PHYSICS PROJECT

AUTOMATIC STREET
LIGHT

NAME: Kripa Dileep David

CLASS: XII C
ROLL NUMBER: 22
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified to be the bonafide work done by
Mr./Miss of class
in the during the year
Date P.C.T. in

UNITED INDIAN
SCHOOL
Abbasiya – Kuwait

Submitted for ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE PRACTICAL

Examination held in at UNITED INDIAN
SCHOOL Abbasiya, Kuwai

Examiner

Date
Seal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge
my gratitude to all those who have helped me to put these ideas well
above the level of simplicity and into something concrete.
I would like to express my special thanks to my teacher Mrs. Jeo
Kalappurackal Mathew who gave me the golden opportunity to work on
this wonderful project on the topic ‘Automatic Street Light’. This project
offered me an opportunity for research, because of which I could gather
so many valuable information.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my supporters who have motivated me
to fulfill my project within the allotted timeline. My deepfelt gratitude to
my parents who helped me a lot in gathering different information,
collecting data and guiding me from time to time in making this project
despite their busy schedules.

-
Thank You
 CONTENTS
Sl no. TOPIC Page no.
1. Abstract 1
2. Introduction 2
3. Basic Principle 3
4. Circuit Diagram 4
5. List of Components 5
6. Specification of Components 6-8
7. Working 8-9
8. Procedure 10
9. Advantages and Disadvantages 11
10. Application 11
11. Future Scope 11
12. Conclusion 12
13. Bibliography 13
 Abstract
Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which
uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed.
It automatically switches ON light when the sunlight goes below the visible region
of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which
senses the light like our eyes.
It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our
eyes. By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays
the manually operated streetlights are not switched off even the sunlight comes and
switched on earlier before sunset. In this project, there is no need of manual
operation like ON time and OFF time setting.
This project clearly demonstrates the working of transistors in saturation region
and cut-off region. The working of relay is also known.

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 INTRODUCTION
We need to save or conserve energy because most of the energy sources we depend
on, like coal and natural gas can't be replaced. Once we use them up, they're gone
forever. Saving power is very important, instead of using the power in unnecessary
times it should be switched off. In any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major
power consuming factors. Most of the time we see streetlights are controller has an
LDR which is used to detect ambient light. If the ambient light is below a specific
value, the lights are turned ON.
A light dependent sensor is interfaced to the pic18f452 microcontroller. It is used
to track the sun light and when the sensors goes dark the led will be made on and
when the sensor founds light the led will be made OFF. It clearly demonstrates the
working of transistors in saturation region and cut-off region. The working of relay
is also known as Microcontroller and the code is written in c language in MikroC
ide, the resulted value can be seen with the help of UART or LCD display.
Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which
uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed.
It automatically switches ON light when the sunlight goes below the visible region
of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which
senses the light like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the
sunlight comes, visible to our eyes

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BASIC PRINCIPLE
The automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V DC supply. The
automatic streetlight controller has a photoconductive device whose resistance
changes proportional to the extent of illumination, which switches ON or OFF the
LED with the use of transistor as a switch. Light dependent resistor, a
photoconductive device has been used as the transducer to convert light energy into
electrical energy.
The central dogma of the circuit is that the change in voltage drop across the light
dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the transistor between cut-
off region or saturation region and switches OFF or ON the LED. As we know
property of LDR that during the time of day resistance is low therefore voltage at
the inverting input (IE pin 2) is higher than the voltage at the non-inverting input
(pin3) hence the output at the pin6 is low so the transistor goes into the cut off state
which means LED or bulb will no glow.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC STREET
LIGHT CONTROLLER

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LIST OF COMPONENTS
6. PCB 1

Sl
PARTS RANGE QUANTITY
no.
1. LDR 1
2. Transistor BC-547 2
3. Resistance 1K 330Ω 2
4. LED 1
5. Battery 9V 1

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Specification of
Components
1} LDR [Light dependent Resistors]
LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in
light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very
high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are
illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.
When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This
prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors.
Consequently, the LED does not light.

2}Transistors
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor stands for
transfer or resistance commonly used to amplify current. A small current
at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a
maximum current gain of 800.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the
desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing.
For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is
partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified
and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration
for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode.
For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on

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if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets
completely off.

3}Resistor
Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current. The
resistor's ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured
in units of ohms (symbol: Ω). If we make an analogy to water flow
through pipes, the resistor is a thin pipe that reduces the water flow.

4}LED [Light Emitting Diode]

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source
that resembles a basic injunction diode, except that an LED also emits
light. When an LED's anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than
its cathode lead by at least the LED's forward voltage drops, current
flows.
Electrons can recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the
color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

5}PCB [Printed Circuit Board]

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive
substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided
(two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers relate

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to plated-through holes called bias. Advanced PCBs may contain
components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the
substrate.

6} Power Supply
A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load. The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters
that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also
refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical,
chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one
that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value.

7}Working
Circuit of a compact and true solid-state automatic lawn light is
described here. The circuit can be used to switch on incandescent garden
light bulbs at desk and switch off them at dawn. A 10 mm encapsulated
light dependent resistor (LDR) here works as the twilight detector.
The whole circuit can be housed in a very small plastic cabinet. For
powering the circuit AC household supply is needed. With a little skill
and patience, you can easily modify this circuit to drive several white
LED strings, instead of the incandescent bulb load at the output.
When ambient light is normal, transistor T1 is reverse biased by the low
resistance of LDR. Multiturn plastic trimpotP1 sets the detection
sensitivity. If ambient light dims, transistor T1 turns on to drive the triac
T2. Now the lamp load at the output of T2 energizes. When the ambient
light level restores, circuit returns to its idle state and light(s) switched
off by the circuit.

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Working voltage for the circuit is derived directly from the AC supply
input through components R1, R2 and R3. This obviates the requirement
of a bulky.
If you wish to operate the, light bulb(s) on a little reduced power, just
replace the triac T2 with a suitable silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR).

This may give a long life to the incandescent load. Finally, the LDR
should not be mounted to receive direct sunlight. It may be mounted at
the top of the enclosure, pointing to the sky say southwards.
LDR offers Very high Resistance in darkness. In this case the voltage
drop across the LDR is more than 0.7V. This voltage is more sufficient
to drive the transistor into saturation region. In saturation region, IC
(Collector current) is very high. Because of this IC. The relay gets
energized, and switches on the lamp.
LDR offers Very low Resistance in brightness. In this case the voltage
drop across the LDR is less than 0.7V. This voltage is not sufficient to
drive the transistor into saturation region. Hence, the transistor will be in
cut-off region. In cut-off region, IC (Collector current) is zero. Because
of this IC, The relay will not be energized, and the lamp will be in ON
state only. Diode is connected across the relay to neutralize the reverse
EMF generated.

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PROCEDURE
1. Insert first transistor Q1-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in the
circuit diagram
2. Connect another transistor Q2-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in
the circuit diagram.
3. Connect wires across emitter pin of both transistor and negative
terminal of battery on the PCB board.
4. Connect a wire across collector pin of transistor Q1 and base pin of
transistor Q2.
5. Connect a resistor 1k across positive terminal of battery on the PCB
board and collector pin transistor Q1.
6. Connect LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) across positive terminal of
the battery and base terminal of transistor Q1
7. Insert a transistor 330 ohm across base pin of transistor Q1 and
negative terminal of battery.
8. Connect a resistor 330 ohm across positive terminal of battery and
anode terminal of LED connect the cathode terminal of LED to collector
pin of transistor Q2.

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Advantages and Disadvantages
By using this automatic system for streetlight controlling, we can reduce
energy consumption
because the manually operated streetlights are not switch off properly
even the sun light comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset
• Low cost
• Automated operation
• Low power consumption
• Very flexible
• Easy to be manufactured
In sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is one of the
major disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for
switching the street light system.

Application
1. Used in street light applications.
2. Used in Domestic applications.

Future Scope
We can save the energy for the future use, and we can control the losses
of the power. We can implement this project for the home lamp or night
lamp of the room. This is also used for the signals.

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 CONCLUSION
The Streetlight controller using LDR based Light intensity & traffic
density, in the todays up growing countries will be more effective in case
of cost, manpower and security as compare with today's running
complicated and complex light controlling systems. Automatic Street
Light Controlling System puts up a very user friendly approach and
could increase the power.
This paper elaborates the design and construction of automatic street
control system circuit. Circuit works properly to turn street lamp
ON/OFF. After designing the circuit which controls the light of the street
as illustrated in the previous sections. LDR sensor and the photoelectric
sensors are the two main conditions in working the circuit.
If the two conditions have been satisfied the circuit will do the desired
work according to specific program. Each sensor controls the turning
ON or OFF the lighting column. The streetlights has been successfully
controlled by microcontroller. With commands from the controller the
lights will be ON in the places of the movement when it's dark.
Furthermore, the drawback of the street light system using timer
controller has been overcome, where the system depends on
photoelectric sensor.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://logixproject.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/3/5/42350931/
automatic_street_light_control.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ikmal-Hafiz/publication/
343447537_AUTOMATIC_STREET_LIGHT/links/
5f2aa91ea6fdcccc43ac1f0a/AUTOMATIC-STREET-LIGHT.pdf
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/240568003/automatic-street-light-
using-LDR-sensor
 https://www.academia.edu/29682314/
A_Project_Based_Lab_Report_On_STREET_LIGHT_USING_L
DR_A_mini_project_work_on_Anolog_electric_circuit_design

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