the Cell
Diffusion across cell membranes occurs only if cell membrane is to the substance, and
there is a concentration gradient
Body Cells
Cell membrane permeable to the gases
Concentration gradient
Movement of the gases
Facilitated Diffusion
Use to carry the substances across the phospholipid bilayer
Glucose and amino acids, cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer
Water-soluble or too large; they require the help of a carrier molecule
to transport ions across the cell membrane
The number of carrier molecules in the cell membrane limits
Osmosis - Special case of diffusion
A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called ; 0.9% NaCl
solution is isotonic to human cells
A solution with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is ; cells placed in a
hypertonic solution with lose water and shrink
A solution with lower osmotic pressure than body fluids is ; cells placed in a
hypotonic solution will gain water and swell
Passive Mechanisms: Filtration
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis