To study the effect of Various solutes on the elevation of boiling point of water CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Name : Shashwat Kushwaha Class : XII - Science Roll no : School : Kendriya vidyalaya New cantt Prayagraj Session : 2024-2025INDEX Title Acknowledgement Certificate Introduction Experiment -Aim -Materials required -Observation -Result BibliographyAcknowledgment | would like to thank the CSE for providing me with the opportunity to carry out this investigative project. | also take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my Chemistry teacher, Mrs. Ekta Singh ,PGT Chemistry, for guiding me and imparting a sound base of knowledge related to this topic, which ensured the successful completion of this project. | would also like to thank him for his unending assistance in enabling the completion of this exercise.CERTIFICATE This is to hereby certify that the original and genuine investigatory project has been completed sincerely by Shashwat Kushwaha of class XIl - Sc. Kendriya Vidyalaya New Cantt Prayagraj , regarding his project titled “To study the effect of various solutes on the elevation of boiling point of water " as per the CBSE practical work requirement for session 2024-2025. Teacher's signature Examiner's signatureRobucT|() What Is Boiling Point? The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to its external pressure is called boiling point. Why addition of non-volatile solute increases boiling point? The vapour pressure of the solution decreases upon addition of non-volatile solute, according to Raolt’s Law. Hence, boiling point of the solution increases. The increase in boiling point of a liquid when a non-volatile solute is added in it is called boiling point elevation. To T TEMPRATURE K —The figure shows the vapour pressure curves for the pure liquid solvent and the solution. At the temperature Tp, the vapour pressure of the pure solvent becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure P and T, is the boiling point of the solvent. But the vapour pressure of the two solutions 1 and 2 at Ty is Pi and P2 respectively, which are less than atmospheric pressure and therefore it is needed to heat the solvent to a highertemperature say T1 and T> for solutions 1 and 2 respectively in order that the vapour pressure becomes equal tc the atmospheric pressure. ThusT, and T2 are the boiling points of the solutions 1 and 2 respectively.Thus it is clear that the solution has higher boiling point than the pure solvent or To. Evidently (Ti- T,)and (T2-T,) are the elevation in boiling points of solutions 1 and 2 respectively. Since its magnitude is determined by the vapour pressure lowering the elevation in boiling point is also proportional to solute concentration. AT, AP...) AP 2) From (1) and (2), AT, “Xp AT, = K.x, Wp/Mp Wa, Wb Mat My = K w, w, w Me << par and hence, 77% can be neglected in the For dilute solutions, 77 Me denominator.Wo/My _ WalMa Where, Ky is the molal elevation constant or molal ebullioscopic constant. AT, =K K 2% x Ma = Ky.m [where m = 2 It is quite clear from the above discussion that we can calculate molecular mass of solute by measuring the elevation in boiling point of a solution and elevation in boiling point is a colligative property.EXPERIMENT AIM : To study the effect of various solutes on the elevation of boiling of water MATERIALS REQUIRED: 1.Bunsen burner 2. Tripod stand 3. Wire mesh 4. 250ml flask 5. Glass stirrer 6. Thermometer 7. Solutes under investigation 8. Tap Water 1.Set up the apparatus using a 250ml beaker containing 200m! of the experimental solution. 4 r2.Put the beaker on a tripod stand with a wire mesh and use a Bunsen burner to heat the solution 3.A celestial thermometer calibrated up to 110°C is immersed in the solution in the beaker with the help of a clamp stand. 4.The initial temperature taken before starting the experiment was considered as the room temperature. 5.At first, find the boiling point of tap water. This temperature is taken as the standard boiling point of the solution.6.Now, prepare three different concentrations of NaCl and boil 250ml of each one by one in the beaker. 7. Take the readings of the temperature after every 20 seconds 8. After 90 seconds, take the readings after every 10 seconds in order to easily find out the concurrent result. 9. Repeat the procedure similarly for different concentrations of glucose and take the observations accordingly.OBSERVATION: ‘The boiling point of tap water as solvent is found to be 99.3°C Least count of thermometer: 01°C Table for elevation in boiling point: Mass of | Molal concentration Measured Hievation in bp. from solute (moles/kg) temperature of b.p. | experiment rams) co. eo) ForNac | | 0.125 98 OS 0.28 100.2 09 Os 100.7 14 10 102.1 28 For Glucose J 02s wa on 035 1006 13 05 101.1 18 10 101.2 19RESULT & CONCLUSION On increasing the concentration, the boiling point of NaCl and glucose increases. DISCUSSION AND SOURCES OF ERROR The two experiments were not conducted simultaneously and due to non-availability of distilled water, tap water was also used. Moreover, due to prolonged heating, some of the solution evaporates bringing about a change in the actual concentrations. So it can be suggested that increase in b.p is dependent only on the number of moles of solute and not on the nature of the solute whether it is NaCl or glucose. Also, NaCl dissociates into ions Na* and CI’, giving rise to two ions from one unit. The difference between theoretical predictions and experimentally found values can be attributed to experimental errors as experiment was not conducted in controlled laboratory conditions. It is proved that when a non-volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent, the b.p. of the solvent increases. Also, this increase in b.p is not dependent on the nature of the solute but depends only on the number of moles of the solute. Thus, this elevation in b.p. is a colligative property.BIBILOGRPAHY Various books and websites were referred while making this project: 1) Chemistry Textbook for class XII, Part- |, NCERT 2) Chemistry Laboratory Manual for class XII, NCERT 3) Wikipedia.org 4) ConnectUEdu 5) Youtube.com