E-TECH Q1 UNIT (COVERAGE)

Lesson 1: ICT in Today's World

ICT refers to the convergence of computing and telecommunications and

encompasses all related technologies, including computing devices, systems, networks,
infrastructure, and even the people that build and use them.

What Technologies Comprise ICT?

Hardware
The physical components of computing devices, including processing units and input,
out, and network devices
Software
The programs that instruct computers on what to do. Software also allows people to
perform various tasks using computers
Data
The information that is generated, processed, or stored by computing systems. Data
can also be sent and received over connections and networks
Infrastructures
The physical structures that connect these technologies. This includes telephone and
data lines, cellular towers, network cables and appliances, and satellites.
People
The people that build, program, and use these technologies

Where is ICT Used?

Home
Many homes now have desktop computers. At the very least, a typical household
owns a smartphone. Newer "smart" appliances all have computing components inside them.
Television sets now have internet connectivity and built-in streaming apps.
Education
Teachers may use laptops and projectors to use slideshows as visual aids when
teaching inside the classroom. Most schools also have computer laboratories where
students are taught computing skills. Students may even be allowed to use computers to
work on projects on campus.
Business
Offices use productivity and business applications and internet services for their daily
tasks. Even stores now use various computing devices such as digital point-of-sale systems
(cash registers), product scanners, and cashless payment terminals
 Manufacturing
Manufacturing facilities have also become highly-digitized. Many industries now use
computers and robots to automate processes. This allows them to build products faster and
more efficiently.
Entertainment
Many modern films use computer-generated-imagery (CGI) for special effects.
Recording studio also use digital tools to record, edit and mix songs. ICT has also allowed
ordinary people to become entertainers Live events also use drones, holograms, and
augmented reality to create grand spectacles for audiences Commercially available digital
cameras and smartphones can capture high-resolution images and video footage that can
be used for video blogs (vlogs) and streaming
Healthcare
ICT is also used in healthcare. In hospitals, various machines are controlled by
computers Computers control medical imaging machines such as digital x-rays, computer-
aided tomography (CAT), and magnetic resonance imagery (MRI)
Agriculture
Farms now also use ICT to operate and run more efficiently, Global positioning
satellite (GPS) and mapping data help farmers understand the land to better plan their farm
layouts and crop rotation. Drones are also used to check the conditions of large portions of
crops by providing a detailed aerial view of farms.
 What are the Recent Trends in ICT?
Internet connectivity is improving all over the world. The amval of 5G of the 5th
generation global wirstess standard is expected to bring gigabit speeds and much lesser lag
or "latency" to mobile internet connections Many devices are now also being designed and
manufactured to be smart and can connect to the Internet Collectively, these are called
Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices.

Mobile Computing
Mobile devices are increasingly becoming more powerful
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing makes computing resources available to users’ on-demand over the
Internet
Cloud services rely on the collection of data centers from all over the world to deliver
these computing Resources.
The label "cloud basically refers to the Internet
Big Data
All of our social media posts, shared pictures and videos, internet searches, emails,
and document uploads are stored across the various servers and data storage
devices that comprise the internet
All these data can now be gathered, processed, and analyzed to gain insights
Blockchain
Blockchain technology provides a means for recording information securely and
transparently
Instead of deleting or writing over old information, new data blocks are created and
added to existing blocks, forming what is essentially a chain.
Quantum Computing
Quantum computers rely on quantum mechanics to perform calculations
Machine Learning
Machine leaming (ML) is one of the applications of artificial intelligence (Al). In Al,
computer scientists endeavor to get computers to think sike humans
Lesson 2: A Connected World

The internet and the World Wide Wat

The internet is the global network of computers that are connected by and
communicate using standardized protocols
The World Wide Web of the Web is the global information system composed of
pages and resources accessible through uniform resource locators (URLs) and
connected by hyperlinks
How Networks Work
A computer network allows devices such as computers, mobile devices, routers,
switches, and modems connected to it to communicate and share information
A typical home network is an example of a Local Area Network (LAN). It is usually
configured like this.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) provides you with a modem.
The modem connects your home network to the larger infrastructure that branches
out to the Internet.
The modem is connected to the router
The router is responsible for directing data packets to the right device. The router
automatically assigns a unique IP address to each node, distinguishing a device
from others
Note: For networks to property facilitate information exchange, they must follow
communications protocols Devices connecting to the Internet, for instance, must
follow TCP/IP or Transmission Control Protocol/internet Protocol, which is a set
of protocols in itself
TCP dictates how information is broken down into packets at the source
IP dictates how to route each packet so that it reaches the proper address or
destination
The Internet and the Web through the Decades
The 1960s
1968-ARPANET, the internet's predecessor, is created
The 1970s
1971-Creeper, the first computer virus, is created
1973 First cellular phone was produced
1978 -First spam event recorded as 400 Arpanet users receive emats inviting them to
a product deinitration
The 1980s
1981-ARPANET exceed 2.300 users. IBM releases the personal computer
1983 TCP/IP adopted as a standard protocol for ARRANET
1989-Tim Berners-Lee starts work on the World Wide Web, introducing three key
technologies-HTTP HTML and the Unsform Resource identifier (URL)
The 1990s
1990-Archie, the finst Intermet search engine, is created. ARPANET is
decommissioned.
1993 Mosac, the first commercially avaitatile internet browser, is launched
1894-The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is founded, It continues to be
responsible for developing open web standards.
1995-Microsoft licenses Mosaic to build Intemet Explorer
1997-ACL releases the first instant messenger
1998 The intermet reaches 1 million users worldwide. Google is founded by Stanford
University students Sergey Brin and Larry Page.
The 2000s
2000-loveyou virus spreads worldwide, infecting 50 million users in a span of just ten
days
2001 Free online encyclopedia Wikipedia is founded
2003-Apple launches the Safan web browser Social networks Friendster, MySpace,
and Linkedin launched.Open-source publishing system project WordPress
released.
2004-Mozila launches Firefox Social network Facebook launched
2005- Internet reaches 1 billion users worldwide, just about seven years since
reaching the one million user mark. Video sharing platform YouTube launched
2006-Twitter launched as a microblogging platform.
2007-Apple iPhone released. The smartphone combined a phone, Internet device,
and media player's functionalities in one and popularized its use.
2007-Netflix introduces streaming services
2008-Google releases Chrome.
2009-4G technology introduced

The 2010s
2010- Image sharing platform Instagram launched. The online role-playing game
World of Warcraft reaches a peak of 12 million active subscribers
2011-Apple launches Sin virtual assistant in the iPhone 4s
2012-Facebook reaches 1 billion active users a month.
2016-Netflix releases first onginal content
2014-Amazon released the Alexa virtual assistant
2017- WannaCry ransomware outbreak cripples' industrial facilities and large
enterprises worldwide. Blockchain and cryptocurrencies create a frenzy, with
Bitcoin reaching a peak price of nearly $20,000
2018-Facebook-Cambridge Analytica scandal disclosed to the public. The scandal
exposed how social network data was used to influence politics and elections in
different countries
The 2020s
The total number of internet users around the world stands at 4.8 billion

Visiting a website or Webpage

Websites and webpages are identified using a URL. The URL is composed of various
parts, which include
Example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main Page
https://- The protocol
wikipedia -The second-level domain
en. -The subdomain
org- The top-level domain
wiki/Main Page/-The path
 Lesson 2: The Arduino Board
The Arduino Board
Arduino UNO is a microcontrolier board based on the ATmega328P it has 14 digital
input/output pens (six pins can be used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic rescinator, a USa connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
DFRduino Uno V3.0 is a small computing board used for academics or development
projects it is a simple microcontroller board that is fully compatible with the Arduino Uno R3
and Arduino IDE open- source development environment.
DFRituno microcontrolier headers have different colors to feature VO ports of
different types
Red for Power Section
Blue for Analog 10 Green for Digital I/O
Parts of the Arduino Microcontroller
USB Port-When attached to a computer via USB cable, it can upload programs and
be an alternative power source for the microcontroller. 2. DC Power Jack-It runs the
microcontroller with 7-12 volts of supply
3. Power Indicator-it lights on/off, indicating power in the microcontroller.
Reset-It resets the running program when pressed.
Digital Pins-These can be used to connect all digital i components to the
microcontroller
Digital Pins 0-13
PWM Pins 3,5,6,9,10,11
Ground Pins
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs
Analog Pins-These can be used to connect all analog I/O components to the
microcontroller.
Analog Pina: AD-AS
7 Power Pins-These can be used to power a component attached to the
microcontroller
Output Power: 3.3V-SV
Ground Pins
Vin Pins voltage input to the microcontroller board when using an external power
source
Signal Indicator TX- it binks when transmitting data
Signal Indicator RX blinks when receiving data
10. Signal Indicator L-it blinks when pin 13 is alternately tumed HIGH and LOW or On
and Off which means everything is worting comectly