Quirino Stadium, Zone V, Bantay, Ilocos Sur, Philippines 2727 ISCC Barangay Demo Farm Campus

e-mail address: [email protected] Barangay Labnig, San Juan, Ilocos Sur

SELF INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

UNIT 3

COURSE DETAILS
Program/Department

Course Title Environmental Science

Credits Unit 3

Term First term S.Y 2024 - 2025

Instructor ROLLY A. TACTAC JR., LPT

Contact Details [email protected]

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e-mail address: [email protected] Barangay Labnig, San Juan, Ilocos Sur

CHAPTER 1
The Human Population

Learning Outcome
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 Examine the impact of human population and their role to the environment

 Identify different demographic factors affecting growth and stability of populations.

Topics to be discuss
 Global Population
 Philippine Population
 Demographic Transition

Let’s Discuss

GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

http://www.albiladdailyeng.com/these-six-men-have-as-much-wealth-as-half-the-worlds-
population/
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Lesson 1 : The Global

City

Activity 1.1.

What makes a city “global’? Explain your answers.

Images of trendsetters living the life, travelling from one well-known city to
the next, tasting delicacies each has to offer litter the internet and other social media
sites. Some of you might have already visited some of these places. Others may
have relatives living in London and New York who send them items in balikbayan
boxes offering a taste of how they live in those areas. For some, these and other
similar sights fuel their desire to partake in what life has to offer. But have you once
stopped and think of why people prefer so me cities over the others to go to and visit
and eventually migrate into? What makes these top destinations appealing and to a
degree important?

Prior to the existing competition among major cities of the world to reign
supreme and be branded as the most powerful, the study of global cities has its
humble beginnings. It arose in the 1980's when researchers concerned themselves
with identifying common attributes found among cities considered as front liners in
development. Compared to the rural areas of nation-states, cities are seen as the
avenues where global networks and transactions transpire. It is where financial cash
flows of massive scales take p ace attracting companies and multinational
corporations to invest in infrastructures and other business endeavors which in turn
generate employment opportunities for their citizens. Other individuals become
attracted as well to migrate into these global cities because it comes with a promise of
a better life than that which they already have.

According to the Britannica Encyclopedia, a global city is an urban centre that

enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized
economic system. The term was first used by a sociologists named Saskia Sassen in
1884, she primarily used economics as the main criteria for determining which of the
cities all over the world is to be labeled as such. In her research in the said period, she
was able to identity three cities considered as centers of capitalism and global
financial transactions: London, Tokyo and New York. In support to this selection,
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Manuel Castells stated that:

... London because it is the world's leading financial market as far as

transactions are concerned and also constitutes a crucial airport node and is one of
the ends of the economic backbone that crosses Europe; New York for being the main
receiver of capital flows and service exporter, and Tokyo for being the greatest
capital lender and the headquarters of the most important banks in the world, as well
as an international center in the economy of services, education, advertising, and
design."

However, several changes have occurred since the time the term was coined.
Such changes includes the development of improved transportation,
telecommunications, production, science, warfare, the internet, other technological
innovations, migration, cultural exchanges - all of which were not included as
criterion in determining global cities.
The fact is the world today is characterized mainly of unrelenting progress in
numerous aspects of human life. This basically makes it difficult to have just one
definition of what a global city is. So in going about this endeavor of determining
which city or cities belong to the cluster of global cities let us examine some its
indicators.

Sassen is not mistaken for considering economics as a major determining factor

of a global city as this primarily becomes the most appealing feature that attracts
people from all walks of life to move in.

The then list of characteristics and attributes that made a city a forerunner in the
global scene has transformed and within it included other criterion such as the
occurrence of an international population based. Global cities now become melting
pots of international culture and cuisine. In the image below, a Mongolian BBQ shop
is cozily located in the heart of Dublin. This and other similar establishments offering
foreign products are a familiar scene for a vast majority. As explained in previous
chapters, this is made possible because of globalization.
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Global cities are also has the greatest number of business infrastructures housing
international organizations, and businesses alike. They undoubtedly become seats of
power where political, economic, cultural and religious engagements are overseen. To
make this characteristic more clearly, let us consider the United Nations, a powerful

https://www.e-zigurat.com/blog/en/smart-cities-urbanization-challenges/
organization capable of providing international humanitarian aids to countries in need.
Its headquarters is strategically located in New York. As with London who has
advantageously positioned itself as a global banking and financial centre. They are also
centers of innovation and higher learning. Global cities boasts having the world's top
universities like Boston's Harvard University and Cambridge University in England.
These and several other features make up the characteristics of what a global city must
have.
Challenges to Global Cities

By this time, you might have an idea of what a global city is and so we move to
the next challenge of carefully examining the challenges that comes with the rise of
global cities.

The first of these challenges is the significant rise in the city population as people
flock towards cities trying their luck to improve their financial status. However, not
all who migrates to cities are rewarded for many end up contributing to the slum
populace. Globalization creates a rush of high paying jobs within global cities
creating a chain reaction demanding low income employment to attend to their
growing needs. These low income jobs comprise of domestic helpers, maids, cooks,
food attendants. Thus implying that flocking to global cities does necessarily mean a
good life for everyone.

With the significant rise in the population, several other issues spring out which
leads us to the next challenge which is food and water shortage. Researches reveals
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that 2.5 billion individuals have no access to clean water and sanitation. Many people
still go hungry as food is unevenly distributed all over the world bringing into
question global food security food security.

Lastly, the problem about climate change and rising temperatures. Cities are
considered as the greatest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change
affects more people than others for some are more equipped to handle the effects of
climate change.

Activity 1.2.

Tara Na Byahe Tayo!

You will be assigned a global city to discuss and research on. You shall present
an imagined group educational tour in the global city showing pictures of the places
you visited in the fictional tour. Your output should include answers to the following
guide questions:
1. How would you describe your city?

2. What is your city best known for?

3. What makes your city a global city?

4. What are the challenges these cities are facing?Lesson 2

Global Demography
Learning Outcomes:
 Identify the different international issues and trends in global population;
 Synthesize the concept of globalization in relation to demography and
population; and
 Explain demographic transition as it affects global population.

Activity 2.1.
Choose one among the political cartoons given and explain its connotation.

A. B
.
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e-mail address: [email protected] Barangay Labnig, San Juan, Ilocos Sur

C.

The UNICEF estimates the all around the world, an estimate of 353,000 babies
are born each year. That's an approximate of 4.3 babies being born in every second.
Ten years from now, you might be contributing to the world's increasing population
yourself. You may have started your own family of procreation and even built a
private townhouse. Future plans that may further fuel your desire to do well in school
and earn a degree or two. Married couples in several highly developed countries opt
to have one or two children as they focus most of their energy saving money to
provide for their kids need. Having less number of children would ensure that most, if
not, all of their needs are satisfactorily met. An ideal number to progenies may have
also come into your mind as prices of basic commodities seem to increase steadily for
the past years. Demography, basically looks into the different elements of population
like size, mortality rates, income, incidence of diseases, and fertility rates for these
have a direct relationship with the quality of the society's complex makeup. Are there
consequences if global demography is not checked and controlled? Is having a
majority of old population beneficial for the society? Is an increased influx of
migrants a sign of a booming economy? These are but a few of the questions that we
intend to shed light on with this chapter.

History of man is speckled with stories of people migrating from one place to the
next either in search for food, escape raiders, conquest or for pleasure. Possibly in this
point in your life, some of you may have plans of pursuing a career abroad attracted
by the sights and sounds of the city life. Perhaps, you may have lured by friends and
families who have successfully rooted themselves in a foreign land. Such is the nature
of man - to be mobile. Demography is the study of population based on elements like
age, race and sex. With the migration and unrestrained increase in the population, the
natural order of things gets upset, and changes have to be made in order to offset
these imbalances. For example, if people flock to the cities, more food, basic
commodities and employment are required to accommodate these migrants. If the
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growing population is kept underfed, undernourished aflicted with sickness, the future
manpower of the society may not be as effective. Lawmakers and policy makers alike
consider the demography of their nation when drafting bills, acts and ordinances to be
executed for the maximum benefit of the people.
Countries all over the world experience the entry of foreigners at an unprecedented rate.
Surveys show that more that more than 160 million individuals live out of their country of
origin. Factors accounting for this transition can range from simple employment
opportunities to flight from human rights abuses and political repression. Motivations for
migration have been categorized into either the Push Factor or Pull Factors.

Push Factor

Survival for themselves, or for their family, is one of most obvious motives
which explain migration. Escape either from man-made disasters, civil war and
decline of economic opportunities threatening them of starvation can be prime
motivators. They leave their land in order to secure safety for themselves because
their communities can no longer sustain life for its people.

To put it simply, push factors refer to causes that drive a number of people to
abandon their residences.

Pull Factor

In highly industrialized countries, fertility levels still continue to decline posing a

possible collapse in the population in the times to come. European countries suffer an
aging population meaning fewer people are able to work given the circumstances.
Immigration, or the movement of people in the country, may help ease the labor
deficiency but not enough to solution this persistent problem. Nonetheless, It serves
as a gateway for employment seekers to benefit from it.

In the contrary, continents like Africa and parts of Asia with high fertility rates
create rapidly emerging communities unable to cope with the demands of the
population like employment, health services, and education. People opt to leave these
densely populate areas and take their chances elsewhere.
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Global Demographic Issues

The following are listed as the leading global demographic issues facing the
world today. They become problems because they are the outright consequence of
globalization and uncontrolled economic growth and decline.

A. Uneven population growth worldwide

Because of the lack of population growth control mechanisms, education and
freedom to decide for themselves, some developing countries' population like Niger
and Tanzania tend to grow at an alarming rate. Africa has one of the highest incidents
of birth rates with an average of 6.49 children per mother. It has been projected that
Africa's overall population would have exceeded Europe's in 2050.

Many of developing countries in Asia rely on agriculture, as the major driving

force of the economy thus having more number of children is necessary to maintain
farm operation. On the contrary, residents of high income and developed countries
tend to limit their offspring to one or two. Aside from the abundant supply and
selection of birth control methods, parents in this part of the world tend to focus their
attention to saving enough money for future needs such as medical expenses,
insurances, matriculation and retirement funds to mention a few. Meaning having
more than two children can become too expensive.

To put it simply, there is a converse relationship between the economic level of a

country and its population. In poor countries, birth rates lean towards being high
whilst in rich countries, birth rates tend to decline. Though some policy makers put
forward solutions like one child policy, legalization of abortion and other sterilization
process to restrain population, differences in belief and cultural practices make it
impossible to come up with a single answer.

B. Demographic Pressures on the Environment.

Demographers and researches alike agree in saying that the existing and still
growing number of people in the world surpasses the maximum number of inhabitants
that the planet can actually sustain. Naturally, people need resources in order to
survive. Resources that only nature and the environment could provide. Man,
millennia's ago discovered agriculture which enabled him to exploit the land towards
his own benefit. Being able to produce food for himself eventually resulted to the
increase in population. Nowadays, technology even furthered such developments in
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agriculture incl ding livestock raising, creating a variety of produce, increasing the
yield and producing food for consumption. However, nature has its limits and over
exploiting it can have catastrophic consequences. With the substantial use of
fertilizers and other detrimental chemicals with the goal of increasing food production,
land and water resources become polluted giving rise to a great number of global
concerns. Nature is unable to heal herself because of the relentless desire of man to
satisfy his needs and wants.

C. Slum Urbanization
Whilst globalization stirs the flow of financial capital generating income and
wealth, not all individuals are given a fair share in these riches. Wealth tends to
accumulate on the upper strata of the social hierarchy benefiting a specific social
class of the society making upward mobility impossible and widening the gap of
social inequality. So what happens when people move into cities and they don’t find
jobs to support themselves, they become addition to the people living in slum areas.
These shantytown are common sight in areas like Manila, and places in India.

D. Spread of Diseases

Generation and spread of diseases and other terminal illnesses, like HIV/AIDS,
also hasten keeping pace with globalization. However, international aids and
programs have been organized in order to extend help and contain the further
circulate and create an epidemic.

Activity
Population Roller Coaster
Direction:
Explain your own take on the premise “As the population increases, the value of
life decreases.” You should write down your arguments whether you take pro or con
perspective.

Lesson 3
Global Migration
Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate an understanding of the global migration;
 Discuss the causes and effects of global migration;
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e-mail address: [email protected] Barangay Labnig, San Juan, Ilocos Sur

 Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors

underlying the global movements of people; and
 Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of OFWS.

Activity 3.1.

Given 2 choices, one is to pursue your career abroad some time in the future,
and the other is to work in your own country. What will you choose and what are
your reasons?

This lesson will discuss about the impact of global migration in each country as
well as its causes and effects. The lesson will emphasize that global migration has
always been and will be forever part of globalization. That there is nothing wrong nor
evil of it, but it will however give us a clearer picture of the phenomena and will give
as a better understanding of its occurrence and effects.

Migration

Migration means crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a

certain minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998, chapter 2). It is classified as either
internal migration which refers to a move from one area (a province, district or
municipality) to another within one country or International migration which means
crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world's approximately 200 states from
another. Many scholars argue that internal and international migration are part of the
same process, and should be analyzed together (Skeldon 1997, 9-10).

Migration is thus both a result and a cause of development. Development leads to

migration, because economic and educational improvements make people capable of
seeking better opportunities elsewhere. It simply means that people from different
walks of life, either for purposes of business opportunities, family affairs or even
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unwanted reasons, are experiencing migration as agents of cultural or political change.

As history will tell us, migration has already been a practice ever since the world
began.
One of the reason of migration is disparity in levels of income, employment and
social well-being between differing areas. With a family to feed or a responsibility to
earn, the individual is keen to exert the effort to look for better jobs with better pay.
Thus in his search for a greener pasture, he becomes motivated to relocated himself
whatever it might cause him. In his search, he will find himself in a certain
neighborhood that has been the center of immigrant settlement, with significant
business openings, services and convenience which are not usually found in their
place of origin. Significantly, these new place houses everything, from the places of
worship, ethic groupings and socio-cultural linkages, thus no new immigrant is left
out because he can easily blend in. A new perspectives set in where women are
likewise given the same opportunities as that of men thus female migration is
accommodated as they moved in independently or as heads of households.

For better understanding, the migrants come now with different criterion.
(Stephen Castles, 2000)

1. Temporary labor migrants- they are popularly known as overseas contract

workers who migrate for a limited period in order to work and send remittances to
their families left at home.

2. Highly skilled and business migrants- they are the people with special skills
and qualification who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce
skills.

3. Irregular migrants (also known as undocumented or illegal migrants): people

who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without the necessary
documents and permits.

4. Refugees- is a person residing outside his or her country of nationality, who is

unable or unwilling to return because of a 'well-founded fear of persecution on
account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion' (1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees)

5. Asylum-seekers -people who move across borders in search of protection

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6. Forced migration - this includes not only refugees and asylum-seekers but
also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or development projects.

7. Family members (also known as family reunion or family reunification

migrants) - migration to join people who have already entered an immigration country
under one of the above categories.
8. Return migrants: people who return to their countries of origin after a
period in another country.

Migration may assist or hinder development

Remittances is considered one of the many massive contributions to the national

accounts of many emigration countries. Through the money that they are sending, the
government earns a bulk that helps finance the development investment of the country.
Emigrants are given the opportunity to travel aboard and to be able to learn other
people's culture, history and environment. They became adaptive with the place
where they are in and were able to obtain additional knowledge and insights which
cannot be learn thru books but only by interactions. Countries are mandated to
observe international cooperation to help ensure orderly migration and to heighten the
involvement of migration to development.

One on the main disadvantage brought by migration is the "brain drain". Brain
drain is a problem for many poor countries losing skilled workers to richer countries.
The most skilled and most talented workers of a certain less developed country are
bound to look for better job opportunities or employment in a developed countries
considering work guarantee and better lives conditions for himself and that of his
family. However, the country where he came from is to settle with those who are left
as its workforce but cannot do anything because it has no remedy to the situation. It is
to add further that the regulation of emigration from less-developed countries is often
ineffective thus allows exploitative employment and abuses. Many of the emigrants
has stories to tell when it deals with abuses, cruelty and violence. Crimes like women
and children trafficking, smuggling, drug related cases and other forms of crimes are
being charged to them or they became victims of such. For these reasons, the
government must create and have strong teeth for its implementations of policies and
laws that prevent abuses or exploitation of their citizens while they are abroad. If the
government will be able implement the policies and laws, it will guarantee the safety
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e-mail address: [email protected] Barangay Labnig, San Juan, Ilocos Sur

and well-being of its citizens. In addition to these, the government must provide
assistance in cases of death, illness, accidents and other similar cases of same nature
to its citizens It is in a way to show the gratitude of the government as to the help
these emigrants are doing for the economic growth of the country.

Many of the emigrants who finds good paying employment abroad still wishes to
come home to be with their families. The money acquired or have been saved from
work abroad is used as an investment for a new business or enterprise. However,
many countries do not have policies to assist returning migrants to start anew in their
own country. Usually, they are left on their own on how to manage their own affairs.
Some become successful but majority suffers from a major setback. They will settle
in finding a job but face difficulty in finding a job commensurate with the skills they
have acquired abroad. Thus will eventually decide to go back abroad and leave again
their families. To avoid such chain, the government should institutionalize a plan of
action that will benefit the returning emigrants, for them to be given better options in
staying in their country than going back abroad.

Activity
OFW Interview
Direction:
Interview a former or current OFW (face-to-face or online). Your interview
should answer the following questions.
1. State the reasons why the OFW decided to leave the country.

2. What are the problems they encountered in the country they went to?

3. What are the benefits they obtained in the country they went to?

4. What are the significant differences as well as the similarities with the country they
went to and our country?
5. If they are given the choice, would they still leave our country? Why and why not?
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References:

S. Amer Ahmed. (2015). How are global demographics changing? Retrieved April
9, 2019 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/how-are-global-
demographics-changing/.

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2019 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/global-city.

Demographics. Planetary Project Serving Humanity. Retrieved April 12, 2019 from
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Kiprop, Victor. (2017). What is A Global City? World Atlas. Retrieved April 12,
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La Croix, Summer, J., Mason, A., and Abe, S. Population and Globalization.
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Sadles, Stephanie. (2014). What makes a Global City? The Global Educational
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Sassen, Saskia. Global City: Introducing a Concept. Retrieved April 12, 2019 from
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from http://ww.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population/world-
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