FLORETS INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT FILE

2024-2025
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
EKTA TIWARI Anshika Srivastava
CLASS: 12th
ROLL NO:
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANSHIKA SRIVASTAVA
of class 12th has successfully completed the
Investigatory project on HUMAN
REPRODUCTION during academic year 2024-
2025 , under the guidance of MISS EKTA
TIWARI .
It is further certified that this project is an
individual work of the candidate.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Signature Signature

Principal`s Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Miss Ekta Tiwari.
Who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this worderful project on ‘HUMAN
REPRODUCTION’ and also helped me in
completing my project. By this project I came
to know about so many new things.
I am really thankful to her.
Secondally, I would like to thank my parents
and friends, who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project with in the limited time frame
Thank you
 TABLE OF CONTENT
 Introduction
 Male reproductive system
 Female reproductive system
 Gametogenesis
 Menstural cycle
 Fertilisation and implantation
 Pregnancy and embryonic
development
 Parturition and lactation
 Bibliography
 Teachers remark
 INTRODUCTION
All human beings undergo a sexual mode
of reproduction. In this process, two
parents are involved in producing a new
individual. Offspring are produced by the
fusion of gametes (sex cells) from each
parent. Hence, the newly formed
individual will be different from parents,
both genetically and physically. Human
reproduction is an example of sexual
reproduction.
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

The male reproductive system includes testes,

external genitalia, i.e. penis and accessory
ducts, viz., rete testis, vasa efferentia,
epididymis and vas deferens. Unlike the
female reproductive system, most parts of
the male reproductive system are located
outside the body. Apart from these parts, the
male reproductive system also includes the
male accessory glands that are prostate
glands, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral
glands.
 The male reproductive system is
responsible for producing, storing, and
releasing sperm for fertilization.
The main organs of the male reproductive
system are as follows:
 Testes: Produce androgens, like
testosterone, which maintain male
reproductive function. Testes also
produce and transport sperm.
 Epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal
vesicles: These ducts store and transport
sperm.
 Urethra: A tube that carries urine from
the bladder and ejaculates semen during
orgasm.
 Prostate: A walnut-sized gland that
surrounds the urethra and produces fluid
that nourishes sperm.
 Seminal vesicles: Sac-like pouches that
produce a sugar-rich fluid that helps
sperm move.
 Cowper's glands: Pea-sized glands located
on the sides of the urethra that produce a
small amount of fluid that makes up
semen.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

The female reproductive system is made up

of internal and external organs that perform
several functions, including reproduction,
menstruation, and the production of sex
hormones.
Some parts of the female reproductive
system include:
 Ovaries: Almond-shaped structures that
produce eggs
 Fallopian tubes: Muscular tubes that
connect the ovaries to the uterus and
transport eggs fertilization take place in
fallopian tube also known as oviduct.
 Uterus: Also known as the womb/hystra,
this organ houses the embryo during
development
 Mammary glands: Also known as breasts,
these modified sweat glands produce milk
to feed the newborn
 Vagina:The vagina is a muscular and elastic
tube that connects the cervix to the
external body. It functions as the receptacle
for the penis in sexual intercourse and
delivers sperm to the fallopian tubes and
uterus. It also acts as a birth canal by
expanding to allow delivery of the fetus
during childbirth.
 GAMETOGENESIS

Gametogenesis is the process of

production and development of
haploid gametes by the primary sex
organs, which are testes in males and
ovary in females.
 The production of male gametes
known as spermatozoa is known as
spermatogenesis
 the production of female gametes,
known as eggs or ova is known as
oogenesis.
SPERMATOGENESIS
In the male, immature germ cells are
produced in the testes. At puberty, in males,
these immature germ cells or spermatogonia
are converted into sperms by the process of
spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia are diploid
cells that undergo mitotic division and their
number increases. Primary spermatocytes
undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells-
secondary spermatocytes. These secondary
spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic
division to produce immature sperms or
spermatids. These spermatids undergo
spermiogenesis to transform into sperms.
Various hormones like GnRH, LH, FSH and
androgens are involved in stimulating
spermatogenesis.
 STRUCTURE OF SPERM
The spermatozoa in mammals essentially
only has three parts to it known as the
head, the midpiece, and the tail. The head
is the portion that contains the nucleus and
the vacuoles. The nucleus includes 23
densely structured chromosomes. At the
tip of the head is a flat structure known as
an acrosome.
 OOGENESIS

Oogenesis is the process of the formation of a

mature ovum from the oogonia in females.
It takes place in the ovaries.
During oogenesis, a diploid oogonium or
egg mother cell increases in size and gets
transformed into a diploid primary oocyte.
This diploid primary oocyte undergoes
first meiotic division i.e., meiosis I or
reductional division to form two unequal
haploid cells. The smaller cell is known as
the first polar body, while the larger cell is
known as the secondary oocyte. This
secondary oocyte undergoes second
meiotic division i.e., meiosis II or
equational division and gives rise to a
second polar body and an ovum. Hence, in
the process of oogenesis, a diploid
oogonium produces a single haploid ovum
while two or three polar bodies are
produced.

OOGENESIS
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual cycle is a complex, natural
cycle of changes that occurs in the female
body each month. It's a reproductive cycle
that prepares the body for pregnancy. The
menstrual cycle is divided into four
phases:
 Menstrual phase: The lining of the
uterus sheds, which lasts 3–5 days.
 Follicular phase: The primary follicle
develops into a mature Graffian
follicle, and the endometrium
proliferates.
 Ovulatory phase: Ovulation takes
place, usually between days 13–17.
 Luteal phase: The fate of the corpus
luteum is decided. If fertilization
occurs, pregnancy begins, and if it
doesn't, another cycle begins.
 The chemical messengers in our body
called hormones, released by various
endocrine glands are responsible for
many changes in a human body.
Menstruation is a slave to certain
hormones. Every phase of the
menstrual cycle is influenced by a
female hormones namely estrogen,
progesterone, FSH and LH. The
variation in the level of each of these
hormones decides the phase which a
girl undergoes.
 PRESENTATON OF VARIOUS EVENTS DURING
A MESTRUAL CYCLE
 MENARCHE: Start of menstural cycle(10-13
years)
 MENOPAUSE: stop of menstural cycle(45-50
years)
 FERTILISATION AND
IMPLANTATION
Fertilization and implantation are the
most critical events in the reproduction
process. In this process, both egg and
sperm are fused together to form a
zygote. Later it gets implanted into the
uterus and the development of an
organism.
FERTILISATION: During this process,
semen comprising thousands of sperms
are inseminated into the female vagina
during coitus. The sperms move towards
the uterus and reach the opening of the
fallopian tube. only a few sperms will
succeed in reaching the opening of the
fallopian tube.

 The secondary oocyte releases from the

matured Grafian follicle of the ovary and
enters into the fallopian tube, where it
 is fertilized
within 24
hours,
after which it
is released
from the
ovary.

 Though surrounded by several sperms,

the oocyte is fertilized by a single sperm.
During meiosis-II, the sperm enters the
secondary oocyte and completes the
meiosis. After this, the secondary oocyte
is known as the egg.

 Both sperm and egg can show their

vitality only to a limited period. Sperm is
alive for 48-72 hours in a female
reproductive system, whereas the egg
can be fertilized for 24 hours before it is
released.
CLEAVAGE:a rapid mitotic division leads to
implantation

IMPLANTATION: During fertilization, the
sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian
tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote
travels down the fallopian tube, where it
becomes a morula. Once it reaches the
uterus, the morula becomes a blastocyst. The
blastocyst then burrows into the uterine
wall — a process called implantation.
 PREGNANCY AND
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Pregnancy is the term used to describe
the period in which a fetus develops
inside a woman's womb or uterus.
Pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks,
or just over 9 months, as measured from
the last menstrual period to delivery.

EMBRYONIC DEVLOPMENT: Embryonic

development also known as embryogenesis, is
the process by which a fertilized egg develops
into an embryo.
 PARTURATION AND
LACTATION

 PARTURATION- At the end of pregnancy,

the process of the uterus contracting at
regular intervals aids in the delivery of the
child. This begins with the foetal ejection
reflex. The term “foetal ejection reflex”
refers to the signals for an ejection that
the fully formed foetus sends through the
placenta. These signals cause skeletal
muscles to contract.
 The gestation period is the period from
conception through birthing.
 LACTATION- It is the process by which
the mammary glands produce milk at the
end of pregnancy. Colostrum is the first
form of breast milk that the glands
produce. This milk is essential for the
infant because it gives the newborn their
initial protection against illnesses.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 www.youtube.com
 Wikipedia
 Chat Gpt
 Class 12 biology ncert
TEACHER’S REMARK