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MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

FORCE ON CHARGE PARTICLE IN MAGNETIC FIELD :

If a charge particle q is moving with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B at an angle θ with the direction of magnetic
field , the force experienced by charge particle depends upon
(1) F q (2) F v (3) F B (4) F sin θ
Combining all F qvB sin θ
F = K qvB sin θ
For all systems of units K = 1
F = qvB sin θ

In vector form F=qv×B

Case (1) If charge particle is moving perpendicular to magnetic field ; θ = 90° ; sin θ = 1
F = qvB = Max.
Case (2) If charge particle is moving parallel to magnetic field ; θ = 0° ; sin θ = 0
F=0
Case (3) If charge particle is stationary in magnetic field ; v = 0
F=0

DEFINITION OF MAGNETIC FIELD :

F = qvB sin θ
If q = 1 ; v = 1 ; θ = 90° ; sin θ = 1
B=F
Thus magnetic field intensity at a point in magnetic field is equal to the force experienced by a unit charge moving with
unit velocity perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field at that point .
It is a vector quantity . It's S.I. unit is N/Am , Tesla (T) and Wb/m2 . It's C.G.S. unit is Gauss (G)
1 T = 104 G

FLEMING'S LEFT HAND RULE :

If we stretch middle finger , index finger and thumb of our left hand mutually perpendicular to each other , then middle
finger represents direction of motion of positive charge ( or direction of current ) , index finger represents direction of
magnetic field and thumb represents direction of force .

BIOT- SAVART'S LAW :

According to Biot and Savart's law the magnitude of magnetic field induction at a point P due to current element dl of an
infinite long conductor carrying current I depends upon
(1) dB I (2) dB dl (3) dB sin θ (4) db 1
r2
Combining all dB I dl sin θ
r2
dB = μ0 I dl sin θ
4π r2 I P

Here μ0 = 10-7 Wb/Am θ

4π dl r
μ0 is called absolute magnetic permeability of free space
In vector form
dB = μ0 I dl × r
4π r3

RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE :

If we hold the current carrying conductor in the grip of our right hand so that the thumb points in the direction of current
then the curvature of fingers represent direction of magnetic field around the conductor .

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR OF FINITE LENGTH :

According to Biot - savart's law , The magnetic field due to current
element dl at point P
dB =μ0 I dl sin θ …..(1)
4π a2
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In ∆POC θ + φ = 90° θ = 90° - φ
sin θ = sin ( 90° - φ ) = cos φ
Also cos φ = r a=r
a cos φ Y
And tan φ = l l = r tan φ
r I
Differentiating w.r.t. φ r φ2 P
dl = r sec2 φ dφ O φ
Substituting these values in eq(1) φ1
dB = μ0 I r sec2φ dφ cosφ l θ a
4π r 2
dl
cosφ C
dB = μ0 I cosφ dφ
4π r
Now total magnetic field at P due to the whole conductor X
φ φ
2 2
B= μ0 I cosφ dφ = μ0 I sinφ = μ0 I [ sinφ2 - sin(-φ1) ]
4π r 4π r -φ
1 4π r
-φ
1
B = μ0 I [ sinφ1 + sinφ2 ]
4π r

Case (1) If the conductor is of infinite length and point P lies near it's centre . r P
φ1 = φ2 = 90°
B = μ0 2I
4π r
B = μ0 I
2π r
Here μ0 = 2 × 10-7
2π r P

Case (2) If the conductor is of infinite length and point P lies near it's one end .
φ1 = 90° , φ2 = 0°
B = μ0 I
4π r

MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE CENTRE OF CIRCULAR COIL CARRYING CURRENT : dl

According to Biot - savart's law magnetic field at the centre of loop
due to current element dl
dB = μ0 I dl sin90° = μ0 I dl r
4π r2 4π r2 I
Here θ = 90° , because at every point on circumference current element O
is perpendicular to radius of loop .

B= μ0 I dl = μ0 I dl
4π r2 4πr2
But dl = 2πr
B = μ0 I ( 2πr )
4π r2
B = μ0 I
2r
If loop has N turns B = μ0NI
2r
RIGHT HAND PALM RULE :
If we curl the fingers of our right hand in the direction of current then erect thumb will represent the direction of
magnetic field .
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MAGNETIC FIELD AT A POINT ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR CURRENT CARRYING COIL :
According to Biot-Savart's law the magnetic field
at point P due to current element dl at C C
dB = μ0 I dl sin90° dl dbcosφ dB
4π a2 r a φ
Put a = √ r2 + x2 I
dB = μ0 I dl φ P dB sinφ
4π ( r2 + x2 ) O x φ dB sinφ
Similarly magnetic field at P due to current φ
element dl at D dB
dB = μ0 I dl dl dBcosφ
4π ( r2 + x2 ) D
Resolving both the dB in two rectangular components
db cosφ and dB cosφ cancel out each other and dB sinφ being in same direction are added up . This will be true for all
diametrically opposite current elements of loop , hence total magnetic field at P .

B= dB sinφ = μ0 I dl sinφ = μ0 I sinφ dl

4π ( r2 + x2 ) 4π ( r2 + x2 )

Put sinφ = r and dl = 2πr

√ r 2 + x2
B = μ0 I r ( 2πr )
4π ( r2 + x2 ) √ r2 + x2
B = μ0 I r2
2 ( r2 + x2 )3/2
If loop has N turns
B = μ0 NI r2
2 ( r2 + x2 )3/2
Special case :
When point P lies at the centre of the circular loop x=0
B = μ0NI
2r

AMPERE'S CIRCUITAL LAW :

The line integral magnetic field B around any closed path in free space is equal to μ0 times the total current I passing
through the surface enclosed by the closed path .

B . dl = μ0 I

Proof : The magnetic field intensity at a distance r from I B

a straight current carrying conductor
B = μ0 I O r dl
2π r
Consider an amperian circular loop of radius r around the
conductor and also consider an element of length dl
on the loop such that B ‖ dl
Now line integral of B around the loop

B . dl = B dl cos 0° = B dl = μ0 I ( 2π r )
2π r
B . dl = μ0 I

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTOR :

(1) Inside ( r < R )
Current density j = I
πR2
Now current passing through the inner loop of radius r
I' = I × πr2 = I r2
πR2 R2
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By Ampere's circuital law

B . dl = μ I' I

B dl cos 0° = μ I'
R
B dl = μ I'

B ( 2πr ) = μ I r2 B
R2
B=μ Ir r r dl
2π R2 Q P
But μr = μ μ = μrμ0
μ0
B = μrμ0 Ir
2π R2
Clearly B r

(2) At the surface ( r = R )

B=μ I B =μrμ0 I
2π R 2π R

(3) Out side ( r > R )

By Ampere's circuital law

B . dl = μ0 I

B dl cos 0° = μ0 I

B dl = μ0 I

B ( 2πr ) = μ0 I
B = μ0 I
2π r

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A SOLENOID :

Consider a square amperian loop of side L near the middle of solenoid . The line integral of magnetic field B over the
closed path PQRS
Q R S P

B . dl = B . dl = B . dl = B . dl = B . dl …….(1)
P Q R S
Q Q Q

B . dl = B dl cos 0° = B dl = BL
P P P
R R

B . dl = B dl cos 90° = 0
Q Q
S

B . dl = 0 ( as outside the solenoid B=0)

R
P
P
B . dl = B dl cos 90° = 0
S S
Put these value in eq (1)

B . dl = BL

By Ampere's circuital law

B . dl = μ0 IPQRS
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If n is the number of turns per unit length and I is the current per turn then
IPQRS = nL I
Now
B . dl = μ0 nL I

BL = μ0 nL I
B = μ0 nI
This is the expression of magnetic field at a point well inside the solenoid . At the ends of solenoid
Bend = μ0 nI
2

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO TOROID :

Suppose B1 is the magnetic field in loop 1 , then line integral of B1 along loop 1

B1 . dl1 = B1 dl1 cos 0° = B1 dl1 = B1 ( 2πr1 )

By Ampere's circuital law

B1 . dl1 = μ0 I1

As loop 1 encloses no current , I1 = 0

B1 ( 2πr1 ) = 0
B1 = 0
Suppose B3 is the magnetic field in loop 3 ,
then line integral of B3 along loop 3

B3 . dl3 = B3 dl3 cos 0° = B3 dl3 = B3 ( 2πr3 )

By Ampere's circuital law

B3 . dl3 = μ0 I3

As in loop 3 for every turn the current coming out of the turn is canceled exactly by the current going into it therefore the
total current enclosed by loop 3 is also zero , I3 = 0
B3 ( 2πr3 ) = 0
B3 = 0
Suppose B is the magnetic field in loop 2 , then line integral of B along loop 2

B . dl2 = B dl2 cos 0° = B dl2 = B ( 2πr2 )

By Ampere's circuital law

B . dl2 = μ0 I2

If n is the number of turns per unit length and I is the current per turn then total current enclosed by loop 2 ,
I2 = n ( 2πr2 ) I
Now B ( 2πr2 ) = μ0 n ( 2πr2 ) I
B = μ0 nI

MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD :

Resolve velocity v of charged particle into two
rectangular components
vx = v cosθ ; vy = v sinθ
For component velocity vy the force on
charged particle in magnetic field
Fy = q vy B sin 90° = q vy B
As this force is perpendicular to the direction of
velocity it can not change magnitude of velocity ,
however it can change only direction of velocity .
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Hence due to this force charge particle moves on a circular path ,now the centripetal force required by the charge
particle is provided by the magnetic force
q vy B = mvy2
r
r = mvy r = mv sinθ
qB qB
if the charge particle is entirely moving perpendicular to magnetic field θ = 90° sinθ = 1
Now r = mv
qB
Here r is the rdius of circular path .The time period of one complete revolution
T = 2πr = 2π mv
v v qB
T = 2πm
qB
Now frequency of revolution
ν = 1 = qB
T 2πm
For component velocity vx the force on charge particle
Fx = q vx B sin 0° = 0
Now the charge particle will cover linear path due to this force .
Thus under the combined effect of two component velocities vy and vx the charge particle will cover circular as well as
linear path i.e. overall path of charge particle in magnetic field will be helical .
The linear distance covered by the charge particle in magnetic field in time period of one complete revolution is known as
pitch of helix .
d = vx T = ( v cosθ ) 2πm
qB

LORENTZ FORCE :
The force experienced by a charge particle moving in a space where both electric and magnetic field exist is called
Lorentz force .
Force on charge particle due to electric field
Fe = qE
Force on charge particle due to magnetic field
Fm = q v × B
Now Lorentz force
F = Fe + Fm
F=q(E+v×B)
Case (1) :
When v , E and B are co linear then v × B = 0
F = qE
Now acceleration a = F = qE
m m
Case (2) :
When v , E and B are mutually perpendicular to each other in such a manner that
F = Fe + Fm = 0
In magnitude Fe = Fm
qE = qvb
v=E
B

CYCLOTRON :
Cyclotron is a device which is used for accelerating positive charged particles like proton , α particle etc.
Principal :
A positive charged particle can be accelerated to a sufficiently high kinetic energy with the help of smaller values of
oscillating electric field by making it to cross the same electric field time and again with the help of strong magnetic field .

Working and theory :

The positive charged particle to be accelerated is initially placed at P in the gap between two hollow metallic discs D1 and
D2 . Initially D1 is negative and D2 is positive therefore the charged particle is accelerated towards D1 and inside D1 due to
perpendicular magnetic field it will describe a semicircular path of radius ,
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r = mv
qB
Time taken by the charged particle to describe semicircular path ,
2πm
t = T = qB
2 2
t = πm = constant
qB
This time is independent of both the speed of particle and radius of semicircular path . In case the time period of half
revolution of charge particle is equal to the time of half cycle of electric oscillator then as the charged particle arrives in
the gap between two dees the polarity of the dees is reversed i.e. D1 becomes positive and D2 becomes negative . Now
the charged particle accelerated towards D2 and inside D2 it describes a semicircular path of greater radius with greater
speed and again will arrive in the gap between two dees exactly the instant polarity of two dees is reversed . Thus the
charged particle will go on accelerating every time it comes in the gap between the dees and will go on describing
semicircular paths of greater radius with greater speed and finally comes out through the window W from the dees on
acquiring a sufficient high kinetic energy .

Maximum K.E. of charge particle :

As in cyclotron mv2 = qvB
r
v = qBr
m
Now Maximum K.E. = 1 mv2 = 1 m q2B2r2
2 2 m2
K.E. = q2B2r2
2m
Cyclotron Frequency :
ν = qB
2πm
Cyclotron Angular Frequency :
ω = 2πν = qB
m
Limitations of Cyclotron :
(1) A charge particle can not be accelerated by cyclotron
beyond a certain limit i.e. comparable to the speed of light . At this very high speed the mass of particle varies according
to Einstein's relation m = m0
1 - v2
c2
Here m0 = rest mass of the particle . As v increases due to variation of mass t also increases , now charge particle will take
longer time to describe semicircular path than the time for half cycle of oscillating electric field . As a result the particle
will not arrive in the gap between two dees exactly at the instant , the polarity of two dees is reversed and hence will not
be accelerated further .
(2) Cyclotron is suitable only for accelerating heavy particles like proton , α particle . Electrons can not be accelerated by
it because they are very light particles and go quickly out of step with cyclotron frequency .
(3) The uncharged particles like neutrons can not be accelerated by cyclotron .

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN MAGNETIC FELD :

Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross-section A
is placed in uniform magnetic field B at an angle θ from the
direction of field . Force experienced by each free electron
of conductor due to magnetic field I
f = e vd B sinθ B
If n is the electron density then total numbers of free electrons
inside conductor = n Al
Now total magnetic force on the conductor
F = n Al e vd B sinθ θ
F = neA vd Bl sinθ
Here neA vd = I
Now F = IBl sinθ
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Case(1) : If conductor is placed perpendicular to magnetic field
θ = 90° sinθ = 1
F = IBl
Case(2) : If conductor is placed parallel to magnetic field
θ = 0° sinθ = 0
F=0

FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINEAR CONDUCTORS CARRYING CURRENT :

Magnetic field at point P on conductor C2D2 due to C1 C2 C1 C2
current I1 flowing through conductor C1D1
B1 = μ0 I1
2π r
Now force on unit length of conductor C2D2 due to I1 I2 I1 I2
magnetic field B1
F2 = I2B1(1) (l=1) (·) F1 F1 F2
F2 = μ0 I1I2 ( towards C1D1 ) ….(1) Q (×) Q (×) (×) P
2π r F2 P
Similarly force on unit length of conductor C1D1 due to
magnetic field B2 of current I2 r r
F1 = μ0 I1I2 ( towards C2D2 ) ….(2)
2π r D1 D2 D1 D2
Hence force on unit length of each conductor (a) (b)
F = μ0 I1I2
2π r
Note : The two linear parallel conductor carrying currents in same direction attract each other and if they carrying
currents in opposite direction they repel each other .

DEFINITION OF AMPERE :
F = μ 0 I1 I2
2π r
Suppose I1 = I2 = 1A ; r = 1m then F = 2 × 10-7 N/m
Thus 1A is that much current which when flowing through each of the two parallel linear conductors placed in free space
at a distance of 1m apart attract or repel each other with a force of 2 × 10-7 N per metre of their length .

TORQUE ON A CURRENT CARRYING COIL IN MAGNETIC FIELD :

The force on arm PS and QR of loop b
F3 = F4 = I B b sinθ F4 F2
F3 and F4 are equal in magnitude and S
opposite in direction so they cancel θ
F2
out each other . P T θ S
Now force on arm PQ and RS of loop I B θ B
F1 = F2 = I B l sin 90° = IBl l
F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and R P b
opposite in direction but they are also F1 θ

parallel to each other therefore they Q

form a couple which tries to rotate F3 F1
the loop in magnetic field . Now torque of this couple
τ = either force × perpendicular distance between them
τ = IBl × TS
In ∆ PTS
TS = cosθ TS = PS cosθ = b cosθ
PS
Now τ = IBl × b cosθ = I ( l × b ) B cosθ
Here l × b = A ( area of loop ) , therefore
τ = IAB cosθ
If normal to the plane of loop makes an angle α with the direction of magnetic field then
θ + α = 90° θ = 90° - α cosθ = cos ( 90° - α ) = sinα
Now τ = IAB sinα
If loop has N turns
τ = NIAB sinα
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MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER :
Principle :
When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field it experiences a torque .
Theory and working :
Torque experienced by a rectangular current carrying loop in magnetic field
τ = NIAB sinα
If the magnetic field is radial ( i.e. plane of coil in all positions is parallel to magnetic field )
then α = 90° and sinα = sin90° = 1
τ = NIAB
Due to this torque the coil rotates and the phosphor
bronze strip gets twisted , as a result a restoring torque
comes into play which would try to restore the coil
back to it's original position . If θ is twist produced in
the phosphor bronze strip and k is the torsional
constant ( i.e. restoring torque per unit twist ) , then
total restoring torque
τ' = kθ
In equilibrium ,
the deflecting torque = the restoring torque
NIAB = kθ
I = kθ
NBA
Here k = constant
NBA
I θ

Current sensitivity :
The deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current flows through it is called current sensitivity .
Current sensitivity Is = θ = NBA
I k
S.I. unit is rad/A or div/A

Voltage sensitivity :
The deflection produced in galvanometer when a unit voltage is applied across the two terminals of galvanometer is
called voltage sensitivity .
Voltage sensitivity Vs = θ = θ = NBA = Is
V IR kG G
Here G is the resistance of galvanometer . S.I. unit is rad/V or div/V

AMMETER :
A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a shunt ( low resistance wire in parallel ) with the
galvanometer .
Suppose Ig is the value of current that produce full scale deflection in the galvanometer and I is the maximum current to
be measured by the ammeter . To do so a shunt of resistance S is connected so that out of total current I a part Ig
should pass through the galvanometer and remaining ( I - Ig ) flows through the shunt .
As in parallel potential difference is the same
Ig G = ( I - Ig ) S
S = Ig G
( I - Ig ) S
Now it works as an ammeter for the range 0 to I Ampere .
The effective resistance of ammeter
RA = GS
G+S
As shunt is a low resistance therefore combined resistance
of ammeter becomes much lower than galvanometer .
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance .

VOLTMETER :
A galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer .
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Suppose Ig is the value of current that produce full scale deflection in the galvanometer and V is the potential difference
to be measured by the voltmeter . To do so a high resistance R is connected in series so that if potential difference V is
applied across the voltmeter a current Ig flows through it .
As in series total resistance = G + R
By Ohm's law Ig = V
G+R
G+R=V
Ig
R=V-G
Ig
Now it works as voltmeter of range 0 to V Volt .
The effective resistance of voltmeter
RV = G + R
As R is high resistance therefore combined resistance of voltmeter becomes much higher than galvanometer . An ideal
voltmeter has infinite resistance .

MAGNETIC DIPOLE :
A magnetic dipole consists of two unlike poles of equal strength and separated by a small distance .

MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT : S m O m N

Magnetic dipole moment of a magnet is equal to the product of
strength of either pole (m) and magnetic length (2l) of magnet . l l
M = m × 2l
It is a vector quantity . It's direction is from S - pole to N - pole of magnet . It's S.I. unit is Am2 .
The S.I unit of pole strength is Am .
B
CURRENT LOOP AS MAGNETIC DIPOLE :
Suppose current is flowing through a loop in anticlockwise M
direction then upper face of loop acquires north polarity and
lower face acquires south polarity , hence current loop behaves
like a magnetic dipole . I N
The magnetic dipole moment of current loop depends upon
(1) M I
(2) M A S
Combining both
M IA
M = NIA
Here N is the number of turns in the loop .

MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT OF ATOM DUE TO REVOLVING ELECTRON ( BOHR MAGNETON ) :

In every atom electrons revolve around the nucleus . A revolving electron is like a tiny loop of current which has a definite
magnetic moment . The current equivalent to electron
I=e
T
But T = 2πr
v
I = ev
2πr
Now area of electron loop , A = πr2
magnetic moment M = IA = ev πr2
2πr
M = evr …….(1)
2
According to Bohr's theory , angular momentum of electron
mvr = nh
2π
Here n is the number of orbit and h is the Planck's constant .
vr = nh
2πm
Put this value in eq (1)
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M = e nh
2 2πm
M = neh
4πm
Put eh = μB ; M = nμB
4πm
Here μB is the magnetic moment of electron corresponding to first orbit , this is also known as Bohr's magneton .
Now Bohr's magneton μB = eh
4πm

BAR MAGNET AS AN EQUIVALENT SOLENOID :

Consider a small elementary loop of width dx
of solenoid at a distance x from the centre O
of solenoid . If n is the number of turns per unit
length of solenoid then turns in width dx = n dx
Now magnetic field at point P on the axis of this
elementary loop dB = μ0 ( n dx )I a2
2 [ ( r - x )2 + a2 ]3/2
But point P lies at a very large distance from O i.e. r>> a and r >> x , then [ ( r - x )2 + a2 ]3/2 ≈ r3
dB = μ0 ( n dx )I a2
2r3
The magnitude of total magnetic field at P due to current carrying solenoid
+l +l +l
B= μ0 ( n dx )I a2 = μ0 n I a2 dx = μ0 n I a2 [ x ] = μ0 n I a2 [ 2l ]
2r3 2r3 2r3 -l
2r3
-l -l

B = μ0 2 ( n 2l ) I πa 2

4π r3
Here n 2l = N ; πa = A therefore ( n 2l ) I πa2 = NIA = M ( magnetic moment )
2

B = μ0 2M
4π r3
This is the expression for magnetic field on axial line of a short bar magnet , therefore behaviour of a solenoid is just like a
short bar magnet .

TORQUE ON A BAR MAGNET IN A MAGNETIC FIELD :

Force on N - pole of magnet
F = mB ( along B ) B
Force on S - pole of magnet N
F = mB ( opposite to B ) mB
Both the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite l
in direction therefore net force on magnetic dipole
will be zero , however these forces are parallel to O
each other so they form a couple which tries to rotate
the magnet in magnetic field . Now torque of this couple l
τ = either force × ꓕ distance between them θ
τ = mB ( NT ) mB S T
In Δ NTS sin θ = NT
NS
NT = NS sin θ = 2l sin θ
Now τ = mB ( 2l sin θ )
τ = ( m 2l ) B sin θ
Here m 2l = M ,
τ = MB sin θ
In vector form
τ=M×B

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD :

Torque on a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field
τ = MB sinθ
Due to this torque the magnet rotates and small amount of work done in rotating the magnet through a small angle dθ
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dW = τ dθ = MB sinθ dθ
Now total work done in rotating the magnet from angle θ1 to θ2 .
θ θ
2 2
W= MB sinθ dθ = MB [ - cosθ ] = MB [ -cosθ2 + cosθ1 ]
θ θ
1 1
W = MB ( cosθ1 - cosθ2 )
Case (1) If θ1 = 0° and θ2 = θ
W = MB ( 1 - cosθ )
Case (2) If θ1 = 90° and θ2 = θ
W = -MB cosθ
This work done is stored in the magnet as magnetic potential energy therefore
U = -MB cosθ
In vector form
U = -M . B

GAUSS'S LAW IN MAGNETISM :

The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero .
The net magnetic flux

φ = B . ds = 0

Hence the number of magnetic field lines leaving any closed surface is equal to the number of magnetic field lines
entering it .

MAGNETIC ELEMENTS OF EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD :

(1) Angle of declination :
At any place on earth the angle between magnetic meridian geographic
and geographic meridian is called angle of declination ( θ ) . meridian
θ
(2) Angle of inclination or angle of dip : H
In magnetic meridian the angle between total strength of δ
earth's magnetic field and horizontal direction is called
angle of dip ( δ ) . S
The maximum value of δ is 90° which occurs at magnetic
N - pole and magnetic S - pole of earth . N
V
(3) Horizontal component :
Resolving earth's magnetic field Be into two rectangular
components ,
Horizontal component
H = Be cosδ ……(1)
Vertical component magnetic
V = Be sinδ .……(2) Be meridian
Squaring and adding eq (1) and (2)
H2 + V2 = Be2 ( cos2δ + sin2δ )
Be = √ H2 + V2
Dividing eq (2) by (1)
V = Be sinδ
H Be cosδ
tanδ = V
H
At magnetic N - pole and S - pole of earth δ = 90°
H = 0 and V = Be
At magnetic equator of earth δ = 0°
H = Be and V = 0