025d6f81a89d7-1. Dynamics - 1 1

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CHAPTER
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
6
6.1 FORCE : A pull or push which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion or
direction of motion of any object is called force. Force is the interaction between the object and the
source (providing the pull or push). It is a vector quantity.
(1) Effect of Resultant Force:
(1) Produces or tries to produce motion in a body at rest.
(2) Stops or tries to stop a moving body.
(3) Changes or tries to change the direction of motion of body.
(4) Produces a change in the shape of the body.
(2) Unit and Dimension of Force: Dimensional formula for force is [MLT–2] and unit of force in
SI system is newton (N)
In CGS system unit of force is dyne
1 newton = 105 dyne
(3) Fundamental Forces: All the forces observed in nature such as Muscular Force, Tension,
Reaction, Friction, Elastic, height, Electric, Magnetic, Nuclear, etc., can be explained in terms of
only following four basic interactions.
(i) Gravitational Force: The force of interaction which exists between two particles of masses
m1 and m2, due to their masses is called Gravitational Force.
 m1m 2 
F  G 3
r r
 m1 m2
r

r  position vector of m2 with respect to m1 and G = universal gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10–11 N
m2kg–2.
(1) It is the weakest force and is always attractive. (10–37 times of electromagnetic force)
(2) It is a long range force as it acts between any two particles situated at any distance in the
universe.
(3) It is independent of the nature of medium between the particles.
DYNAMICS - I [3]
(ii) Electromagnetic Force: Force exerted by one particle on the other because of the electric charge
on the particles is called electromagnetic force.
Following are the main characteristics of electromagnetic force
(1) These can be attractive or repulsive
(2) These are long range forces
(3) These depend on the nature of medium between the charged particles.
(4) All macroscopic forces (except gravitational) which we experiences as push or pull or by
contact are electromagnetic, i.e., tension in a rope, the force of friction, normal reaction,
muscular force, and force experienced by a deformed spring are electromagnetic forces.
These are manifestations of the electromagnetic attractions and repulsion between
atoms / molecules.
(iii) Nuclear Force : It is the strongest force. It keeps nucleons (neutrons and protons) together inside
the nucleus inspite of large electric repulsion between protons. Radioactivity, Fission and Fusion,
etc. result because of unbalancing of nuclear forces. It acts within the nucleus that is upto a very
small distance.
(iv) Weak Force : It acts between any two elementary particles. Under its action a neutron can change
into a proton emitting a -particle and antineutrino. The range of weak force is very small, in fact
much smaller than the size of a proton or neutron.
The ratio of electrostatic to gravitional forces between two electrons is
(FE /FG )  1043 We will learn about the above type of forces in further topics.
(4) Classification of Forces :
(i) Field Force: Force which acts on an object at a distance by the interaction of the object with
the field produced by other object is called field force. These are called as Non-contact force.
Examples :
(1) Gravitation Force
When an object of mass m is placed on surface of earth or near earth surface then due to
gravitional attraction of earth it expreience a force given by mg.
This force always acts towards the earth centre of the so
it is always normal to earth surface.
object of mass m
m mass of object
gacceleration due to gravity
g = 9.8 m/s2
earth surface
mg
This foce is independent of shape or size of object.
(2) Electromagnetic force
(ii) Contact Force : Forces which are transmitted between bodies by short range atomic
molecular interactions are called contact forces. When two objects come in contact they
exert contact forces on each other. Tension, Normal reaction, Friction, etc. are contact forces.
These are forces that act between bodies in contact.
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DYNAMICS - I [4]
6.2 MASS AND INERTIA :

(1) Inertia : The tendency of a body to keep moving once it is set in motion results from a property
called inertia. You use this when you try to get ketchup out of a bottle by shaking it. First you start
the bottle (and the ketchup inside) moving forward; when you jerk the bottle back, the ketchup
tends to keep moving forward and, you hope, ends up on your bragger. The tendency of a body at
rest to remain at rest is also due to inertia. You may have seen a tablecloth yanked out from under
the china without breaking anything. The force on the china isn’t great enough to make it move
appreciably during the short time it takes to pull the tablecloth away.
(2) Mass : Mass is a quantitative measure of inertia, which we discussed above. The greater its
mass, the more a body ‘resists’ being accelerated. The concept is easy to relate to everyday
experience. If you hit a table-tennis ball and then a basket ball with the same force, the basketball
has much smaller acceleration because it has much greater mass. If a force cause a large
acceleration, the mass of the body is small; if the same force causes only a small acceleration, the
mass of the body is large.
The SI unit of mass is kilogram. The kilogram is officially defined to be the mass of a chunk of
platinum-iridium alloy kept in a vault near Paris. We can use this standard kilogram, to define the
newton.
One newton is the amount of net force that gives an acceleration of one meter per second squared
to a body with a mass of one kilogram.
6.3 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION :
(1) First law of Motion : Each body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight
line unless compelled by some external force to act otherwise.
Newton’s first law is really a statement about reference frames in that it defines the types of reference
frames in which the laws of Newtonian mechanics hold. From this point of view the first law is
expressed as :
If the net force acting on a body is zero, it is possible to find a set of reference frames in which that
body has no acceleration.
Newton’s first law is sometimes called the law of inertia and the reference frames in which it can be
defined are called inertial reference frames.
(i) Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames :
Newton’s first law of motion, sometimes called the law of inertia, defines a special set of
reference frames called inertial frames. This law can be stated as follows :
‘‘If an object does not interact with other objects, it is possible to identified a reference
frame in which the object has zero acceleration. Such a reference frame is called an
inertial frame of reference.’’
Any reference frame that moves with constant velocity relative to an inertial frame is itself an
inertial frame.
For our purposes we can consider the Earth as being such a frame. The Earth is not really an
inertial frame because of its orbital motion around the Sun and its rotational motion about its
own axis, both of which result in centripetal acceleration. However, these accelerations are
small compared with g and can often be neglected. For this reason, we assume that the Earth
is an inertial frame, as if any other frame attached to it.
DYNAMICS - I [5]
(ii) Another Statement of Newtons First Law :

In the absence of external forces, when viewed from an inertial reference frame, an object at
rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity
(that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).
If nothing acts to change the object’s motion, then its velocity does not change. From the first
law, we conclude that any isolated object (one that does not interact with its environment) is
either at rest or moving with constant velocity when viewed from an inertial frame. The tendency
of an object to resist any attempt to change its velocity is called inertia.
(a) A bullet fired on a glass window makes a clean hole through it while a stone breaks the whole
of it.
(b) A passenger sitting in a bus gets a jerk when the bus starts or stops suddenly.
(2) Second Law of Motion : The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
 
 dp p 
Mathematically F  (Instantaneous form) and F  (average form)
dt t
 
p  Linear momentum  m v
or,
For average force, we use

 P
Fav 
t
 
P P i
 f
t 2  t1
(3) Third law of Motion : To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
‘‘To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction; to the mutual actions
of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.’’
Property of Action-Reaction force
(i) The magnitude of force of detion is equal to magnitude of force of reaction.
(ii) Their direction is opposite direction.
(iii) Action-reaction force always acts on two different body so they never neutralise each other .
(iv) Action-reaction force produces at the same time.
(v) A body which exerts force of action, experiences force of reaction.
Ex. During walking we push ground backward in results ground push us forward.
DYNAMICS - I [6]
IMPORTANT POINTS – 1
(a) Newton’s first law is qualitative law and Newton’s second law is quantitative law.


(b) According to second law F  dP
dt

 d(mv)
F
dt
 
 md v v dm
F  .
dt dt
dm
(c) For particle of constant mass we have 0
dt

 md v  
 F  F  m a
dt
dv
(d) If body in uniform motion but mass changes then, 0
dt
   dm 
 F V 
 dt 
dm
is the rate at which mass is added to or removed from the system.
dt
(e) Normal force, tension and force of friction are electromagnetic force.

 dp
(f) F  the slope of momentum-time graph gives force acting on the body.
dt

(g) F ·dt  Impulse : When a large force acts on a body for a very shorty time it is called as
impulsive force. (e.g. : kicking a football.
 
by definition, F ·dt  dP  Impulse on a body = change in momentum of the body.

Also, area under F – time graph gives change in momentum of body.
DYNAMICS - I [7]
Solved Example – 1
1. A cricket ball of mass 150 gm is moving with a velocity of 12 m/s and is hit by a bat so that the
ball is turned back with a velocity of 20 m/s. The force of blow acts for 0.01s on the ball. The
average force exerted by the bat on the ball is
(1) 480 N (2) 600 N (3) 500 N (4) 400 N
Soln . (1) v 1  – 12m /s and v 2  20m/s [because direction is reversed]
m  150 gm  0.15 kg, t  0.01 sec
m[v2  v1] 0.15 [20  (12)]

Force exerted by the bat on the ball F   = 480 Newton
t 0.01
2. You are on a frictionless horizontal plane. How can you get off if no horizontal force is exerted by
pushing against the surface
(1) By jumping (2) By spitting or sneezing
(3) By rolling your body on the surface (4) By running on the plane
Soln . (2) By doing so we can get push in backward direction in accordance with Newton’s third law
of motion.
3. A train is moving with velocity 20 m/sec. On this, dust is falling at the rate of 50 kg/min. The
extra force required to move this train with constant velocity will be
(1) 16.66 N (2) 1000 N (3) 166.6 N (4) 1200 N
dm 50
Soln . (1) Force F  v  20   16.66N
dt 60
4. A force of 10 Newton acts on a body of mass 20 kg for 10 seconds. Change in its momentum is
(1) 5 kg m/s (2) 100 kg m/s (3) 200 kg m/s (4) 1000 kg m/s
Soln . (2) Change in momentum  force time  1010  100kgm/ sec
1
5. A vehicle of 100 kg is moving with a velocity of 5 m/sec. To stop it in sec, the required force
10
in opposite direction is
(1) 5000 N (2) 500 N (3) 50 N (4) 1000 N
Soln . (1) m = 100 kg, u = 5 m/s, v = 0, t = 0.1 sec
mdv m(v  u) 100(0  5)

Force   
dt t 0.1
F = 5000N
DYNAMICS - I [8]
Daily Practice Paper – 1

1. A boy sitting on the topmost berth in the compartment of a train which is just going to stop on a
railway station, drops an apple aiming at the open hand of his brother sitting vertically below his
hands at a distance of about 2 meter. The apple will fall
(1) Precisely on the hand of his brother
(2) Slightly away from the hand of his brother in the direction of motion of the train
(3) Slightly away from the hand of his brother in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of
the train
(4) None of the above
2. A body of mass 10 kg is sliding on a frictionless surface with a velocity of 2ms –1. The force
required to keep it moving with a same velocity is
(1) 10 N (2) 5 N (3) 2.5 N (4) Zero
3. A body of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity 8 m/s on a smooth surface. If it is to be brought to
rest in 4 seconds, then the force to be applied is
(1) 8 N (2) 4 N (3) 2 N (4) 1 N
4. Swimming is possible on account of
(1) First law of motion (2) Second law of motion
(3) Third law of motion (4) Newton’s law of gravitation
5. On stationary sail-boat, air is blown at the sails from a fan attached to the boat. The boat will
(1) Remain stationary
(2) Spin around
(3) Move in a direction opposite to that in which air is blown
(4) Move in the direction in which the air is blown
6. A cannon after firing recoils due to
(1) Conservation of energy (2) Backward thrust of gases produced
(3) Newton’s third law of motion (4) Newton’s first law of motion
7. Momentum of a body changes from 6 kg m/s to 20 kgmps in 5 sec. Find average force acting on
the body.
(1) 4 N (2) 1 N (3) 3N (4) 2N
8. When a horse pulls a wagon, the force that causes the horse to move forward is the force
(1) He exerts on the wagon (2) The wagon exerts on him
(3) He exerts on the ground (4) The ground exerts on him
Answer Daily Practice Paper - 1

1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (1)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (4)
DYNAMICS - I [9]
6.4 FORCE AND FREE BODY DIAGRAM :

(1) Normal Force (N) :
(i) It is the component of contact force perpendicular to the surface. It measures how strongly
the surfaces in contact are pressed against each other. It is the electromagnetic force. A
table is placed on earth as shown in figure.
1 2
3 4
Here table press the earth, so normal force exerted by four legs of table on earth are as
shown in figure.
N1 N2
N1 N2 Ground N3 N4
N3 N4
on table
(ii) Now a boy pushes a block kept on a frictionless surface.
Here, force exerted by boy on block is electromagnetic interaction which arises due to similar
charges appearing on finger and contact surface of block, it is normal force.
(By boy)
N Block
(iii) A block is kept on inclined surface. Component of its weight presses the surface perpendicularly
due to which contact force acts between surface and block.
Normal force exerted by block on the surface of inclined plane is shown in figure. Force acts
perpendicular to the surface
N
N
Force exerted by a block

Ex. Two blocks are kept in contact on a smooth surface as shown in Figure. Draw normal force
exerted by A on B.
A B
DYNAMICS - I [ 10 ]
Soln . In above problem, block A does not push block B, so there is no molecular interaction between A
and B. Hence normal force exerted by A on B is zero.
Note : Normal force is a dependent force, it comes in role when one surface presses the other.
N appears at the contacts only when there is an external force present in the system.
In the situation shown in figure and in many others, we find that N = mg (the normal force has the
same magnitude as the gravitational force). However, this is not generally true. If an object is on an
incline, if there are applied forces with vertical components, or if there is a vertical acceleration
on the system, then N  mg. Always apply Newton’s second law to find the relationship between
N and mg.
N N
m
M m
M
N0 Mg mg
In above figure (equilibrium) N = mg but N0  Mg
(2) Tension : Tension in a string is a electromagnetic force. It arises when a string is pulled. If a
massless string is not pulled, tension in it is zero. A string suspended by rigid support is pulled by
a force ‘F’ as shown in figure, for calculating the tension at point ‘A’ we draw F.B.D. of shaded
portion of the string; Here string is massless.
T
A A
F F
F.B.D. of shaded portion
As tension in string is equal to the applied force i.e; T = F. T4

String is considered to be made of a number of small T4
segments w hich attracts each other due to
electromagnetic nature as shown in figure.
T3
T3
The attraction force between two segments is equal T3
and opposite due to Newton’s third law
For calculating tension at any segment, we consider T2
T3 = F T2
two or more than two parts as a system. T2
T2
Finally we get, tension in upper end, middle and lower
end are equal i.e; T1 = T2 = T3 = F. T1
T1 T1
We can say tension is same everywhere in massless
T1
string.
Here interaction between segments are considered
as internal forces, so they are not shown in F.B.D. F
F
DYNAMICS - I [ 11 ]
6.5 FREE BODY DIAGRAM : A free body diagram consist of a diagrammatic representations of a
single body or a subsystem of bodies isolated from its surroundings shown all the forces acting on it.
STEPS FOR F.B.D.
STEP 1 : Identify the object or system and isolate it from other objects clearly specify its boundary.
STEP 2 : First draw non-contact external force in the diagram. Generally it is weight.
STEP 3 : Draw contact forces which acts as the boundary of the object or system. Contact forces
are normal, friction, tension and applied force.
In F.B.D, internal forces are not drawn only external are drawn.
(1) For Block System:
Ex. A block of mass ‘m’ is kept on the ground as shown in figure.
(i) Draw F.B.D. of block.

(ii) Are forces acting on block action-reaction pair ?
(iii) If answer is no, draw action reaction pair.
Soln . (i) N mg
Force on surface Force on Block
(ii) ‘N’ and mg are not action reaction pair. Since pair act on different bodies, and they are of
same nature.
(iii) Pair of ‘mg’ of block acts on earth in opposite direction and pair of ‘N’ acts on surface as
shown in figure.
Ex. Two sphere A and B are placed between two vertical walls as shown in figure. Draw the free body
diagram of both the spheres.
DYNAMICS - I [ 12 ]
Soln . F.B.D. of sphere ‘A’ F.B.D. of sphere ‘B’

N2
NAB (exerted by B)
NBA N3
N1
mgg
mA g
Note : Here NAB and NBA are the action-reaction pair (Newton’s third law).
Ex. Three triangular blocks A, B and C of equal masses ‘m’ are arranged as shown in figure. Draw
F.B.D. of blocks A, B and C. Indicate action-reaction pair between A, B and C.
F A B F
C
RA RC RB
NAC NBC
F F
Soln . NCA NCB
mg mg mg
Ex. Draw F.B.D. for Ladder in figure (If surfaces are frictionless)
N2
N1
Soln . (i) mg downward
mg
(ii) N1 upward a normal force by horizontal surface (ground)

(iii) N2 horizontally a normal force on rod due to wall
(2) F.B.D. for Mass Across Pulley
To draw F.B.D. for bodies connected with massless string and passing through frictionless pulley
we should note.
(i) The numbers of tension equal to number of strings.
(ii) Tensions is same everywhere in a light string.
(iii) Tension always pulls a body.
DYNAMICS - I [ 13 ]
Ex. Draw F.B.D. for string mass system in given figure.
m2
m1
Soln . F.B.D. for mass m 1 F.B.D. for mass m2

T1 = T T2 = T
m1 m2
m1g m2g
Since string is same so tension in the strings is same i.e. T1 = T2 = T.
Ex. Draw F.B.D. for string mass system in given figure
m1
m2
m3
Soln . F.B.D. for mass m1 F.B.D. for mass m2 F.B.D. for mass m3
T1 T1 T2
m1 m2 m3
T2
m1g m2g m3g
String connecting m1 and m2 is same so tension in the string T1 is same. String connecting m2 and
m3 is different from first so tension in the string is T2.
Ex. Draw F.B.D. for Block system in given figure
m1
m2
Soln . F.B.D. for mass m1 F.B.D. for mass m2

N T
m1 T m2
m1g m2g
DYNAMICS - I [ 14 ]
Ex. Draw F.B.D. for Block system in given figure
m1 m2
Soln . FBD for mass m1 FBD for mass m2

T
N T
m1
m2
 mg cos
mg sin
 mg
m2g
(3) F.B.D. When force of buoyancy and force of viscosity involve : When
motion of body influence by buoyant force and force of viscosity, we
should take the B and Fv in F.B.D. B
Case-I When body is moving up
mg always downward Case-1
B always upward
mg Fv
Fv opposite of motion, downward
B
Case-II When body is moving down
mg downward
Fv
B upward Case-II
Fv upward
mg
Note : mg always directed downward and force of buoyancy always upward.

While direction of viscous force depends on the direction of motion of body. Direction of
viscous force opposes the motion.
(a) mg is the force exerted by earth on mass m towards its centre. Its reaction force
acts on the earth.
(b) Normal and tension forces are electromagnetic force.
(c) Normal force always push a body and tension is a pulling force.
(d) Number of normal force equal to number of contacts and number of tension equal to
number of strings.
(e) Tension is same every where in string if string is massless
(f) When body losses its contact it means N = 0 similarly when string becomes slack it
means T = 0.
(g) In a string having some mass tension may not be equal at all points is string.
DYNAMICS - I [ 15 ]
6. Draw F.B.D. for two blocks system in figure. All surfaces are frictionless
m
M
Soln . FBD of body m FBD of body M

N N
m m
N0
mg Mg
mg weight of body m Mg weight of body M
N force by mass M on m N force by m on M
N0 force by surface on mass M
7. Draw F.B.D. for masses in figure. All surfaces are frictionless
m
F
M
Soln . FBD of body m FBD of body M

N
N
m F N
N0
mg Mg
mg weight of body Mg weight of body M
N normal force between m and M N normal force between M and m
N0 normal force between surface and body M
F external force on M
8. Draw F.B.D. for bodies in figure. All surfaces are frictionless.
m1
m2
m3
Soln . FBD mass for m1 FBD mass for m2 FBD mass for m3
N1 N1 N2
m1 m2 m3
N2 N3
m1g m2g m3g

m1g weight of body m2g weight of body m2 m3g weight of body m3
N1 normal force on m1 by m2 N1 normal force on m2 by N1 N2 normal forces on m3 by m2
N2 normal force between N3 normal forces on m3 by surface
m2 and m3
DYNAMICS - I [ 16 ]
9. Draw F.B.D. for string mass system in figure. All surfaces are frictionless.
m1
m2
Soln . FBD mass for m1 FBD mass for m2

N1 T2
m1 T1 m2
m1g m2g
10. Draw F.B.D. for bodies in figure. All surfaces are frictionless.
m1 m2
m3
Soln . FBD mass for m1 FBD mass for m2 FBD mass for m3
N1 N2 T2
T1 T2
m1 T1 m2 m3
m1g m2g m3g

m1g weight of body m1 m2g weight of body m2 m3g weight of body m3
N1 Normal force between N2 normal force between T2 tension in string
mass m1and table mass m2 and table
T1 tension in string T1 and T2 tension in string
DYNAMICS - I [ 17 ]

1. Identify the contact surface :
B m
(1) A (2)
sphere hemisphere
(3) (4)
sphere rod
sphere
(5) (6)
m
(7) M (8)
2. Draw the FBD for the following systems :

m1
m1 m2 m2

(1) (2)
m1
m1
(3) m2 (4) m2

m3
m1 m2 F
(5) (6)
m2
m1
3. Mark the correct statement for figure given below :
m
F M
(1) Force on mass m is F. (2) m exerts force mg on M

(3) M exerts a force Mg on m (4) None of these
DYNAMICS - I [ 18 ]
4. In above problem mark the correct statements

(1) M exerts force Mg on ground
(2) Normal force between block M and surface is Mg
(3) Net force on m is mg
(4) Net force on M is F
5. String mass system is shown in figure
m3
T1 T2
m1 m2
(1) net force on m1 is T1 (2) Net force on m2 is m2g

(3) net force on m3 is T2 – T1 (4) None of these
6. Mark the correct statements
(1) The normal force between ground and rod is horizontal

(2) Normal forces passes through point C.
(3) If all surface are frictionless, the net force on rod is zero
(4) There are two normal force
7. A man inside lift exerts a force on string as shown in figure and all system is in rest then
(1) Tension in string twice that of force exerted by man on string

(2) Normal force between man and lift equal to mg
(3) Net force on man are mg and normal
(4) Force on lift equal to sum of normal, weight of lift and tension in string
DYNAMICS - I [ 19 ]
8. Mark the correct statement for forces between bodies in figure

(All surface are frictionless)
(1) Force exerted by m2 on M is m2g downward m1
(2) Force exerted by m2 on M is m2g cos m2
(3) Force exerted by M on ground is (M + m1 + m2)g
M
(4) None of these
9. Tension in massive string is shown in figure.
F
TA TB TC TD
(1) TA > TB > TC > TD (2) TD = F
(3) TD < F (4) TA = TB = TC = TD
10. Figure shows a heavy block kept on a frictionless surface and being pulled by two ropes of equal
mass m. At t = 0, the force on the left rope is withdrawn but the force on the right continues to act.
Let F1 and F2 be the magnitudes of the forces by the right rope and the left rope on the block
respectively.
(1) F1 = F2 = F for t < 0
(2) F1 = F + mg for t < 0 F m m F
(3) F1 = F, F2 = F for t > 0

(4) F1 < F, F2 = F for t > 0
11. A boy puts a heavy box of mass M on his head and jumps down from the top of a multi-storied
building to the ground then
(1) Force exerted by the box on his heads is Mg during free fall
(2) Force exerted by box on his heads not equal to zero
(3) Force exerted by box on his heads equal to zero
(4) Force exerted by the box on his head is greater than Mg during free fall
12. An empty plastic box of mass m is found to accelerate up at the rate of g/6 when placed deep
inside water than
(1) Force by buoyancy downward (2) Force by buoyancy has zero magnitude
(3) Force of buoyancy upward (4) mg upward inside water
Answer Daily Practice Paper – 2

3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (4) 7. (4)
8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (3)
DYNAMICS - I [ 20 ]
6.6 EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION 

When not force acting on a body is zero then the body is said to be F3 F2
in Translatory equilibrium.
   
If F1  F2  F3  F4  0
m F1
 Body is equilibrium.
• Body is translatory equilibrium will have zero acceleration
(From 2nd law). F4
• So either the body will remain at rest or it will move with constant
velocity.
METHOD TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS:
(1) When objects are in equilibrium
STEP 1 : Make a sketch of the problem.
STEP 2 : Isolate a single object and then draw the free body diagram for the object. Label all
external forces acting on it.
STEP 3 : Choose a convenient coordinate system and resolve all forces into x and y components.
STEP 4 : Apply the equations Fx = 0 and Fy = 0. For equilibrium of object.
STEP 5 : Step will give you two equations with several unknown quantities. If you have only two
unknown quantities at this equation, you can solve the two equations for those unknown
quantities.
STEP 6 : If step 5 produces two equations with more than two unknowns, go back to step 2 and
select another object and repeat these steps.
Eventually at step 5 you will have enough equations to solve for all unknown quantities.
Ex. A ‘block’ of mass 10 kg is suspended with string as shown in figure. Find
tension in the string (g = 10 m/s2)
Soln . F.B.D. of block
T 10kg
mg
There is no force in x-axis and system is in state of equilibrium in y-axis. Then

Fy = 0
mg – T = 0
T = mg = 10 × 10
 T = 100 N
DYNAMICS - I [ 21 ]
Ex. In given figure. Find the tension in strings
m1
m2
Soln . FBD mass of mass m1 and m2 as shown in figure.

T1
T2
m1
m2
m1g
m2g
T2
In state of equilibrium in y-axis
for body m1
m1g – T1 + T2 = 0 …(i)
for body m2
m2g – T2 = 0 …(ii)
Using Eqn. (i) and (ii) we have
T2 = m2g
or, T1 = (m1+ m2)g
Ex. The diagram shows the forces that are action on a particle. Has the particle an acceleration ?
4N 4N 4N
120° 120°
8N
Soln . To check whether the particle will have any acceleration or not, let us see net force is zero or not.
Resolving the forces in horizontal and vertical directions.
4N
4N 4N
4 sin 30°
4 sin 30°
4 cos 30° 4 cos 30°

120° 120°
8N
Net force in horizontal direction = 4 cos 30° – 4 cos 30° = 0

Net force in vertically downward direction = 8 – 4 sin 30° – 4 sin 30° – 4 = 0
As net force is zero, so the particle will have no acceleration.
DYNAMICS - I [ 22 ]
Ex. A body suspended with the help of strings. A body of mass 25 kg is suspended with the help of
strings as shown in figure. Find tensions in three strings. Strings are light [g = 10 m/s 2]
a 37° 53° c
b
d
25kg
Soln . Let the tension in strings ab, bc and bd are respectively T1, T2 and T3. As the body is hanging in
equilibrium, we can use the condition that net force on block is zero. This will give the value of T3.
To know the values of T1 and T2 we need to draw FBD of knot b also,
T1sin 37°
T2sin 53°
T3
T1 T2
T2cos 53°
T1cos 37° b
250N
T3
[FBD of hanging body] [FBD of knot b]
For equilibrium of hanging body.

T3 = 250 N …(i)
For equilibrium of knot,
T2 cos 53° – T1 cos 37° = 0 …(ii)
and, T3 – T1 sin 37° – T2 sin 53° = 0 …(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
T1 = 150 N; T2 = 200 N
Ex. Two blocks are kept in contact as shown in figure. Find 50N
°
30
(1) forces exerted by surfaces (floor and wall) on blocks.

(2) contact force between two blocks. 100N 10kg 20kg
Soln . F.B.D. of 10 kg block N1
100N
N2
10g
N1 = 10g = 100 N …(1)

N2 = 100 N …(2)
DYNAMICS - I [ 23 ]
F.B.D. of 20 kg block N4
50N
N2 = 50 sin 30° + N3
 N3 = 100 – 25 = 75 N N2 N3 …(3)
and N4 = 50 cos 30° + 20g
N4 = 243.30 N 20g
Ex. The breaking strength of the string connecting wall and block
B is 175N, find the magnitude of weight of block A for which
the system will be stationary. The block B weights 700 N. (g 30°
B
= 10 m/s2)
A
175
Soln . N.
3
Ex. Find magnitude of force exerted by string on pulley.
10kg
Soln . F.B.D. of 10 kg block : F.B.D. of pulley :

N1
T
T
N2
mg
T
Since string is massless, so tension in both sides on string is same.
Force exerted by string = T 2  T 2  2T  100 2
Hence force exerted by hinge on it is 100 2 N.

Note : Since pulley is an equilibrium position, so net forces on it is zero.
(2) Lami´s Theorem: F1 F2
According to Lami’s theorem if three forces act on a point and forces are in
same plane, system is in equilibrium if forces are related as 
 
F1 F F
 2  3
sin sin sin
F3
DYNAMICS - I [ 24 ]
(3) Accelerating Objects

Problem Solving Steps
STEP 1 : Make a sketch of the problem.
STEP 2 : Isolate a single object and then draw the free-body diagram for that object. Label all
external forces acting on it. Be sure to include all the forces acting on the chosen body,
but be equally careful not to include any force exerted by the body on some other body.
Some of the forces may be unknown; label them with algebraic symbols.
When we draw the F.B.D. w.r.t. inertial frame of reference than we include only real
forces such as
(a) Weight (b) Tension
(c) Normal reaction (d) Friction
(e) Spring force (f) External force
(g) Air resistance force
in our F.B.D.
When we draw the F.B.D. w.r.t. Non inertial frame of reference then we include real
forces as well as Pseudo force in our F.B.D.
STEP 3 Identify the direction of acceleration and choose X and Y axis. Choose X axis in the
direction of acceleration and Y axis perpendicular to the direction of acceleration.
STEP 4 Resolve the forces along X and Y direction.
STEP 5 Apply Newton’s second Law of motion
Fx = max; Fy = may
In the direction of equilibrium take acceleration zero.
STEP 6 If no. of unknowns is greater than no. of equations then try to co-relate acceleration of
different bodies by the help of constraint relation.
STEP 7 Solve the written equations in STEP (5) and STEP (6) to find unknown acceleration and
forces.
(i) Acceleration of block on horizontal smooth surface.
(1) When a pull is horizontal N
N = mg m F
and F = ma
mg
 a = F/m
(2) When a pull is acting at an angle () to the horizontal (upward)
N + F sin  = mg
N
 N = mg – F sin Fsin
F
and F cos  = ma

Fcos
F cos 
 a
m mg
DYNAMICS - I [ 25 ]
(3) When a push is acting at an angle () to

the horizontal (downward) Fcos
N
N = mg + F sin  
and F cos  = ma F a
Fsin 
Fcos 
a
m mg
(ii) Acceleration of block on smooth inclined plane.
When inclined plane is at rest N
Normal reaction N = mg cos
Force along a inclined plane

F = mg sin sin
mg
ma = mg sin
mg cos
 a = g sin  mg
(iii) Acceleration of block system in contact :
When two blocks system are in contact and move under a force, they have common acceleration
given by
Force
a
total mass
and normal contact force between blocks depends on applied force
Case-I : A force F is applied horizontally on mass m1 as shown in figure. To find the
acceleration of m1 and m2 we consider both block as a system.
A B
F m1 m2
smooth
F
Common acceleration a 
(m1  m2 )
To find the contact force between ‘A’ and ‘B’ we draw F.B.D. of masses m1 and m2.
F.B.D. of mass m1 F.B.D. of mass m2
N1 N2
F N
N
f
m1 g m2g
Force equation of mass m2

N = m2.a
m2F
N
(m1 m 2 )
DYNAMICS - I [ 26 ]
Case-II : Two blocks of masses M1 and M2 are placed in contact with each other on a
frictionless horizontal surface as shown in figure. A constant force F1 and F2 is
applied on M1 and M2 as shown.
F1 F2
M1 M2
Here accelerations of both blocks will be same as they are rigid and in contact. As the surfaces are
frictionless, contact force on any surface will be normal force only. Let the acceleration of each
block is a and contact forces are N1, N2 and N as shown in free body diagrams of blocks. Applying,
Newton’s second law for M1 and M2
F.B.D. of mass M1 F.B.D. of mass M2
N1 N2
F1 N N F2
M1g M2 g
F1 – N = M1a …(1)
M1g – N1 = 0 …(2)
Applying, Newton’s second law for M2
N – F2 = M2a …(3)
M2g – N2 = 0 …(4)
F1  F2 M F  M 1F2
Solving (1) and (3) a  an d N  2 1 .
M1  M 2 M1  M 2
(iv) Motion of block connect by massless string (light string)

When two or more blocks are connected with massless string the acceleration of blocks are equal
Case–I When force is applied on mass m1
F m1 m2
N1 N2
F T T
m1g m2 g
DYNAMICS - I [ 27 ]
x–axis
F – T = m1a …(i)
T = m2a …(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
F m2F
a and T 
m1  m2 m1  m2
Case-II When force is applied on m2
m1 m2 F
N1 N2
T T F
m1g m2 g
x-axis
F – T = m2a …(i)
T = m1a …(ii)
From eqn. (i) and (ii)
F m1F
a and T 
m1  m2 m1  m2
Case-III : When forces F1 and F2 are applied on mass m1 and m2 respectively as shown.
Let F2 > F1
F1 F2
m1 m2
N1 N2
F1 T T F2
m1g m2g
x-axis
T – F1 = m1a …(i)
F2 – T = m2a …(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
F2 F1 F m F m
a and T  1 2 2 1
m1  m2 m1  m2
DYNAMICS - I [ 28 ]
(v) Motion of Massive-String :

A massive string of length l and placed on a smooth horizontal surface and pulled by a force F
l
F
F
the acceleration of string is given by a  .
m
and the tension at distance x from right end is given by
F(l  x)
T
l
Ex. In figure a massive string is placed on smooth horizontal surface and pulled by two forces in
opposite direction then find the acceleration and tension at distance x from one end
l
F1 F2
Soln . T T
x (l– x)
acceleration of string is
F2 F1
a
m
Tension in string is given by
F1(l  x) F2 x
T
l
Ex. In figure a massive string is placed on smooth horizontal surface and pulled by two equal but
opposite force then find the acceleration and tension in string at distance x from one end
F F
x
Soln . Net force on string is zero hence acceleration

a=0
and tension at distance x from one end
T=F
Ex. A horizontal force is applied on a uniform rod of length L kept on a frictionless surface. Find the
tension in rod at a distance ‘x’ from the end where force is applied.
n
Sol . Considering rod as a system, we find acceleration of rod
F
a
m
now draw F.B.D. of rod having length ‘x’ as shown in figure.
F T
M M F  x
F  T    x.a  T F x.  T  F 1 .
L L M  L
DYNAMICS - I [ 29 ]
Ex. A 5 kg block has a rope of mass 2 kg attached to its underside and a 3 kg block is suspended from
the other end of the rope. The whole system is accelerated upward at 2 m/s 2 by an external force F0.
(1) What is F0 ?
(2) What is the net force on rope ?
(3) What is the tension at middle point of the rope ? (g = 10 m/s2)
F0
5kg
2kg
3kg
F0
Soln . (1) As total mass of system is 10kg
F0 – 10g = 10 × 2 10kg
F0 = 10g + 10 × 2 …(i)
2 2 10g = 100 N
F0 = 120 N (g = 10m/s and a = 2m/s )
(2) According to Newton’s second law, net force on rope (mass 2kg)
F = ma
=2×2
= 4N T
(3) For calculating tension at the middle point we draw F.B.D. of
3 kg block with half of the rope (mass 1 kg) as shown.
T – 4g = 4 ×(2) 4g
T = 48N
(vi) Monkey + String Problem:
When a monkey tries to climb on a string the force of reaction gives the upward acceleration to the
monkey. It comes in figure as tension in string. So we can use only T to solve the problem using
basic law of motion.
Case-I Case-II
a T – mg = ma a
T = mg + ma mg – T = ma
= m(g + a) T = m(g – a)
T = m (g + a) T = m (g – a)
When a monkey moves When a monkey moves
up with acceleration a down with acceleration a
(vii) For pulley system :
When masses are connected with massless string and string passes over a frictionless pulley the
tension in a segment is same everywhere and acceleration of blocks are same in magnitude. To
solve the problems we use Newton’s law of motion.
DYNAMICS - I [ 30 ]
Ex. In given figure mass m1 and m2 attached with a light string and passes over a frictionless pulley.
Find the tension and the acceleration of blocks.
m2
m1
Soln . Two masses of m1 and m2 are connected as shown in fig. (Let m 1 > m 2)
T T
m1g m2 g
for m1 (moving downward)

m1g – T = m1a moving down …(i)
for m2 (moving upward)
T – m2g = m2a moving up …(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
(m1 m2 )
a g acceleration of m1 and m 2
m1  m2
2m1m2 
T   g tension in string
 m1  m2 
Ex. Find the acceleration of masses in given figure.
m2
m1
DYNAMICS - I [ 31 ]
Sol n . F.B.D. of mass m1 F.B.D. of mass m2
T N
m1g m2 g
for m1 :
m1g – T = m1 a …(i)
for m2 :
m2g – N = 0 …(ii)
T = m2a …(iii)
from (i) and (iii)
m1g
a acceleration of m1 and m2
m1  m2
m1m2
T g Tensions in string
m1  m2
Ex. Find the acceleration of masses in given figure.
m1 m2
Sol n . F.B.D. of mass m1 F.B.D. of mass m2
T
N T
m

n
si 1 g
g co
m s
1
m1g
m2 g
We consider m1 comes down in results m 2 moves up
DYNAMICS - I [ 32 ]
For m1
m1gsin – T = m 1a moving down …(i)
m1gcos – N = 0 …(ii)
for m2
T – m2g = m2a moving up
…(iii)
from (i) and (ii)
(m1 sinm 2 )g
a acceleration of m1 and m 2
m1  m2
m1m2
T  (sin 1) g Tension in string
m1  m2
6.7 SIMPLE CONSTRAINT
a
m1
T
(i) (ii)
m2 a T
a m1
m2 a
a/2 a T
T T
2T m1
(iii) m1 (iv)
T T T
m2 a
2T
a/2
m2
(v) (vi)
T
2T
m1 a/2 T
2T a/2
a m2 a
DYNAMICS - I [ 33 ]
a/4
a/2 2T
2T
M
(vii) M (viii)
m a
T
m a
y
y
m ay =Asin
m
(ix) x (x) A
a M
M
x
a = Atan
A  
6.8 FORCE ON PULLEY

Case-I If pulley is massless and frictionless.
T
T
Net force on pulley T ' = 2T
Case-II If pulley is massless and frictionless.
T
T´  T 2  T 2  2T.
6.9 FORCE ON RIGID SUPPORT
Case-I Force on rigid support T ' = 2T
T'
DYNAMICS - I [ 34 ]
Case-II T'  T 2  T 2 .
T'  2T.
T
Case-III If pulley has mass T'  T 2  (T Mg)2
Mg T
6.10 SPRING FORCE : Every spring resists any attempt to change its length; when it is compressed or
extended, it exerts force at its ends. The force exerted by a spring is given by F = –kx, where x is
the change in length and k is the stiffness constant or spring constant (unit Nm–1).
0
F= 0
0 + x
F
Fext F = – kx
x
Many springs follow Hooke’s law for small extension and compression.
When we say an ideal spring, we mean a spring that obeys Hooke’s law and is also massless.
Since we have assumed spring to be massless we know forces acting on both ends have to be
equal and opposite, to have net force on spring to be zero.
If we look at F.B.D. of the spring, we will note that force on spring must act from both ends.
F F
0 + x
0 is natural length of spring
Lets say Rahul and Sachin are pulling a spring from two ends as shown. Rahul moves x 2 and
Sachin moves x1.
DYNAMICS - I [ 35 ]
Rahul Sachin
0
x2 x1
The force acting on Rahul and Sachin is k (x1 + x2), Not kx2 on Rahul and kx1 on Sachin. Force
due to spring is kx where x is defined as |l – l0|, where l is present length and l0 is natural length.
Equivalent Spring Constant:
(1) When spring are connected in parallel then we can replace them by single spring of spring
constant keq where keq = k1 + k2.
(2) When springs are connected in series then we can replace them by single spring of spring
constant keq where 1/keq = 1/k1 + 1/k2. As spring constants are not equal so extensions will
not be equal, but total extension y can be written as sum of two extensions y = y 1 + y2.
1 1 1 1
For more than two springs k  k  k  k .
eq 1 2 n
Ex. Two blocks are connected by a spring of natural length 2m. The force constant of spring is
200 N/m.
2m
A B
(1) If block ‘A’ and ‘B’ both are displaced by 0.5 m in same direction.
(2) If block ‘A’ and ‘B’ both are displaced by 0.5 m in opposite direction.
n
Sol . (1) Since both blocks are displaced by 0.5m in same direction, so change in length of spring is
zero. Hence, spring force is zero.
(2) In this case, change in length of spring is 1m. So spring force is F = –kx = –(200).(1)
F = –200 N
2m
A B Natural length
3m
A B when spring is extended

F F
1m
A B when spring is compressed

F F
DYNAMICS - I [ 36 ]
Ex. Repeat above problem if

(1) A is kept at rest and B is displaced by 1 m in right direction.
(2) B is kept at rest and A is displaced by 1m in left direction.
(3) A is displaced by 0.75 m in right direction, and B is 0.25 m in left direction.
n
Sol . (1) F = 200 N
(2) 200 N
(3) 200 N
Ex. Force constant of a spring is 100N/m. If a 10 kg block attached with the spring is at rest, then find
extension in the spring. (g = 10 m/s2)
Soln . In this situation, spring is in extended state so spring kx
force acts in upward direction.
Let x be the extension in the spring K
F.B.D. of 10kg block : Fs = 10g 10kg
 Kx = 100
10kg
 (100)x = (100)
 x = 1m 50N
Ex. If force constant of spring is 50 N/m. Find mass of
the block, if it is at rests in the given situation
(g = 10m/s2)
Soln . As shown in figure

50 = mg mg
m = 5 kg
Ex. Two blocks ‘A’ and ‘B’ of same mass ‘m’ attached with a light spring are suspended by a string as
shown in figure. Find the acceleration of block ‘A’ and ‘B’ just after the string is cut.
Cut K
m A
m B
Soln . When block A and B are in equilibrium position.

F.B.D. of ‘A’ F.B.D. of ‘B’
T
T0
T =mg + T0 …(i) T0 =mg …(ii)
mg
mgT 0
DYNAMICS - I [ 37 ]
when upper spring is cut, tension T becomes zero. But lower spring does not change its shape just
after cutting. So spring force acts on mass B, again draw F.B.D. of blocks A and B as shown in
figure.
F.B.D. of ‘A’ F.B.D. of ‘B’
mg + T0 = m·a A T0 = mg
2mg = m·aA (T0 – mg)
a A = 2g T0 –mg = maB
aB = 0
mg T0
mg
Ex. The system shown in the figure is in equilibrium. Find the initial acceleration of A, B and C just after
the spring-2 is cut.
Spring 1 k
A m
g
Spring 2 k
B 2m
Spring 3 k
C 3m
Soln .
x1 k
kx1 kx2 kx3
m
x2 k m 2m 3m
2m
kx2 + mg kx 3+ 2mg 3mg
x3 k
3m
(i) mg + kx2 – kx1 = 0 …(i)
(ii) 2mg + kx3 – kx2 = 0 …(ii)
(iii) 3mg – kx3 = 0 …(iii)
from (i), (ii) and (iii)
kx1 = 6 mg
kx2 = 5mg
kx3 = 3mg
DYNAMICS - I [ 38 ]
when spring 2 is cut spring force in other two springs remain unchanged.
mg – kx 1 = ma1
kx1
 mg – 6mg = ma1 ( kx1 = 6mg)
2m
a1 = –5g
Also, m
kx3 + 2mg = 2ma2 kx3
5g 2mg
 a2   mg
2
For 3m
3mg – kx3 = 3ma
3mg –3 mg = 3ma
a=0
(acceleration of 3m will be zero)
Concept : It is important to remember that ropes can change tension instantaneously while spring
need to move to change tension, so in this example tension in spring is not changing instantaneously.
Spring Balance : It does not measure the weight. It measures the force exerted by the object at
the hook. Symbolically, it is represented as shown in figure. A block of mass ‘m’ is suspended at
hook.
F.B.D. of ‘m’
T
spring balance m
hook
m mg
When spring balance is in equilibrium, we draw the F.B.D. of mass m for

calculating the reading of balance.
mg – T = 0 1
T = mg
Magnitude of T gives the reading of spring balance.
Ex. A block of mass 20 kg is suspended through two light spring balances as
shown in figure. Calculate the :
(i) reading of spring balance (1) and (2) 2
Soln . For calculating the reading, first we draw F.B.D. of 20 kg block.
T
20kg
mg –T = 0
T = 20g = 200 N
F.B.D. 20 kg block.
mg – T = 0 20g
T = 20g = 200 N
Since both balances are light so, both the scales will read 20 kg.
DYNAMICS - I [ 39 ]
Ex. Find the reading of spring balance in the adjoining figure, pulley and string are ideal.
F F
Soln . Net force on pulley is F´ – 2F = 0
So reading of spring balance F´ equal to 2F
6.11 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF SPRING BALANCE AND ITS READING
Spring balance reads tension (in newtons)
 T = mg
mg
For reading in kilogram, we use

T
m
g
2T
Note : T not always equal to mg.
Example: T
m1
2T m2
Reading  g in kilogram
Example:
T T
T
T Reading  in kilogram
g
DYNAMICS - I [ 40 ]
Example:
T T
T T T
Reading  kg in kilogram
g
m1 m2
(a) Tension in string fixed with one end equal to applied force.
(b) Draw only real forces if you work in inertial frame of reference.
(c) If a body is in rest or moving with uniform velocity (a = 0, v  0), it is called in state of
equilibrium.
 m 2  m1 
(d) Acceleration of blocks in Atwood machine is given by a   m m g (m 2  m1)
 1 2
(e) Spring balance reads tension and weighing machine reads normal force. To get the
reading in kilogram we divide the tension or normal by g.
F1 F2 F3
(f) According to Lami’s theorem sin  sin  sin , a powerful method to solve the
problems in equilibrium.
(g) If a monkey climbs up with acceleration tension in string is greater than mg.
(h) If two or more forces act on the same particle point, we call them concurrent forces.
(i) If concurrent forces are coplanar but more than three, then it is generally convenient
to resolve all of them along two mutually perpendicular direction and then the resultant
of each set of these resolved component will be zero.
i.e Fx = 0, Fy = 0 (For equilibrium of the body).
(j) Spring force is an example of variable force.
(k) Spring constant k is a degree of stiffness.
DYNAMICS - I [ 41 ]

11. Three forces start acting simultaneously on a particle moving with velocity v . These forces are
represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle ABC (as shown). The
particle will now move with velocity
C

A B 
(1) v remaining unchanged (2) Less than v
(3) Greater than (4) in the direction of the largest force BC
Soln . (1) Given three forces are in equilibrium i.e. net force will be zero. It means the particle will
move with same velocity.
12. The resultant of two forces, one double the other in magnitude, is perpendicular to the smaller of
the two forces. The angle between the two forces is
(1) 60° (2) 120° (3) 150° (4) 90°
Soln . (2) Let forces are F and 2F and angle between them is and resultant makes an angle with
the force F.
2F sin  1
tan    tan90   
F  2F cos  0
 F  2Fcos  0
 cos 1/ 2 or  120
13. Two forces, with equal magnitude F, act on a body and the magnitude of the resultant force is
F
. . The angle between the two forces is
3
(1) cos–1  
17
18  
(2) cos –1 
1
3
(3) cos–1
2
3 
(4) cos–1
8
9 
Soln . (1) Resultant of two vectors A and B, which are working at an angle  , can be given by
F
R  A 2  B  2AB cos  [As A = B = F and R  ]
3
2
F
3
F 2  F 2  2F 2 cos
F2
 2F 2  2F 2 cos 
9
17 2
 F  2F 2 cos
9
 cos   
17
18
or  
  cos –1
17
18
DYNAMICS - I [ 42 ]
14. In the following diagram, pulley P1 is movable and pulley P2 is fixed. The value of angle  will be
(if system are in equilibrium)
A B
(1) 60° (2) 30° (3) 45° (4) 15°

n
Sol . (2) Free body diagram of pulley P1 is shown in the figure
For horizontal equilibrium
T1cos  T2 cos 
T1sin
T2sin
 
 
 T1  T2 and T1  T2  W (from B)
For vertical equilibrium (From A)
T1 sin T2 sin W
 Wsin Wsin  W
1
 sin
2
or,   30
15. In the following figure, the pulley is massless and frictionless. The relation between T1, T2 and T3
will be (if system are in equilibrium)
P1
 P2
T1 T3
T2
W2
W1
(1) T1  T2  T3 (2) T1  T2  T3 (3) T1  T2  T3 (4) T1  T2  T3

Soln . (4) Since through a single string whole system is attached so W2  T3  T2  T1
16. In the above Ex. the relation between W1 and W2 will be
W1 2 cos 
(1) W2  (2) 2W1 cos (3) W2  W1 (4) W2  W
2 cos  1
DYNAMICS - I [ 43 ]
Soln . (1) For vertical equilibrium

T1 cos  T2 cos   W1 AsT1  T2  W2 
T1 cos 
T1 T2 cos T2
 
W1
2W2 cos   W1
W1
 W2  .
2cos 
17. In the following figure the masses of the blocks A and B are same and each equal to m. The
tensions in the strings OA and AB are T2 and T1 respectively. The system is in equilibrium with
a constant horizontal force mg on B. The tension T1 is
T2
2
m A
1 T1
B
m mg
(1) mg (2) 2 mg (3) 3 mg (4) 5 mg

Soln . (2) From the free body diagram of block B
T1cos1
T1 cos1  mg T1
…(i)
T1sin1  mg …(ii)

2
T12 sin2 1  cos2 1  2mg by squaring and adding T1 mg
sin1
 T1  2mg
18. In the above problem the angle  1 is
mg
(1) 30o (2) 45o (3) 60o (4) tan–1 21

Soln . (2) From the solution of previous problem (by dividing equation (ii) by equation (i))
T1 sin1 mg

T1 cos1 mg
 tan   1
or 1  45
DYNAMICS - I [ 44 ]
19. In the above problem (Q.No. 19) the tension T2 will be

(1) mg (2)
2mg (3) 3mg (4) 5mg
n
Sol . (4) From the free body diagram of block A
For vertical equilibrium T2 cos2  mg  T1 cos 1
T2 cos2  mg  2 mg cos45 ( T1  2mg, 1  45)

T2 cos 2  2mg …..(i)
T 2cos2
T2
2
T2sin2 T 1sin1
1
mg
T 1cos1
For horizontal equilibrium T2 sin2  T1 sin 1  2mgsin45
T2 sin 2  mg …..(ii)
by squaring and adding (i) and (ii) equilibrium
T22  5(mg)2 or T2  5mg
20. In the above problem the angle 2 will be
(1) 30o (2) 45o (3) 60o (4) tan–1 21

Soln . (4) From the above solution by dividing equation (ii) by equation (i)
sin2 mg 1
  tan2 
cos2 2mg 2
1
 2  tan–1  
2
21. Three masses of 15 kg. 10 kg and 5 kg are suspended vertically as shown in the fig. If the string
attached to the support breaks and the system falls freely, what will be the tension in the string
between 10 kg and 5 kg masses. Take g = 10ms –2. It is assumed that the string remains tight
during the motion
(1) 300 N (2) 250 N (3) 50 N (4) Zero
15kg
10kg
5kg
Soln . (4) In the condition of free fall, tension becomes zero.
DYNAMICS - I [ 45 ]
22. Three blocks of masses 2 kg, 3 kg and 5 kg are connected to each other with light string and are
then placed on a frictionless surface as shown in the figure. The system is pulled by a force
F =10N, then tension T1 is
(1) 1N (2) 5N (3) 8 N (4) 10 N

Soln . (3) By comparing the above problem with general expression.
T1 
m2  m3 F  3  510  8 newton
m1  m2  m3 2  3  5
23. Two blocks are connected by a string as shown in the diagram. The upper block
is hung by another string. A force F applied on the upper string produces an
acceleration of 2m/s2 in the upward direction in both the blocks. If T and T´ be the
tensions in the two parts of the string, then
(1) T = 70.8 N and T ' = 47.2N
2g
(2) T = 58.8 N and T = 47.2 N T´
(3) T = 70.8 N and T ' = 58.8N
(4) T  70.8 N and T'  0
Soln . (1) From F.B.D. of mass 4 kg 4g
4a = T´ – 4g …(i)
T= 4a + 4g
T´ T
From F.B.D. of mass 2 kg
2a = T – T´ – 2g …(ii) 4kg 2kg
For total upward force on system is
F = T = (2 + 4) (g + a) =6(18 + 2)N = 70.8N 4g 2g T´
by substituting the value of T in equation (i) and (ii) and solving we get T´ = 47.2N
24. A sphere is accelerated upwards with the help of a cord whose breaking strength is five times its
weight. The maximum acceleration with which the sphere can move up without cord breaking is
(1) 4g (2) 3g (3) 2g (4) g
Soln . (1) Tension in the cord = m(g + a) and breaking strength = 5 mg
For critical condition m(g + a) = 5mg  a = 4g
This is the maximum acceleration with which the sphere can move up with cord breaking.
25. A light string passing over a smooth light pulley connects two blocks of masses m1 and m2
(vertically). If the acceleration of the system is g/8 then the ratio of the masses is
(1) 8:1 (2) 9:7 (3) 4 : 3 (4) 5 : 3
 m  m1  g m2
Soln . (2) a  2  g ; by solving  9/7
 m1  m2  8 m1
DYNAMICS - I [ 46 ]
26. A block A of mass 7 kg is placed on a frictionless table. A thread tied to it passes over a
frictionless pulley and carries a body B of mass 3 kg at the other end. The acceleration of the
system is (given g = 10ms–2)
(1) 100 ms–2 (2) 3 ms–2

(3) 10 ms–2 (4) 30 ms–2
Soln . (2) a  
m2 

 m1  m2 
g 73 310  3m/ s 2
27. Two masses m1 and m2 are attached to a string which passes over a frictionless smooth pulley.
When m1 = 10kg, m2 = 6kg, the acceleration of masses is
(1) 20 m/s2 (2) 5 m/s2 (3) 2.5 m/s2 (4) 10 m/s2
6 kg
m1 10 kg
m1  m2  10  6  2
Soln . (3) a g  10  2.5m / s
m1  m2  10  6 
28. Two weights W1 and W2 are suspended from the ends of a light string passing over a smooth
fixed pulley. If the pulley is pulled up with an acceleration g, the tension in the string will be
W1W2 2W1W2 W1W2 W1W2
(1) W1  W2 (2) W1  W2 (3) W1  W2 (4) 2(W  W )
1 2
2m1m2
Soln . (1) When the system is at rest tension in string T  (m  m ) g
1 2
If the system moves upward with acceleration g then
2m1m2 4m1m2
T (g  g)  g
m1  m2 m1  m2
4w1w 2
or, T
w1  w2
DYNAMICS - I [ 47 ]
29. Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a string which passes over a pulley attached
to the top of an inclined plane. The angle of inclination of the plane is  . Take g = 10 ms–2.
If M1 = 10 kg, M2 = 5 kg,  = 30o, what is the acceleration of mass M2
M1
M2
30°
2
(1) 10 ms–2 (2) 5 ms–2 (3) ms –2 (4) Zero
5
m 2  m1 sin 5 10.sin30 5 5
Soln . (4) Acceleration  g g g0
m1  m2 5  10 5 10
30. In the above problem, what is the tension in the string
(1) 100 N (2) 50 N (3) 25 N (4) Zero
m1m2 (1 sin) 10 5(1 sin30).10

Soln . (2) T g  50N
m1  m2 10  5
31. If in the above problem, given that M2 = 2M1 and M2 moves vertically downwards with acceleration
a. If the position of the masses are reversed the acceleration of M2 down the inclined plane will
be
(1) 2 a (2) a (3) a/2 (4) None of the above
Soln . (4) If m2 = 2m1, then m2 moves vertically downward with acceleration
m2  m1 sin 2m1 m1 sin30
a g g  g/2
m1  m2 m1  2m1
If the position of masses are reversed then m2 moves downward with acceleration
m2 sinm1 2m1 sin30  m1
a g ·g  0 [As m2 = 2m1]
m1 m 2 m1  2m1
i.e. they will not move.
32. In the above problem, given that M2 = 2M1 and the tension in the string is T. If the positions of the
masses are reversed, the tension in the string will be
(1) 4T (2) 1T (3) T (4) T/2
m1m2 (1 sin)
Soln . (3) Tension in the string T  g
m1 m 2
If the position of the masses are reversed then there will be no effect on tension.
33. In the above problem, given that M1 = M2 and  = 30°. What will be the acceleration of the
system
(1) 10ms–2 (2) 5 ms–2 (3) 2.5 ms–2 (4) Zero
m2 m1 sin 1 30sin g

Soln . (3) a g g   2.5m/ s2 [As m1 = m2]
m1 m 2 2 2
DYNAMICS - I [ 48 ]
34. In the above problem, given that M1 = M2 = 5 kg and  = 30°. What is tension in the string
(1) 37.5 N (2) 25 N (3) 12.5 N (4) Zero
m1m2 1 sin 5 51 sin30

Soln . (1) T g 10  37.5N
m1  m2 5 5
35. The two pulley arrangements shown in the figure are identical. The mass of the rope is negligible.
In (1) the mass m is lifted up by attaching a mass 2m to the other end of the rope. In (2). m is
lifted up by pulling the other end of the rope with a constant downward force of 2mg. The ratio of
accelerations in two cases will be
(1) (2)
(1) 1:1 (2) 1:2 (3) 1 : 3 (4) 1 : 4

m 2 m1 2m m g
Soln . (3) For first case a1  g  …..(i)
m1  m2 m  2m 3
For second case
T
from free body diagram of m
ma2 = T – mg ma2
ma2 = 2mg – mg [As T= 2mg]
mg
a2 = g …(ii)
a1 g/3
From (i) and (ii) a  g 1/3
2
36. Two blocks are attached to the two ends of a string passing over a smooth pulley as shown in
the figure. The acceleration of the block will be (in m/s2) (sin 37o = 0.60, sin 53o = 0.80)
(1) 0.33 g (2) 0.133 g (3) 1 g (4) 0.066 g
100kg 50kg
m2 sinm1sin 50sin53100sin37
Soln . (2) a g g  0.133 g m/s2
m1  m2 100  50
DYNAMICS - I [ 49 ]
37. A man of mass m stands on a crate of mass M. He pulls on a light rope passing over a smooth
light pulley. The other end of the rope is attached to the crate. For the system to be in equilibrium,
the force exerted by the man on the rope will be
1
(1) (M + m)g (2) (M m)g (3) Mg (4) mg
2
M
m
Soln . (2) First Method :

From the free body diagram of man and crane system: T
T N
mg – N – T = 0 …(i)
Mg + N – T = 0 …(ii)
N
from (i) and (ii)
2T = (M + m)g
mg
(M  m)g Mg
T
2
Second Method :
T T
(M + m)g
As system is in a rest and normal force is internal force, net force on system force by pulley and
gravitational force by earth. For vertical equilibrium
Force by pulley = gravitational force
2T = (M + m)g
(M  m)g
 T
2
38. A monkey of mass 20 kg is holding a vertical rope. The rope will not break when a mass of 25
kg is suspended from it but will break if the mass exceeds 25 kg. What is the maximum
acceleration with which the monkey can climb up along the rope (g = 10m/s2)
(1) 10 m/s2 (2) 25 m/s 2 (3) 2.5 m/s2 (4) 5m/s 2

Soln . (3) Maximum tension that string can bear (Tmax) = 25g N = 250 N
Tension in rope when the monkey climb up T = m(g + a)
For limiting condition T = Tmax  m(g + a) = 250  20(10 + a) = 250  a = 2.5m/s2
DYNAMICS - I [ 50 ]
39. In the adjoining figure m1 = 4m2. The pulleys are smooth and light. At time t = 0, the system is at
rest. If the system is released and if the acceleration of mass m1 is a, then the acceleration of
m2 will be
a
(1) g (2) a (3) (4) 2a
2
m1
20 cm m
2
Soln . (4) Since the mass m2 travels double distance in comparison to mass m1 therefore its acceleration
will be double i.e. 2a
40. In the above problem the value of a will be
g g g
(1) g (2) (3) (4)
2 4 8
Soln . (3) By drawing the FBD of m1 and m2
m1a  m1g  2T …..(i)
m2 (2a)  T  m2g …..(ii)

by solving these equation a = g/4
41. In the above problem, the tension T in the string will be
m2 g 2 3
(1) m2g (2) (3) m2g (4) m2g
2 3 2
Soln . (4) From the solution by solving equation
3
T  m2 g
2
42. In the above problem, the time taken by m1 in coming to rest position will be
(1) 0.2 s (2) 0.4 s (3) 0.6 s (4) 0.8 s
Soln . (2) Time taken by mass m2 to cover the distance 20 cm
2h  2  .02 2  .02
t   0.4sec
a g/4 2.5
43. In the above problem, the distance covered by m2 in 0.4 s will be
(1) 40 cm (2) 20 cm (3) 10 cm (4) 80 cm
Soln . (1) Since the m2 mass cover double distance therefore S = 2 × 20 = 40 cm
DYNAMICS - I [ 51 ]
44. In the above problem, the velocity acquired by m2 in 0.4 second will be
(1) 100 cm/s (2) 200 cm/s (3) 300 cm/s (4) 400 cm/s
10
Soln . (2) Velocity acquired by mass in 0.4 sec From [As a  g/2   5m/ s2 ]
2
v  0  5 0.4  2m/s  200cm/sec.
45. In the above problem, the additional distance traversed by m2 in coming to rest position will be
(1) 20 cm (2) 40 cm (3) 60 cm (4) 80 cm
Soln . (1) When m2 mass acquired velocity 200 cm/sec it will move upward till its velocity becomes
zero.
u2 (200)2
H   20cm
2g 2100
m1
46. The acceleration of block B in the figure will be
m 2g 2m2g
(1) (4m1  m2 ) (2) (4m  m )
1 2
2m1g 2m1g m2
(3) (m1  4m2 ) (4) (m  m )
1 2
Soln . (1) When the block m2 moves downward with acceleration a, the acceleration of mass m1 will
be 2a because it covers double distance in the same time in comparison to m2.
Let T is the tension in the string.
By drawing the free body diagram of A and B N 2T
T = m12a …(i)
T
m2g – 2T = m2a …(ii)
by solving (i) and (ii) m1g m2g
m2g
a
(4m1  m2 )
DYNAMICS - I [ 52 ]

  
01. A body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces F1,F2 and F3 . Which of the following
statements is wrong
  
(1) F1 F2 F3  0
  
(2) F1,F2 ,F3 can be represented by the three sides of a triangle taken in order
(3) F1 F2  F3  0
(4) None of the above
02. Mark the option in which both blocks move together.
5kg
10kg
10kg
(1) (2)
5kg
30N 5kg 10kg 30N 10kg
(3) (4)
03. A rope of mass 5 kg is moving vertically in vertical position with an upward force of 100 N acting at
the upper end and a downward force of 70 N acting at lower end. The tension at mid point of the
rope
(1) 100 N (2) 85 N (3) 75 N (4) 105 N
04. When you sit on a chair, which of the following is the reaction force of gravitational force is acting
on you.
(1) The normal force exerted by the chair.
(2) The force you exert downward on the sit of the chair
(3) both of the above
(4) none of the above
05. A block of mass m is placed on the table. The reaction force of gravitational force exerted by the
earth on the book.
.m
(1) the normal force exerted by the table on the book

(2) the normal force exerted by the table on the ground
(3) the normal force exerted by the ground on the table
(4) the gravitational force exerted by the book on the earth
DYNAMICS - I [ 53 ]
06. Two men A (60 kg) and B(40 kg) are fighting on a problem of physics. A admits that he pushed B.
A claims that B pushes back and is just a guilty. From the concept of physics.
(1) B did not push back on A
(2) B pushed back on A but with more force than A exerted on B. The difference of force exerted
an equal and opposite impulse on B himself so that he fell down.
(3) B pushed back on A but with less force than A exerted on him because he accelerated by B
but A did not
(4) B did push back on A with exact by the same amount of force.
07. Three blocks of equal masses (each 3 kg) are suspended by weightless strings as shown. If
applied force is 100 N, then T1 is equal to (g = 10 ms2)
T3
T2
T1
100N
(1) 130 N (2) 190 N (3) 100 N (4) 160 N

08. Two masses M and m are connected by a weight less string. They are pulled by a force F on a
frictionless horizontal surface. The tension in the string will be
T
M m F
FM F FM Fm
(1) (2) (3) (4)
m M M m m M m
09. Three blocks of masses m1, m2 and m3 are connected by massless strings as shown in the figure on
a frictionless table. They are pulled with a force T3 = 40N. If m1 = 10kg. m2 = 6kg and m3 = 4kg.
The tension T2 will be
T1 T2 T3
m1 m2 m3
(1) 20 N (2) 40 N (3) 10 N (4) 32 N
10. A block of mass M is pulled by a uniform chain of mass M tied to it by applying a force F at the
other end of the chain. The tension at a point distant quarter of the length of the chain from free
end will be
M L/4
M F
P
7F 4F 3F 6F
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8 5 4 7
DYNAMICS - I [ 54 ]
11. A string of negligible mass going over a clamped pulley of mass m supports a block of mass M as
shown in the figure. The force on the pulley by the clamp is given by
m
(1) 2 Mg (2) 2 mg (3) ( (M + m)2 + m2 )g (4)  

(M + m)2 + M2 g
12. A weight can be hung in any of the following four ways by string of same type. In which case is the
string most likely to break.
W W W W
A B C D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
13. Find out the tension in the string and the accelerations of A and B.
B
10kg
10kg A
(1) 50 N, 5 m/sec2 (2) 50 N, 10 m/sec2

(3) 60 N, 5 m/sec2 (4) 70 N, 5 m/sec2
14. Two masses of 5 kg and 10 kg are connected to a pulley as shown. What will be the acceleration
of the system (g = acceleration due to gravity)
g g g
(1) g (2) (3) (4)
2 3 4
DYNAMICS - I [ 55 ]
15. Two masses of 4 kg and 5 kg are connected by a string passing through a frictionless pulley
and are kept on a frictionless table as shown in the figure. The acceleration of 5 kg mass is
4 kg
5kg
(1) 49 m/s2 (2) 5.44m/s 2 (3) 19.5 m/s 2 (4) 2.72 m/s 2
16. A mass m1 hanging at the end of string, draws a mass m2 along the surface of a smooth table if
the mass on the table be doubled the tension in string becomes 1.5 times then m1/m2 is
m2
m1
(1) 2:1 (2) 1:2 (3) 3 : 1 (4) 1 : 3

17. A 2 kg block is lying on a smooth table which is connected to a body of mass 1 kg by a string
which passes through a pulley. The 1 kg mass is hanging vertically. The acceleration of block
and tension in the string will be
(1) 3.27 m/s 2 ,6.54N (2) 4.38 m/s 2 ,6.54N
(3) 3.27 m/s 2 ,9.86N (4) 4.38 m/s 2 ,9.86N

18. A light string passes over a frictionless pulley. To one of its ends a mass of 6 kg is attached. To
its other end a mass of 10 kg is attached (see figure). The tension in the thread will be
6kg
10kg
(1) 24.5 N (2) 2.45 N (3) 79 N (4) 73.5 N

19. Two masses 2 kg and 3 kg are attached to the end of the string passed over a pulley fixed at the
top. The tension and acceleration are
7g g 21g g 21g g 12g g

(1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ;
8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5
DYNAMICS - I [ 56 ]
20. Two bodies of mass m1 and m2 (m1 < m2) are connected by a light string.
The string passes over a frictionless pulley. The speed of the heavier body,
when it has covered a distance y, will be
m1 m2
m2  m1 m1m2
(1) gy (2) gy
m1  m2 m1  m2 y
2(m 2 m1)
(3) gy (4) None of them v
m 2 m1
21. Two masses m1 and m2 are attached to the ends of string which passes over the pulley attached
to the top of a double inclined plane. The angles of inclination of the inclined planes are a and b.
See fig answer the following questions. Take g = 10ms–2
m1 m2
 
If M1 = M2 and  = , what is the acceleration of the system

(1) Zero (2) 2.5 ms–2 (3) 5 ms–2 (4) 10 ms–2
22. The force constant of a spring is
(1) proportional to length of a spring
(2) inversely proportional to the length of the spring
(3) proportional to square of its length
(4) independent of length of the spring
23. A spring of spring constant K is broken into two parts in the ratio 1 : 3. The spring constant of each
part is
4K
(1) K, 3K (2) 3K, K (3) 4K, (4) K, K
3
24. A block of mass 4 kg is suspended through two light spring balances A A
and B. Then A and B will read respectively
(1) 4 kg and zero kg
B
(2) Zero kg and 4 kg
(3) 4 kg and 4 kg
(4) 2 kg and 2 kg 4kg
25. As shown in the figure, two equal masses each of 2 kg are suspended from a spring balance.
The reading of the spring balance will be
2kg 2kg
(1) Zero (2) 2 kg

(3) 4 kg (4) Between zero and 2 kg
DYNAMICS - I [ 57 ]
26. A monkey of mass 20 kg is climbing up on the rope to balance the cage of 25kg. What is acceleration
of monkey
(1) 5m/s 2 (2) 10m/s2 (3) 20m/s2 (4) 2.5 m/s2

27. Two monkeys A and B of mass 10 kg and 8 kg are moving along a vertical light rope. A climbs
upward with an acceleration 2ms–2 will Becomes down with uniform velocity of 2ms–1. Find the
tension in the string at fixed support .
A
10 kg
B 8kg
(1) 120 N (2) 200 N (3) 80 N (4) 40 N
28. 200 N 6kg 4kg 100 N

Find tension in the spring.
(1) 200 N (2) 100 N (3) 140 N (4) zero
29. Three mass 1kg, 2kg and 3kg are suspended as shown. If spring is light. Find the extension in the
spring
2kg
1kg
3kg
(1) 1m (2) 0.5 m (3) 0.25 m (4) 0.20 m
DYNAMICS - I [ 58 ]
30. Two blocks ‘A’ and ‘B’ of same mass ‘m’ attached with a light string are suspended by a spring as
shown in fig the acceleration of block ‘A’ and ‘B’ just after the string is cut
A m
B m
(1) g, g/2 (2) g, g/3 (3) 0, g (4) g, g
31. Find velocity of B with respect to ground
u A B
(1) u/2 (2) u/4 (3) u/6 (4) u/8

32. What should be the minimum force F to be applied to the string. So that blocks of mass m just
begins to move up the functionless plane.
F

m

  mg cos 
(1) mg tan (2) mgcot (3) (4) None
2 2 1  sin 

1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (4)
6. (4) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (1)
11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (2)
16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (4) 19. (4) 20. (3)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (2)
26. (4) 27. (2) 28. (3) 29. (4) 30. (4)
31. (1) 32. (1)
DYNAMICS - I [ 59 ]
6.12 APPARENT WEIGHT OF A BODY IN A LIFT: When a body of mass m is placed on a weighing
machine which is placed in a lift, then actual weight of the body is mg.
This acts on a weighing machine which offers a reaction R given by the reading of weighing machine.
This reaction exerted by the surface of contact on the body is the apparent weight of the body.
Condition Figure Velocity Acceleration Reaction Conclusion

Lift is at rest v=0 a=0 R – mg = 0 Apparent weight =
LIFT  R = mg Actual weight
R
Spring Bala nce
mg
LIFT
Lift moving v = constant a=0 R – mg = 0 Apparent weight =
R
upward or  R = mg Actual weight
downward with
constant velocity Spring Bala nce
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating a v = variable a<g R – mg = ma Apparent weight >
upward at the  R = m(g + a) Actual weight
Spring Balance
rate of 'a'
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating g v = variable a=g R – mg = mg Apparent weight =
upward at the R = 2 mg 2 Actual weight
rate of ‘g’ Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating a v = variable a<g mg – R = ma Apparent weight <
downward at the  R = m(g – a) Actual weight
rate of ‘a’ Spring Ba lance
mg
DYNAMICS - I [ 60 ]
LIFT
Lift accelerating R v = variable a=g mg – R = mg Apparent weight =

g
downward at the R=0 zero (weightlessness)
rate of ‘g’
Spring Ba lance
mg
LIFT
Lift accelerating v = variable a>g mg – R = ma Apparent weight is
downward at the R R = mg – ma negative means
a
rate of a (>g) R = – ve the body will rise from
the floor of the lift and
Spring Balance stick to the ceiling
of the lift.
mg
6.13 ACCELERATED FRAME OF REFERENCE : When Newton’s laws of motion were introduced
in previous section, we emphasized that the laws are valid only when observations are made in an
inertial frame of reference (frame at rest or moving with uniform velocity). Now we analyze how an
observer in accelerated frame of reference (Non-inertial frame) would attempt to apply Newton’s
second law.
Once a frame of reference begins to accelerate the frame becomes non-inertial and Newton’s
laws do not hold good any more. To understand this in a better way, let us consider the rail-car.
Suppose a body is placed on the floor of the car which we consider as smooth. The train is moving
with uniform velocity and hence the position of the body with respect to the frame of reference
attached to the car remains constant. Suppose brakes are applied and the train begins to
decelerate, the body which was at rest on the floor, suddenly begins to slide along the floor in the
forward direction even though no force of any kind acts on it. Newton’s laws seem to have been
violated. Conventionally we would explain this motion as due to Newton’s first law and the body
due to the absence of friction continues to maintain its state of uniform motion along a straight line
with respect to the railway track. The train has now become a non-inertial frame.
Non-inertial frames of reference are the system which are accelerated (or decelerated). Newton’s
laws especially first and second cannot hold good for accelerating frames of reference. Anyhow
the Newton’s laws of motion can be made applicable to them by applying an imaginary force on the
body considered. This imaginary force is called inertial force or pseudo-force or fictitious force.
The magnitude of the force is the product of mass of the body and the acceleration of the reference
system. Its direction is opposite to the acceleration of the reference.

If a body of mass M is observed from a frame having acceleration a frame then
 
Fpseudo   M a frame ...(1)
It should be emphasized again that no such force actually exists. But once it is introduced Newton’s
laws of motion will hold true in a non-inertial frame of reference.
Therefore for non-inertial frame, we can write
  
Fext  F pseudo  M a , ...(2)

where a is acceleration of body with respect to frame.
DYNAMICS - I [ 61 ]
Ex. A block of mass m is placed on a smooth wedge of inclination . The whole system is accelerated
horizontally so that the block does not slip on the wedge. Find the minimum acceleration of wedge
Soln . As frame is accelerated pseudo force on block m is ma0 leftward
In equilibrium N cos
N
N sin= ma0 …(i)

N cos= mg …(ii)
ma0 N sin
from (i) and (ii)

a 
tan 0
g a0 mg

a0 = g tan 
When a inclined plane given a horizontal acceleration a0
Since the body lies on an accelerated frame,

N cos
a ma 0


sin ma0
a0
mg  ma 0sin
mg mgcos

Normal reaction N = mg cos + ma0sin
and ma = mg sin – ma0cos 
 a = g sin – a0 cos
Note : The condition for the body to be at rest relative to the inclined plane :
g sin – a cos = 0
 a0 = g tan
(a) If lift is accelerated normal force between block and surface of lift is not equal to mg.
(b) The problems involving lift can be solved by concept of pseudo force also.
(c) The reading of weighing machine inside lift varies with acceleration (not equal to mg)
(d) When motion is observed from an accelerated frame an imaginary force appears
called pseudo force.
(e) The magnitude of pseudo force equal to the product of mass of body and acceleration
of frame.
(f) The direction of pseudo force opposite of direction of acceleration of frame.
(g) The problems involving pseudo force may be solved on the basis of inertial frame.
DYNAMICS - I [ 62 ]
47. A man weighs 80kg. He stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving upwards with a
uniform acceleration of 5m/s2. What would be the reading on the scale. (g = 10m/s 2)
(1) 400 N (2) 800 N (3) 1200 N (4) Zero
Soln . (3) Reading of weighing scale
= m(g + a)
= 80(10 + 5)
= 1200N
48. A body of mass 2 kg is hung on a spring balance mounted vertically in a lift. If the lift descends
with an acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’, the reading on the spring balance
will be
(1) 2 kg (2) (4 × g) kg (3) (2 × g) kg (4) Zero
Soln . (4) R = m(g – a)
= (g – g) = 0 [because the lift is moving downward with a = g]
49. In the above problem, if the lift moves up with a constant velocity of 2 m/sec, the reading on the
balance will be
(1) 2 kg (2) 4 kg (3) Zero (4) 1 kg
Soln . (1) N = mg = 2g Newton or 2kg [because the lift is moving with the zero acceleration]
50. If the lift in previous problem, moves up with an acceleration equal to the acceleration due to
gravity, the reading on the spring balance will be
(1) 2 kg (2) (2 × g) kg (3) (4 × g) kg (4) 4 kg
n
Sol . (4) N = m(g + a) = m(g + g) [because the lift is moving upward with a = g]
= R = 2 × 2g
= 49 N or 4kg
= 49 newton or 4kg
51. A man is standing on a weighing machine placed in a lift, when stationary, his weight is recorded
as 40 kg. If the lift is accelerated upwards with an acceleration of 2m/s2, then the weight recorded
in the machine will be (g = 19m/s2)
(1) 32 kg (2) 40 kg (3) 42 kg (4) 48 kg
n
Sol . (4) N = m(g + a)
= 40(10 + 2)
= 480N or 48kg
52. An elevator weighing 6000 kg is pulled upward by a cable with an acceleration of 5ms –2. Taking
g to be 10 ms–2, then the tension in the cable is
(1) 6000 N (2) 9000 N (3) 60000 N (4) 90000 N
n
Sol . (4) T = m(g + a)
= 6000(10 + 5)N
= 90,000 N
DYNAMICS - I [ 63 ]
53. The ratio of the weight of a man in a stationary lift and when it is moving downward with uniform
acceleration ‘a’ is 3 : 2. The value of ‘a’ is (g = Acceleration due to gravity on the earth)
3 g 2
(1) g (2) (3) g (4) g
2 3 3
weight of a man in stationary lift mg 3
Soln . (2)  
weight of man in downward moving lift m(g  a) 2
g 3
 
g a 2
g
 2g  3g  3a or a 
3
54. A 60 kg man stands on a spring scale in the lift. At some instant he finds, scale reading has
changed from 60 kg to 50 kg for a while and then comes back to the original mark. What should
we conclude
(1) The lift was in constant motion upwards
(2) The lift was in constant motion downwards
(3) The lift while in constant motion upwards, is stopped suddenly
(4) None of these
n
Sol . (3) For retarding motion of a lift R = m(g + a) for downward motion
R = m(g – a) for upward motion
Since the weight of the body decrease for a while and then comes back to original value it
means the lift was moving upward and stops suddenly.
Generally we use for upward motion
for downward motion
here a= acceleration, but for the given problem a= retardation
55. A block of mass M is suspended with the help of a spring balance. The spring balance is attached
to the ceiling of an elevator moving with upward acceleration a0 as shown in figure. What is reading
of spring balance ?
a0
Soln . A person outside the elevator will observer the block moving with the elevator upward with an
acceleration a0. Also spring balance will give the reading according to tension in spring. So calculating
reading of spring balance means to find tension in the spring of balance.
Let tension in spring is T.
DYNAMICS - I [ 64 ]
m a0
mg
[FBD of block]
Applying Newton’s Second law for the block.

T – mg = ma0
 T = m(g + a0)
This will be the reading of spring balance. Note that the reading given by spring balance is different
from the weight of block.
Note
DYNAMICS - I [ 65 ]

1. Mass of a person sitting in a lift is 50 kg. If lift is coming down with a constant acceleration of
10 m/sec–2. Then the reading of spring balance will be (g = 10 m/sec 2)
(1) 0 (2) 1000N (3) 100 N (4) 10 N
2. A boy whose mass is 50 kg stands on a spring balance inside a lift. The lift starts to ascend with
an acceleration of 2ms–2. The reading of the machine or balance is (g = 10 ms–2)
(1) 50 kg (2) Zero (3) 49 kg (4) 60 kg
3. If rope of lift breaks suddenly, the Reaction exerted by the surface of lift (a = acceleration of lift)
(1) mg (2) m(g + a) (3) m(g – a) (4) 0
4. The apparent weight of the body, when it is travelling upwards with an acceleration of 2m/s 2 and
mass is 10 kg, will be
(1) 198 N (2) 164 N (3) 140 N (4) 118 N
5. If the tension in the cable of 1000 kg elevator is 1000 kg weight, the elevator
(1) Is accelerating upwards (2) Is accelerating downwards
(3) May be at rest or accelerating (4) May be at rest or in uniform motion
6. A body of mass 4 kg weighs 4.8 kg when suspended in a moving lift. The acceleration of the lift is
(1) 9.80 ms–2 downwards (2) 9.80 ms–2 upwards
–2
(3) 1.96 ms downwards (4) 1.96 ms–2 upwards
7. A boy having a mass equal to 40 kilograms is standing in an elevator. The force felt by the feet
of the boy will be greatest when the elevator (g = 9.8 metres/sec 2)
(1) Stand still
(2) Moves downward at a constant velocity of 4 metres/sec
(3) Accelerates downward with an acceleration equal to 4 metres/sec 2
(4) Accelerates upward with an acceleration equal to 4 metres/sec 2
8. If a body of mass m is carried by a lift moving with an upward acceleration a, then the forces
acting on the body are (i) the reaction R on the floor of the lift upwards (ii) the weight mg of the
body acting vertically downwards. The equation of motion will be given by
(1) R = mg – ma (2) R = mg + ma (3) R = ma – mg (4) R = mg × ma
9. An 80 kg man stands on a spring balance in an elevator. When it starts to move, the scale reads
700 N. What is the acceleration of the elevator (g = 10 m/s 2)
(1) 1.25 m/s2 downwards (2) 2.0 m/s2 upwards
(3) 2.0 m/s2 downwards (4) 1.25 m/s2 upwards
10. Minimum mass of M´ in given figure so that block m remains in rest with respect to M.
M
37°
M´
DYNAMICS - I [ 66 ]
M2  m2 Mm
(1) 3(M + m) (2) m–M (3) (4)
M m M m
11. You sit in a moving train if velocity of train change from 72 Km/h to 36 km/h in 5 second, the
force on man (50 kg) with respect to train in horizontal direction is
(1) 100 N forward (2) 100 N backward (3) zero (4) None
12. A block is kept inside the train and brake is applied in results block starts moving forward
(1) due to pseudo force (2) due to inertia
(3) depends on choice of frame (4) None of these
13. A bead of mass m is fitted on a rod and can move on it without friction. Initially the bead is at the
middle of the rod and the rod moves horizontally in horizontal plane with an acceleration a0 in
direction forming an angle  with the rod. The acceleration of bead with respect to rod is
a0
(1) g sin (2) (g + a0)sin (3) asin+ a0 cos (4) gsin– a0cos
14. A block of mass m resting on a wedge of angle as shown in fig. The wedge is given an
acceleration a. What is the minimum value of a so that the mass m falls freely

(1) g (2) g cos (3) g cot (4) g tan
15. A triangular block of mass M rests on a smooth surface as shown in figure. A cubical block of
mass m rests on the inclined surface. If all surfaces are frictionless, the force on M to keep m
stationary relative to M is
m
30°
(1) mg tan30° (2) mg tan30° (3) (M + m)g tan30° (4) (M + m)g cos30°
16. In which of the following cases is the contact force between A and B maximum (mA = mB = 1kg)
2N
B A
(1) A (2) B
(3) A a=1m/s2 (4) B

B A a= 15m/s2
DYNAMICS - I [ 67 ]
17. In the figure the reading of the spring balance will be
2m/s2
10kg 5kg
30°
(1) 4kg f (2) 5kg f (3) 60 N (4) 60 kg f

18. A trolley of mass 8kg is standing on a frictionless surface inside which an object of mass 2kg is
suspended. A constant force F starts acting on the trolley as a result of which the string stood at
an angle of 37° from vertical. Then
37°
F 2kg
8kg
(1) Acceleration of the trolley is 40/3 m/s2

(2) Force applied is 60N
(3) Force applied is 75 N
(4) Tension in string is 20 N

1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (4)
6. (4) 7. (4) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (1)
11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (3)
16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (3)

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6.2 MASS AND INERTIA :

(ii) Another Statement of Newtons First Law :

Soln . (1) v 1  – 12m /s and v 2  20m/s [because direction is reversed]

m  150 gm  0.15 kg, t  0.01 sec

m[v2  v1] 0.15 [20  (12)]

Soln . (2) Change in momentum  force time  1010  100kgm/ sec

mdv m(v  u) 100(0  5)

Daily Practice Paper – 1

Answer Daily Practice Paper - 1

6.4 FORCE AND FREE BODY DIAGRAM :

Force exerted by a block

As tension in string is equal to the applied force i.e; T = F. T4

(i) Draw F.B.D. of block.

Soln . F.B.D. of sphere ‘A’ F.B.D. of sphere ‘B’

Soln . NCA NCB

(ii) N1 upward a normal force by horizontal surface (ground)

Ex. Draw F.B.D. for string mass system in given figure.

Soln . F.B.D. for mass m 1 F.B.D. for mass m2

m1g m2g m3g

Soln . F.B.D. for mass m1 F.B.D. for mass m2

Ex. Draw F.B.D. for Block system in given figure

Soln . FBD for mass m1 FBD for mass m2

Note : mg always directed downward and force of buoyancy always upward.

Soln . FBD of body m FBD of body M

Soln . FBD of body m FBD of body M

m1g m2g m3g

Soln . FBD mass for m1 FBD mass for m2

m1g m2g m3g

Daily Practice Paper – 2

2. Draw the FBD for the following systems :

(1) Force on mass m is F. (2) m exerts force mg on M

4. In above problem mark the correct statements

(1) net force on m1 is T1 (2) Net force on m2 is m2g

(1) The normal force between ground and rod is horizontal

(1) Tension in string twice that of force exerted by man on string

8. Mark the correct statement for forces between bodies in figure

(3) F1 = F, F2 = F for t > 0

Answer Daily Practice Paper – 2

6.6 EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION 

Soln . F.B.D. of block

There is no force in x-axis and system is in state of equilibrium in y-axis. Then

Ex. In given figure. Find the tension in strings

Soln . FBD mass of mass m1 and m2 as shown in figure.

4 cos 30° 4 cos 30°

Net force in horizontal direction = 4 cos 30° – 4 cos 30° = 0

For equilibrium of hanging body.

(1) forces exerted by surfaces (floor and wall) on blocks.

N1 = 10g = 100 N …(1)

Soln . F.B.D. of 10 kg block : F.B.D. of pulley :

Hence force exerted by hinge on it is 100 2 N.

(3) Accelerating Objects

(3) When a push is acting at an angle () to

Force equation of mass m2

(iv) Motion of block connect by massless string (light string)

F.B.D. of mass m1 F.B.D. of mass m2

F.B.D. of mass m1 F.B.D. of mass m2

F.B.D. of mass m1 F.B.D. of mass m2

(v) Motion of Massive-String :

Soln . Net force on string is zero hence acceleration