M34 Mazu0536 01 Ism C34

WAVE AND PARTICLE OPTICS
34
Questions and Problems
34.1. There are many possible answers. Any material consisting of tiny pinholes or gaps is acceptable, such as the
fabric of an umbrella. One can also observe diffraction at very sharp edges, such as that of a razor blade.
34.2. All light would diffract through the grating; the question is whether or not one would be readily able to
observe the diffraction. An exact answer would depend on the screen and what experiment you do to detect the
diffraction. We therefore give only order of magnitude estimates. The apertures in a window screen have a width on
the order of 1 × 10−3 m. Diffraction may be observable for any wavelengths smaller than this. It should be noticeable
for wavelengths on the order of 1 mm. Light of this wavelength has a frequency of 3 × 1011 Hz.
34.3. The wave properties of light predict that the center of the pattern should be bright. Since all rays diffracting
around the edge of the circular obstacle are equidistant from the center, all the waves should strike the center in
phase, and therefore interfere constructively.
34.4. (a) The diffracted waves would be bent less, such that a pattern cast on a screen would contract. The precise
factor by which the pattern would contract is not constant for the entire pattern because of the sinusoidal dependence
on the diffraction angle. But in the small angle approximation, the pattern would be half as wide when the aperture
width is doubled. (b) The diffracted waves would be bent more, such that a pattern on a screen would spread out. As
in (a) there is not one factor by which the entire pattern would spread. But in the small angle approximation (near the
center of the pattern) the width of the pattern would approximately double.
34.5. Sound is also a wave and diffracts around barriers in a fashion similar to light. But the relevant wavelengths of
sound waves and light waves are different by many orders of magnitude. Diffraction of a light wave around an object
as thick as a tree is negligible, whereas the diffraction of sound around a tree is considerable.
34.6. (a) Let us call the ray of light that travels the shorter distance ray A, and let us call the ray that travels the
longer distance ray B. The difference between the distances travelled by rays A and B is Δ A = d sin(θ ). Since each
full oscillation of the wave corresponds to a phase of 2π radians, we can write the total phase change as
⎛ Δ A ⎞ 2π d sin(θ ) 2π (100 × 10 m)sin(15.4 °)
−6
Δ φ = 2π ⎜ ⎟ = = = 315 rad
⎝ λ ⎠ λ (530 × 10−9 m)
which is equivalent to 50 full cycles plus an additional 0.659 rad. (b) Following the same procedure as part (a), we
⎛ Δ A ⎞ 2π d sin(θ ) 2π (100 × 10 m)sin(20.7°)
−6
find Δ φ = 2π ⎜ ⎟ = = = 419 rad, which is equivalent to 66 full cycles plus
⎝ λ ⎠ λ (530 × 10−9 m)
an additional 4.36 rad.
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34-1
34-2 Chapter 34
34.7. The second order bright fringe occurs when light from one slit must travel exactly two wavelengths farther
than the adjacent slit. Thus we write
⎛ 2λ ⎞ ⎛ 2(589 × 10−9 m) ⎞
Δ A = d sin(θ ) = 2λ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ −6 ⎟ = 17.1 °
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (4.00 × 10 m) ⎠
34.8. Let us look at the position of an arbitrary m th order bright fringe. The m th order bright fringe occurs at a
position such that light from one slit must travel m full wavelengths farther than light from an adjacent slit. Thus we
⎛ mλ ⎞
write Δ A = d sin(θ ) = mλ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . Because the inverse sine function is monotonic in the region of interest
⎝ d ⎠
(0 ° to 90 °), a larger argument in the inverse sine function corresponds to a larger angle. The above expression is
valid for either of the wavelengths. Since red light has a longer wavelength, it will be diffracted to a larger angle than
green light, for a given order of bright fringe. Since this holds for any value of m, the spacing for the bright fringes
of red light is larger than that of green light, throughout the pattern.
34.9. The m th order bright fringe occurs at a position such that light from one slit must travel m full wavelengths
farther than light from an adjacent slit. Thus we write Δ A = d sin(θ ) = mλ . Writing the center-to-center distance from
w mN λ
one slit to the next as d = , we find sin(θ ) = . Because the sine function is bounded above by one, we
N w
w w
impose m ≤ . Thus the criteria to determine the highest order bright fringe visible is m ≤ , and the total
Nλ λN
number would be 2mmax + 1.
34.10. Let us write the path length difference for rays from adjacent slits as Δ A = d sin(θ ) = pλ , where p is not
necessarily an integer. We solve for p to determine whether the point is a bright fringe (integer), dark fringe (half
⎛ Δy ⎞ −1 ⎛ 394 mm ⎞
integer), or something in between. From the distances given, we know θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ 1000 mm ⎟ = 21.5 °.
⎝ Δ x ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
d sin(θ ) (6.0 × 10−6 m)sin(21.5°)
Inserting this into the equation above, we find p = = = 5.5. Note that the m th
λ (400 × 10−9 m)
⎛ 1⎞
order dark fringe occurs when the path length difference is ⎜ m − ⎟ λ , such that this value of p = 5.5 corresponds to
⎝ 2⎠
the sixth order dark fringe.
34.11. We can first use the information about the fifth order dark fringe to symbolically determine the spacing
between slits in terms of the wavelength of light. We know from basic geometry that
⎛ Δy ⎞ ⎛ 45.0 mm ⎞
θ fifth dark = tan −1 ⎜ fifth dark ⎟ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 5.143 °. Setting the path length difference to 4.5λ and rearranging
⎝ Δ xscreen ⎠ ⎝ 500 mm ⎠
4.5λ
yields d = . This spacing between slits will be the same no matter what the angle of diffraction, so we
sin(θ fifth dark )
3.0λ 4.5λ ⎛ 3.0λ ⎞ ⎛ 3.0 ⎞
equate =d = ⇒ θ third bright = sin −1 ⎜ sin(θ fifth dark ) ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ sin(5.143 °) ⎟ = 3.426 °.
sin(θ third bright ) sin(θ fifth dark ) ⎝ 4.5λ ⎠ ⎝ 4.5 ⎠
From here, basic geometry tells us Δ ythird dark = Δ xscreen tan(θ third dark ) = (500 mm) tan(3.426 °) = 29.9 mm.
34.12. (a) Initially, we equate the path length difference to the a full number ( x) of wavelengths to obtain
d sin(θ max )
d sin(θ max ) = xλ , or equivalently x = . From here it is trivial to see that doubling the wavelength halves
λ
the order of x. If x is an even number, then this simply means that the highest order bright fringe visible on the
Wave and Particle Optics 34-3
screen is now x/2, such that the total number of bright fringes on the screen is 2( x/2) + 1 = x + 1. If however x is an
even number, then the new fringe at the edge of the screen will be a dark fringe. The highest order bright fringe
would then be written ( x − 1)/2 such that the number of total bright fringes would be 2( x − 1)/2 + 1 = x. (b) Starting
d sin(θ max )
from the expression obtained in part (a) x = , we see that if the spacing is doubled so is the highest order
λ
of bright fringe on the screen. So the total number of bright fringes on the screen is then 2(2 x ) + 1 = 4 x + 1.
34.13. (a)
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎛ (1)(546 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ1 = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ −6 ⎟ = 33 °
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (1.0 × 10 m) ⎠
(b) We use exactly the expression in part (a), but with the distance between slits oscillating in time:
⎛ λ ⎞ ⎛ 546 × 10−9 m ⎞
θ1 = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ d orig + A sin(ωt ) ⎟ ⎝ (1.0 × 10 − 6
m) + (0.25 × 10 −6
m)sin((100 s −1
)t ) ⎠
⎝ ⎠
(c) Because the sine function is monotonic between 0 and 90 °, a smaller distance corresponds to a larger angle.
Thus we want the distance to reach its minimum value of d orig − A which occurs after ¾ of an oscillation. Thus, we
3 3 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 3π
require t = T = ⎜ = s which is approximately 4.7 × 10−2 s. (d) Because the sine function is monotonic
4 4 ⎝ ω ⎟⎠ 200
between 0 and 90 °, a larger distance corresponds to a smaller angle. Thus we want the distance to reach its
1 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ π
maximum value of d orig + A which occurs after ¼ of an oscillation. Thus, we require t = T = ⎜ ⎟ = 200 s
4 4⎝ ω ⎠
which is approximately 1.6 × 10−2 s. (e) Only A, λ , and dorig affect the values of the maximum and minimum
angles, although ω affects the time at which these maximum values are achieved.
34.14. There are several reasons. Visible light rays still undergo diffraction, but the wavelength of visible light is
orders of magnitude larger than the interatomic spacing in crystalline solids. This means that in the expression
d sin(θ ) = mλ , the first order diffraction maximum would never be achieved at any angle. Basically, one might see a
very slight attenuation of the central bright spot off near θ → 90°. But it would be very difficult to detect. In order to
get bright peaks in intensity that are easy to identify and measure, one needs a few order of bright and dark spots.
This means the wavelength has to be at least of the same order of magnitude as the interatomic spacing, if not
smaller. Hence waves with a wavelength on the order of 10−10 m are used. These are X-rays. Another reason is that
crystalline solids tend to absorb and reflect visible light. A greater intensity of light will make it through to a detector
if X-rays are used.
34.15. Increasing the energy of an x-ray means increasing the quantity hf , or equivalently decreasing the
wavelength. From the criterion for a bright fringe of arbitrary order 2d cos(θ ) = mλ , we see that decreasing the
wavelength increases the angle of that diffraction order. Thus the bright spots will be farther apart.
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎛ (1)(1.000 × 10−10 m) ⎞
34.16. (a) We first calculate the incident angle using θ = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ = cos −1 ⎜ −10 ⎟ = 79.77 °. Now
⎝ 2d ⎠ ⎝ 2(2.815 × 10 m) ⎠
we relate the Bragg angle to this incident angle using 2α + 2θ = 180.0° or α = 90.00° − θ = 10.23 °. (b) Since the
Bragg angle is related to the atomic spacing and order by 2d sin(α ) = mλ , the order is bounded by
mλ 2d 2(2.815 × 10−10 m)
≤1⇒ m ≤ = = 5.63, so the highest order is 5. The corresponding Bragg angle is
2d λ (1.000 × 10−10 m)
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎛ 5(1.000 × 10−10 m) ⎞
α = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ −10 ⎟ = 62.64 °.
⎝ 2d ⎠ ⎝ 2(2.815 × 10 m) ⎠
34-4 Chapter 34
34.17. The largest Bragg angle corresponds to the largest angle of reflection (or incidence). We can relate the two
angles through Figure 34.20 using 2α + 2θ = 180.0 ° or θ = 90.00° − α = 90.00 ° − 35.00° = 55.00°. Since this
mλ 1(1.000 × 10−9 m)
corresponds to the lowest order reflected ray, we can write d = = = 8.717 × 10−10 m.
2cos(θ ) 2cos(55.00 °)
34.18. The Bragg angle is related to other quantities through 2d sin(α ) = mλ , which can be rearranged to yield
mλ 2d 2(6.70 × 10−10 m)
sin(α ) = , such that the order of the Bragg angle is clearly bounded by m ≤ = = 2.68, so
2d λ (5.00 × 10−10 m)
the two highest orders of Bragg angle are m = 2 and m = 1. From here it is trivial to plug numbers into the equation
⎛ mλ ⎞ −1 ⎛ 2(0.500 × 10 m) ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1(0.500 × 10 m) ⎞
−10 −10
α = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ and obtain α highest = sin ⎜ −10 ⎟ = 48.27 ° and α 2nd highest = sin ⎜ −10 ⎟
⎝ 2d ⎠ ⎝ 2(6.70 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎝ 2(6.70 × 10 m) ⎠
= 21.91 °.
34.19. The DeBroglie wavelength is given by λ = h /p or λ = h /mv for nonrelativistic massive objects like people
walking down the street. The order of magnitude of a person’s mass is 1 × 102 kg, and the order of magnitude of a
person’s speed while walking (as opposed to running) is right between 1 × 100 m/s and 1 × 101 m/s (around 3 m/s).
Either of these orders is acceptable depending on whether it is a leisurely stroll or a brisk walk. The constant h is of
order 1× 10−33 J ⋅ s. So the order of magnitude of the wavelength of a person walking down the street could be
10−35 m or 10−36 m.
h h (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
34.20. λ = ⇒v= = = 2.6 × 103 m/s
mv mλ (1.67 × 10−27 kg)(1.5 × 10−10 m)
34.21. Yes, the electron has a non-zero chance of reaching the detector in all cases. But the chance may be very
small if the obstacle is wide.
h (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
34.22. λ = = = 8.7 × 10−35 m
mv (0.17 kg)(45 m/s)
34.23. We can relate the kinetic energy to the velocity according to

2K 2(7.48 × 10−13 J)
v= = = 1.50 × 107 m/s
m (6.645 × 10−27 kg)
It would not be necessary to calculate the speed as an intermediate step; we carried out the calculation here to
ensure that the speed is low enough that relativity can be ignored. At only 5% the speed of light, we can safely
h (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
ignore relativity here. How the DeBroglie wavelength is given by λ = =
mv (6.645 × 10−27 kg)(1.50 × 107 m/s)
= 6.65 × 10−15 m.
34.24. We simply calculate the wavelength of each particle or radiation type. The particles or radiation
with the larger wavelengths with have greater distance between bright fringes. For light, we use the
h
approximate values λyellow = 550 nm and λblue = 440 nm. For the particles, we use λ = . So
mv
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
λn0 = = 3.82 × 10−10 m, and to the significant digits given this expression is exactly
(1.67 × 10−27 kg)(1.04 × 103 m/s)
the same for a proton. However, we know that the proton is actually slightly less massive than a neutron. So even
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
though λ p+ = = 3.82 × 10−10 m it’s wavelength will be slightly larger than that of
(1.67 × 10−27 kg)(1.04 × 103 m/s)
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
the neutron. Finally, for the electron we have λe− = = 6.99 × 10−7 m. So the order of
(9.11 × 10−31 kg)(1.04 × 103 m/s)
increasing wavelengths, and therefore of increasing spacing between bright fringes is: n 0 , p + , blue, yellow, e− .
34.25. For the entire diffraction pattern to have exactly 101 bright fringes, the m = 50 bright fringe must be cast at
d sin(θ )
θ = 90°. We know d sin(θ ) = mλ ⇒ λ = , and we know the wavelength in this equation is the DeBroglie
m
h d sin(θ )
wavelength of the electrons. Thus = , where we have put an e − subscript on the mass to distinguish it
me− v m
mh (50)(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
from the m th order. Solving for the speed, we find v = =
d sin(θ ) me− (7.00 × 10−6 m)sin(90°)(9.11 × 10−31 kg)
= 5.20 × 103 m/s.
34.26. Blue light has higher energy per photon. This can be seen by noting that blue light has a higher frequency
hc
than red light (or equivalently a smaller wavelength than yellow light). The energy of a photon can be written or
λ
hf . So the higher frequency or lower wavelength light has the greater energy.
hc hc Etotalλ
34.27. We know the energy for a single photon is given by . So N = Etotal ⇒ N = =
λ λ hc
(200 J)(580 × 10−9 m)
= 5.84 × 1020.
(6.626 × 10−34 m)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
34.28. (a) The smallest amount of momentum that can be delivered by red light is the momentum in a single photon
h (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
of red light: p = = = 9.47 × 10−28 kg ⋅ m/s. (b) The smallest amount of energy that can
λ (700 × 10−9 m)
hc
be delivered by red light is the energy of a single photon of red light: E= =
λ
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
= 2.84 × 10−19 J.
(700 × 10−9 m)
34.29. Let us assume that all the power refers to the output power as opposed to internal power use from the
batteries, and assume further the photons are not scattered or absorbed by any medium on their way to the wall. Then
we can equate the energy delivered in the form of photon energies each second to the power rating of the laser:
⎛ hc ⎞ Pλ (5.00 × 10−3 W)(532 × 10−9 m)
P = EΔt = N ⎜ ⎟ Δt ⇒ N = = = 1.34 × 1016 photons strike the wall
⎝ λ ⎠ hcΔ t (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)(1.00 s)
each second.
34.30. (a) We must assume some average value of the wavelength of light emitted by the sun. One might guess that
it is the same as the average wavelength of light that reaches Earth’s surface (550-580 nm). But the average
wavelength emitted is actually somewhat lower, closer to 500 nm. But anything of this order is appropriate. Using
this value, one obtains
⎛ hc ⎞ Pλ (3.83 × 1026 W)(500 × 10−9 m)
P = E Δt = N ⎜ ⎟ Δt ⇒ N = = = 9.6 × 1044 photons per second
⎝ λ ⎠ hcΔ t (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)(1.00 s)
34-6 Chapter 34
Slightly different answers are fine, but the answer should definitely be of the order 1 × 1045 photons emitted by the
sun each second. (b) Again, we must choose a value for the average wavelength of the incident light. One might
continue using the approximate value of part (a). Or one might happen to know that the average wavelength reaching
the surface of Earth is around 580 nm. We will use that latter value for the purposes of calculation, but other
estimates may be valid or even better under certain weather conditions. If we assume the sun emits photons equally
in all directions, we can calculate the intensity at Earth’s position in the solar system and find a value of
P P (3.83 × 1026 W)
I= = = = 1.36 × 103 W/m 2 . However, one must make an assumption about how much
A 4π RES 4π (1.496 × 1011 m) 2
2
of that intensity actually makes it through the atmosphere to the solar panel. This obviously depends on weather. But
the World Meteorological Organization uses the value 1.2 × 102 W/m 2 as a typical value in sunshine. Whichever
⎛ hc ⎞ IAλ
intensity we use, we find the number of photons using P = E Δ t = N ⎜ ⎟ Δt ⇒ N = . Using value in the upper
⎝ λ ⎠ hcΔ t
atmosphere yields
IAλ (1.36 × 103 W/m 2 )(1.00 m 2 )(580 × 10−9 m)
N= = = 3.97 × 1021 photons per second
hcΔt (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)(1.00 s)
and using the surface value yields
IAλ (1.2 × 102 W/m 2 )(1.00 m 2 )(580 × 10−9 m)
N= = = 3.5 × 1020 photons per second
hcΔt (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)(1.00 s)
Anything of the order of magnitude of these answers may be acceptable.
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

hc
34.31. (a) E = = = 3.14 × 10−19 J (b) The two lasers emit different numbers
λ (633 × 10−9 m)
of photons each second. In order for laser A to have four times the power of laser B, laser A must emit four times as
many photons each second as laser B does.
34.32. We know that d sin(θ ) = mλ for a bright fringe. Using the small angle approximation, we can write this as
Δy
d = mλ . Applying this to two adjacent orders (m and m + 1) and comparing, we find
Δx
(m + 1)Δx ( m) Δ x Δx (Δ ym +1 − Δym )d (20 × 10−3 m)(4.5 × 10−6 m)
Δ ym +1 − Δym = λ− λ= λ⇒λ = = = 4.5 × 10−7 m.
d d d Δx (0.200 m)
34.33. Let us first determine the maximum angle to which light can be diffracted and still hit the screen:
⎛ Δymax
⎞ −1 ⎛ (200 mm) ⎞
θ max = tan −1 ⎜
⎟ = tan ⎜ (1000 mm) ⎟ = 11.31 °
⎝ Δx
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Now we determine what order of diffraction this angle corresponds to, keeping in mind that our order m ' may not be
an integer:
d sin(θ max ) (4.000 × 10−6 m)sin(11.31 °)
d sin(θ max ) = (m ')λ ⇒ m ' = = = 1.21
λ (650 × 10−9 m)
This means that we have the m = 0 bright fringe, and two fringes on either side of the central bright
fringe corresponding to m = 1. Thus, there are three bright fringes on the screen. (b) The angle from the center
⎛λ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞
to the first order bright fringe is θ = sin −1 ⎜⎟, such that Δ y = Δx tan(θ ) = Δ x tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝d⎠ ⎝ ⎝ d ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎛ (650 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
= (1.00 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.165 m. Clearly, if there is 0.165 m between each bright fringe, only
⎜ −9
⎝ ⎝ (4000 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
two such spacings (between three fringes) will fit on a screen 0.400 m wide.
d sin(θ ) ⎛ ⎛ Δy ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎛ 23.0 × 10
−3
m ⎞⎞
34.34. λ = = d sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = (0.150 × 10 −3
m)sin ⎜
⎜
tan ⎜
−7
⎟ ⎟⎟ = 6.9 × 10 m.
m ⎝ ⎝ Δx ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 5.0 m ⎠ ⎠
34.35. Let us consider the central and first order bright fringes, such that we can write
d sin(θ ) ⎛ ⎛ Δy ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎛ 170 × 10
−3
m ⎞⎞
λ= = d sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ −6
⎟ ⎟ = (5.00 × 10 m)sin ⎜⎜ tan ⎜
−7
⎟ ⎟⎟ = 4.23 × 10 m or 423 nm
m ⎝ ⎝ Δx ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2.00 m ⎠⎠
34.36. Using Equation 34.11 we can write

⎛ π d sin(θ ) ⎞
4 S0,av cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ ⎞⎞
Sav
= ⎝ λ ⎠ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ λ cos −1 ⎛⎜ Sav ⎛ (510 × 10−9 m)
⎟ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜
⎞
cos −1 ( 0.12 ) ⎟ = 4.9 °
Scenter,av 4 S0,av ⎜ πd ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ π (2.30 × 10 m)
−6
⎝ ⎝ Scenter,av ⎠⎠ ⎠
The distance on the screen is then given by Δ y = Δx tan(θ ) = (450 mm) tan(4.92 °) = 39 mm.
d sin(θ ) d ⎛ ⎛ Δy ⎞ ⎞
34.37. In all cases, we find the distance on the screen from the center using λ = = sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ or
m m ⎝ ⎝ Δx ⎠ ⎠
⎛ ⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎞
equivalently Δ y = Δx tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ . Inserting numbers, we find
⎝ ⎝ d ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎛ (1)(546.1 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1g = (0.500 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.173 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (1.67 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
⎛ ⎛ (2)(546.1 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y2 g = (0.500 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.434 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (1.67 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
⎛ ⎛ (1)(435.8 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1b = (0.500 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.135 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (1.67 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
⎛ ⎛ (2)(435.8 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y2b = (0.500 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.307 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (1.67 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
34.38. Yes, this could be due to interference. There would be a maximum in the interference directly in front of the
⎛ mλ ⎞ −1 ⎛ (1)(0.300 m) ⎞
center of the façade, and a first order minimum at θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜ ⎟ = 36.9 °. This is equivalent
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (0.500 m) ⎠
to a distance from the center of the façade of Δ x = A tan(θ ) = (10 m) tan(36.9°) = 7.5 m. If there were simply a
double slit, there would be a single minimum between these maxima. But with a grating, the intensity of the signal is
significantly reduced everywhere in between the maxima.
34.39. (a) We find the angle for each wavelength and take the difference. For the shorter wavelength, we have
⎛ mλ ⎞ −1 ⎛ (3)(589.0 × 10 m) ⎞
−9
θshorter = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜ −6 ⎟ = 62.07 °
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (2.00 × 10 m) ⎠
and for the longer we have
⎛ mλ ⎞ −1 ⎛ (3)(589.6 × 10 m) ⎞
−9
θ longer = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜ −6 ⎟ = 62.18 °
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (2.00 × 10 m) ⎠
Thus the difference in angular positions is θ longer − θshorter = (62.18 °) − (62.07 °) = 0.11 °. (b) If we assume it does
exist and try to find the angle at which it appears, we see that
34-8 Chapter 34
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎛ (4)(589.6 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ m = 4 = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ −6
−1
⎟ = sin (1.179)
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (2.00 × 10 m) ⎠
which is not possible. There is no fourth order in the diffraction pattern.
34.40. (a) Using Equation 34.16 we have

⎛ mλ ⎞ −1 ⎛ (1)(550 × 10 m) ⎞
−9
θ maxima = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ , such that θ1 = sin ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 0.252 °
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (0.125 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ (2)(550 × 10 m) ⎞ −9
θ 2 = sin −1 ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 0.504 °
⎝ (0.125 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ kλ ⎞
(b) Using Equation 34.17 we have θ minima = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ , where k is not an integer multiple of the number of slits
⎝ Nd ⎠
N . Thus, we expect N − 1 dark spots in between the two bright spots and they occur at these angles:
⎛ (1)(550 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ1 = sin −1 ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 0.0420 °
⎝ (6)(0.125 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ (2)(550 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ 2 = sin −1 ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 0.0840 °
⎝ (6)(0.125 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ (3)(550 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ3 = sin −1 ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 0.126 °
⎝ (6)(0.125 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ (4)(550 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ 4 = sin −1 ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 0.168°
⎝ (6)(0.125 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ (5)(550 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ5 = sin −1 ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 0.210 °
⎝ (6)(0.125 × 10 m) ⎠
(c) There are five, as seen in part (b). (d) There are four secondary maxima, between each of the dark fringes from
part (b).
34.41. Let us find the distance from the center of the pattern to the first order maximum of each color, and then take
⎛ mλ ⎞
the difference. In general, the angular position of a bright fringe is θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ such that the distance on the
⎝ d ⎠
⎛ ⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎞
screen is Δ y = Δx tan(θ ) = Δ x tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ . For red light, we have
⎝ ⎝ d ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎛ (1)(650 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1,red = (3.00 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.8078 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
and for green light we have
⎛ ⎛ (1)(532 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1,green = (3.00 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.6534 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
So the distance between these two bright fringes is Δ y1,red − Δy1,green = (0.8078 m) − (0.6534) = 0.154 m.
34.42. No. This would require the sine function to increase linearly with its argument, which is true only at small
angles. The setup described could be approximately satisfied at small angles, but not at large angles.
34.43. We first calculate the highest order of bright fringe that is produced by requiring that
mλ d (0.115 × 10−3 m)
sin(θ ) = ≤1⇒ m ≤ = = 201.8, so there are 201 orders of bright lines. Thus, the screen must
d λ (570 × 10−9 m)
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎛ (201)(570 × 10−9 m) ⎞
extend to an angle θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 85.04 °. The vertical height of the screen above
⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ (0.115 × 10 m) ⎠
the center is then given by Δ y = Δx tan(θ ) = (0.0450 m) tan(85.04°) = 0.519 m. But this is only the distance from
the center to the upper edge. The entire width of the screen is 1.04 m.
34.44. From d sin(θ ) = mλ it is easy to see that the longer wavelength light will be diffracted to a larger angle.
Thus, if a bright red fringe exists in the pattern at a given order, that same order of blue fringe must also exist. Thus,
we need only find the highest order at which red light has a maximum intensity. We require
mλ d (2.50 × 10−6 m)
sin(θ red ) = ≤1⇒ m ≤ = = 3.57. So the highest order bright fringe of red light is three. Thus
d λ (700 × 10−9 m)
there are three complete spectra on one side of the slits and three complete spectra on the other side. The entire
spectrum exists at the center, but not dispersed into different colors. All overlap at the center.
34.45. We can determine the spacing between adjacent slits using

mλ (2)(566.0 × 10−9 m)
d= = = 3.022 × 10−6 m. If this is the spacing between each pair of slits, then the number
sin(θ ) sin(22.00 °)
wgrating (24.00 × 10−3 m)
of slits is N = = = 7.942 × 103 slits.
d (3.022 × 10−6 m)
34.46. From d sin(θ ) = mλ it is easy to see that the longer wavelength light will be diffracted to a larger angle.
Overlap will occur if mλred ≥ ( m + 1)λblue . To find the lowest order at which that happens, we change ≥ to = and
solve for the order
1 1
m= = = 1.08
λred 750 nm
−1 −1
λblue390 nm
This means that the first order bright fringes will be distinct, but higher orders will overlap to some extent.
34.47. (a) Let us find the distance from the center of the pattern to the first order maximum of each color, and then
⎛ mλ ⎞
take the difference. In general, the angular position of a bright fringe is θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ such that the distance on the
⎝ d ⎠
⎛ ⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎞
screen from the center to the bright fringe is Δ y = Δx tan(θ ) = Δ x tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ . For red light, we have
⎝ ⎝ d ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎛ (1)(656.3 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1,red = (2.10 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.01378 m
⎜ −4
⎝ ⎝ (1.00 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
and for blue-green light we have
⎛ ⎛ (1)(486.1 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1,blue − green = (2.10 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.01021 m
⎜ −4
⎝ ⎝ (1.00 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
So the distance between these two bright fringes is Δ y1,red − Δy1,blue − green = (0.01378 m) − (0.01021 m) = 3.6 mm. We
would consider these two to be resolvable if the distance from the red peak to the blue peak is greater than the
distance from the red peak to the first order minimum in red light. The position of the first order minimum of red
light is given by
⎛ ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎞⎞
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ m + ⎟λ ⎟⎟
2 ⎠ ⎟⎟
Δ y = Δx tan(θ ) = Δ x tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎝
⎜ ⎜ d ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
or
34-10 Chapter 34
⎛ ⎛ (1/2)(656.3 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1,red min = (2.10 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.00689 m
⎜ −4
⎝ ⎝ (1.00 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
The distance from the first order maximum of red light to the first order minimum of red light is
Δy1,red max − Δy1,red min = (0.01378 m) − (0.00689) = 6.9 mm. This means that the packet of bright red light is wider
than the separation between the red and blue peaks, such that the two packets of bright light are not resolvable. We
could just as easily have considered the width of the bright blue region, rather than the red. (b) We repeat the process
(1.00 × 10−3 m)
in part (a), now using d = = 1.67 × 10−6 m. For red light, we have
600
⎛ ⎛ (1)(656.3 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1,red = (2.10 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.8996 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (1.667 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
and for blue-green light we have
⎛ ⎛ (1)(486.1 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y1,blue − green = (2.10 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.6403 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ (1.667 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
So the distance between these two bright fringes is Δ y1,red − Δy1,blue − green = (0.8996 m) − (0.6403 m) = 0.259 m.
34.48. We know the longer wavelength will be diffracted (at a given order) to a larger angle. Call the angle between
the long-wavelength first order bright light and the adjacent dark line Δθ long bright dark = θ long, m =1, bright − θ long, m =1, dark , and
call the angle between the peaks of the long and short wavelength first order maxima
Δ θ long short = θ long, m =1, bright − θshort, m =1, bright . We require that Δ θ long bright dark ≤ Δθ long short in order for the two maxima to be
resolvable. Taking the limiting case where the two maxima are just barely resolvable, the condition can be written
θ long, m =1, bright − θ long, m =1, dark = θ long, m =1, bright − θshort, m =1, bright
⎛⎛ k ⎞ ⎞
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ λlong ⎟ ⎛ mλ ⎞
−1
⎟ − sin
sin ⎜ long −1 ⎜ ⎝ N ⎠ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ long ⎟ − sin −1 ⎜⎛ mλshort ⎟⎞
⎝ d ⎠ ⎜ d ⎟ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ d ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
k
⎜ N ⎟ λlong mλ
⎝ ⎠ = short
d d
In order to ensure that the peaks are just barely resolvable, we want to choose the value of k that corresponds to the
dark fringe just next to the bright peak of the long wavelength light. Thus k = N − 1, and we have
−1 −1
⎛ mλshort ⎞ ⎛ (1)610 nm ⎞
N = ⎜1 − ⎟ = ⎜1 − ⎟ = 123 lines
⎜ λlong ⎟ ⎝ 615 nm ⎠
⎝ ⎠
34.49. As light reflects from the top of the glass a phase shift due to reflection occurs, but for light reflecting from
the bottom of the glass there will be no such phase shift due to reflection. Thus, the path length difference required to
produce constructive interference is described by
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ m − 2 ⎟ λ0 −6
Δ A = 2t = ⎝ ⎠ ⇒ λ = 2tn = 2(0.500 × 10 m)(1.52)
0
n ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜m − 2 ⎟ ⎜m − 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
This holds for any order m. Inserting m = 1 or 2 yields wavelengths in the infrared. But inserting m = 3 and 4 yield
two wavelengths in the visible spectrum: 608 nm and 434 nm, respectively.
34.50. As light is reflected off the reflective coating material, there will be a phase shift due to reflection because we
can assume the material will have an index of refraction greater than 1.00 (that of air). However, we do not know a
priori whether there will be a phase shift in light that is reflected from the interface between the reflective coating and
the glass underneath. Let us initially guess that the index of refraction of the coating is greater than that of glass such
that this second ray will not experience a phase shift upon reflection. In this case there is a net phase shift of one-half
wavelength between the two reflected rays even without accounting for the phase shift due to thickness. Thus even a
very small thickness (approaching zero) should work. Why not try 10 nm? After all, the material is expensive and we
want to use as little as possible! But the problem clearly states that we have determined that 104 nm is the absolute
minimum we could use. Therefore the coating material must not have an index of refraction larger than that of glass.
Alternatively, we could have guessed that the index of refraction for the coating material could be less than that of
the glass, such that the light reflected off the coating-glass interface also experiences a phase shift upon reflection. In
that case there is no net phase shift due to reflection, and we must obtain a half-wavelength of phase shift from the
thickness. The light will cancel if
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜ m − 2 ⎟ λ0 ⎜ m − 2 ⎟ λ0 (1/2)(550 × 10−9 m)
Δ A = 2t = ⎝ ⎠ ⇒n=⎝ ⎠ = = 1.32.
n 2t 2(104 × 10−9 m)
This is consistent with our guess about the relative indices of refraction. Thus there is only one valid answer:
n = 1.32.
34.51. Light rays reflecting off the air-coating interface or off the coating-glass interface will both experience phase
2tn
shifts due to reflection. Thus the condition for constructive interference can be written λ0 = . We are asked for
m
the longest wavelength that satisfies this, which clearly corresponds to m = 1 such that λ0 = 2tn =
2(90.6 × 10−9 m)(1.38) = 250 nm.
34.52. Light reflected off the outer air-bubble interface will experience a phase shift upon reflection, which light
reflecting off the inner bubble-air interface will not. Thus, the condition for especially bright constructive
⎛ 1⎞λ
interference of the red light is t = ⎜ m − ⎟ 0 .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2n
34.53. We do not know a priori if the index of refraction of the fluid is greater than or less than that of the fluorite.
Let us initially assume that the index of refraction of the fluid is less than that of the fluorite, and we return to check
if our answer agrees with this assumption. In that case, light reflecting off the air-fluid interface, and light reflecting
off the fluid-fluorite interface will experience a phase shift upon reflection. Thus, in order for green light to be
λ0,green
strongly reflected, we know n = m , where m could be any order. Since the next wavelength that has virtually
2t
⎛ 1⎞λ
zero reflection is the red light, we can write n = ⎜ m − ⎟ 0,red , where m refers to the same order. Taking the ratio
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2t
of the these two conditions, we find
⎛ ⎞ −1 −1
⎜ m ⎟ ⎛ λ0,green ⎞ λ0,red ⎛ λ0,red ⎞ (750 nm) ⎛ (750 nm) ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1 ⇒ m = − ⎜1 − ⎟ =− ⎜1 − ⎟ = 1.56
⎜⎜ m − 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ λ0,red ⎠ 2λ0,green ⎜⎝ λ0,green ⎟⎠ 2(510 nm) ⎝ (510 nm) ⎠
⎝ 2⎠
This does not correspond to an integer value. Thus there is no solution corresponding to our assumption that the
index of refraction of the fluid is less than that of the fluorite.
Let us now assume that the index of refraction of the fluid is greater than that of the fluorite. In that case, there will
be a phase shift upon reflection for light reflecting off the air-fluid interface, but not for light reflecting off the fluid-
fluorite interface. This means the rays are already out of phase, and the condition for green light to be strongly
⎛ 1⎞λ λ
reflected is n = ⎜ m − ⎟ 0,green . Similarly, the condition for red light not to be reflected at all is n = (m − 1) 0,red .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2t 2t
34-12 Chapter 34
λ0,red
Note here that we had to use (m − 1), because n = (m) could not possibly hold if the condition for green light is
2t
satisfied since red light has a longer wavelength than green light. Taking the ratio of these conditions yields
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ m − 2 ⎟ ⎛ λ0,green ⎞
−1 −1
⎛ λ0,red 1 ⎞⎛ λ0,red ⎞ ⎛ (750 nm) 1 ⎞⎛ (750 nm) ⎞
⎟ ⎜⎜ = ⇒ = ⎜ − + ⎟⎜ − ⎟ = − + − ⎟ = 2.06
⎟⎟
⎜ 1 m 1 ⎜ ⎟⎜ 1
⎜ λ0,green 2 ⎟⎜ λ0,green ⎟
⎜⎜ m − 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ λ0,red ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ (510 nm) 2 ⎠⎝ (510 nm) ⎠
⎝ ⎠
while this is not precisely an integer, it is close enough that an experimental observer could easily report this as being
strongly reflected green light and red light that is hardly reflected at all. If we let m = 2, then the index of refraction
λ0,red (750 nm)
is n = (m − 1) = = 2.37, which is consistent with our assumption that the index of refraction of the
2t 2(158 nm)
fluid is greater than that of the fluorite. Thus, the only possible value of the index of refraction is 2.37.
34.54. Because the index of refraction of the film is smaller than that of the glass, we see that light reflected off of
either interface will experience a phase shift upon reflection. Thus, for light to be strongly reflected, a full number of
λ0
wavelengths must fit in the additional path length travelled by one ray compared to the other 2t = m . Since this is
n
λ0
not observed for a thinner film, we know m = 1, such that nfilm = . We find the angle of refraction using Snel’s
2t
law:
⎛ 2tnair ⎞ ⎛ 2(175 nm)(1.00) ⎞
nfilm sin(θ film ) = nair sin(θ air ) ⇒ θ film = sin −1 ⎜ sin(θ air ) ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ sin(51.0°) ⎟ = 35.1°
⎝ λ0 ⎠ ⎝ (473 nm) ⎠
2λ L 2(633 × 10−9 m)(0.90 m)

34.55. From Example 34.8, we can use equation (1) to write a = = = 9.50 × 10−5 m.
w (0.012 m)
mλ (1)(650 × 10−9 m)
34.56. From Equation 34.26 we have a sin(θ ) = mλ ⇒ a = = = 1.30 × 10−6 m.
sin(θ ) sin(30.0 °)
34.57. If the distance between first order dark fringes is Δy, then the angular position of the first order dark fringe
Δy Δy
is related to the distance to the screen by tan(θ ) = or A = . Further, we know from Equation 34.26 that
2A 2 tan(θ )
⎛λ⎞
a sin(θ ) = λ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . Combining these two conditions yields
⎝a⎠
Δy (10.0 × 10−3 m)
A= = = 6.25 m
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ −9
⎞⎞
2 tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 2 tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ (400 × 10 −4 m) ⎟ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ (5.00 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
⎛λ⎞
34.58. From Equation 34.26 we know a sin(θ ) = λ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . From simple geometry, we know
a ⎝ ⎠
Δy ⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (656.5 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
tan(θ ) = or Δ y = A tan(θ ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = (2.000 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 13.1 mm
⎜ −4
A ⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ (1.00 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
34.59. We first find the angle at which the fourth order dark spot occurs using Equation 34.26:
⎛ mλ ⎞
a sin(θ ) = mλ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . Simple geometry allows us to relate this to the distance along the screen, such that
⎝ a ⎠
Δy ⎛ ⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎛ 4(545 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
tan(θ ) = or Δ y = A tan(θ ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = (0.710 m) tan ⎜⎜ sin ⎜ −6 ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.10 m.
A ⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ (15 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
34.60. When the slit width equal the wavelength, the diffraction pattern is spread across all angles from
−π /2 (− 90 °) to +π / 2 (+ 90 °). The first order dark fringes appear at exactly (− 90°) and (+90 °), mathematically
speaking. In practice, the dark fringes would not be visible because no flat screen can extend out to those angles. The
distance between two minima on the screen is infinite regardless of screen size or source-screen distance.
34.61. Many numerical answers are possible depending on exact wavelength of light, width of the door, and
distance from the door to the far wall of the cabin. But the crux of the answer is that the pattern will be extremely
small, too small to observe with the naked eye, and too small to observe even with instruments if light from other
sources is present. One would not even call this a diffraction pattern. As an example, let us assume that the light has a
wavelength of 700 nm, that the door is 1.0 m wide, and that the distance from the door to the far wall of your cabin
in 10 m. We can use Equation 34.26 to determine the angle at which the first order dark fringe would be found:
⎛λ⎞
a sin(θ ) = λ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . And using simple geometry, we find the distance along the wall to this dark fringe is
⎝a⎠
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (700 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y = A tan(θ ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = (10 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ −6
⎟ ⎟⎟ = 7.0 × 10 m
a
⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎜ (1.0 m)
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
There is no way for you to realistically observe a brightness variation over a distance of 7.0 μ m from the central
bright spot.
34.62. In order for the central bright spot on the wall to have the same width as the slit, the angle at which the first
⎛ a ⎞ mλ
order minimum occurs must be given by θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ . We also know from Equation 34.26 sin(θ ) = . Because
⎝ 2A ⎠ a
the aperture of a laser is likely much smaller than the distance from the laser to the screen, we use the small angle
approximation to write
a λ
≈ θ ≈ ⇒ a ≈ 2λ A = 2(550 × 10−9 m)(0.50 m) = 7.4 × 10−4 m
2A a
34.63. We find the angular position of the first order bright fringe using Equation 34.26:
⎛ λ ⎞
a sin(θ ) = λ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . We use simple geometry to relate this to a distance along the screen:
⎝a⎠
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (440 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y = A tan(θ ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = (0.450 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ −3
⎟ ⎟⎟ = 2.64 × 10 m
a
⎝ ⎠⎠ ⎜ (75 × 10 −6
m)
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
where we have kept one additional significant digit for this intermediate step. This is only the distance from the
center to one first order dark spots. The distance between the two is thus 5.3 mm.
34.64. We can use Equation 34.26 to determine the angle at which the first order dark fringe would be found, and
then use simple geometry to relate this to a distance along the screen. We do this for both wavelengths and then
⎛ mλ ⎞
compare the positions. For either wavelength, we can write a sin(θ ) = mλ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . And using simple
⎝ a ⎠
⎛ ⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎞
geometry, we find the distance along the wall to this dark fringe is Δ y = A tan(θ ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ . Applying this
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠
equation to each wavelength yields
⎛ ⎛ 2(482.0 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ yshorter = (0.220 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ −2
⎟ ⎟⎟ = 9.33 × 10 m
⎜ (2.470 × 10 −6
m)
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
34-14 Chapter 34
⎛ ⎛ 2(517.3 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ ylonger = (0.220 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ −1
⎟ ⎟⎟ = 1.01 × 10 m
⎜ (2.470 × 10 −6
m)
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
The difference between these positions is 8 mm.
34.65. [NOTE: The second line of the problem statement “The n = 1 and n = 1 dark fringes….” is changed to “The
n = 1 and n = –1 dark fringes….”] (a) Let us call the distance between the two first order dark fringes w. Then the
⎛w⎞
angle at which either dark fringe is cast is θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ , and this angle is related to the aperture width through
⎝ 2A ⎠
Equation 34.26: a sin(θ ) = mλ . Combining, we find
λ (485 × 10−9 m)
a= = = 1.39 × 10−5 m
⎛ ⎛ w ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (22.4 × 10 −3
m) ⎞ ⎞
sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2A ⎠ ⎠⎜
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 2(0.320 m) ⎠ ⎠
mλ a (1.387 × 10−5 m)
(b) Rearranging Equation 34.26 we find sin(θ ) = ≤ 1, such that m ≤ = = 28.6. Thus the
a λ (485 × 10−9 m)
highest order dark fringe corresponds to m = 28. For this order, the angle is
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎛ (28)(485 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ −5 ⎟ = 78.4 °.
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ (1.3866 × 10 m) ⎠
34.66. We use the information about the two slits to determine the distance d between them. Then, once the
cardboard between slits is removed, the aperture width a is the same as the former value of d . Using the double
mλ 3(620 × 10−9 m)
slits, we have d sin(θ ) = mλ ⇒ d = = = 2.50 × 10−5 m. Now we find the positions of the dark
sin(θ ) sin(4.27 °)
⎛ mλ ⎞
fringes by simply inserting difference orders into the expression θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . Thus
⎝ a ⎠
⎛ 1(620 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ1 = sin −1 ⎜ −5 ⎟ = 1.42°
⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ 2(620 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ 2 = sin −1 ⎜ −5 ⎟ = 2.85°
⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ 3(620 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ3 = sin −1 ⎜ −5 ⎟ = 4.27°
⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠
34.67. We can use Equation 34.26 to determine the angle at which a given order dark fringe would be found. We do
⎛ mλ ⎞
this for both orders and then compare the positions. For either order, we can write a sin(θ ) = mλ ⇒ θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ a ⎠
Applying this equation to each order yields
⎛ 3(800 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ3 = sin −1 ⎜ −6 ⎟ = 3.06°
⎝ (45 × 10 m) ⎠
⎛ 5(800 × 10−9 m) ⎞
θ5 = sin −1 ⎜ −6 ⎟ = 5.10°
⎝ (45 × 10 m) ⎠
Thus the angular separation is 2.0°.
34.68. The answer depends on the wavelength and aperture size. Consider for example two aperture sizes for the
same set of other parameters. Case 1: a = 2.50 × 10−6 m, λ = 500 nm, and the distance to the screen D = 1.00 m.
The width of the central (zeroth-order) maximum in this case is
⎛ ⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎛ (1)(500 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
w = 2Δ y = 2A tan(θ ) = 2A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 2(1.00 m) tan ⎜ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 0.408 m
⎜ −6
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠
whereas the width of the third-order maximum is
⎛ ⎛ 4λ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎛ 3λ ⎞ ⎞
y4 − y3 = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − A tan ⎜ sin ⎜ a ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ 4(500 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎛ 3(500 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞ ⎞
= (1.00 m) ⎜ tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − tan ⎜⎜ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎟ = 0.583 m
⎜ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠ ⎟⎠
−6 −6
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ (2.50 × 10 m) ⎠ ⎠ ⎝
such that the third-order bright fringe is wider. If we now change only the aperture size (Case 2) to
a = 3.50 × 10−6 m, we find the width of the central maximum to be 0.289 m and we find y4 − y3 = 0.222 m. In this
second case, the central bright envelope is wider.
34.69. From the interference pattern we can deduce the wavelength of the light being used. According to Equation
a sin(θ ) (1500 × 10−9 m)sin(25.0°)
34.26, λ = = = 633.9 nm. Now we turn our attention to the reflection. Because
m (1)
the soap film has a higher index of refraction than water, light reflecting off the air-film interface will experience a
phase shift due to reflection but light reflecting off the film-water interface will not. Thus, the two rays are already
out of phase simply due to reflection. Stating that that the film have zero thickness is not a valid answer, because then
no film would be present. We thus require that the film have the smallest non-zero thickness that keeps the rays out
of phase, which corresponds to fitting one full wavelength in the additional path length travelled by one ray. Thus
λ (633.9 nm)
t= = = 226 nm.
2n 2(1.40)
34.70. Equation 34.29 tells us that the first order minimum in intensity occurs at the angle given by
λ
sin(θ1 ) = 1.22 , where d is the diameter of the aperture. Simple geometry tells us that the distance from the center
d
of the pattern to this first order minimum is
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (550 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y = A tan(θ1 ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ ⎟ = (1.5 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ 1.22 ⎟ ⎟ = 5.03 mm
⎝ d ⎠⎠ ⎜ (2.0 × 10−4 m) ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝ ⎝
Of course, this is only half the diameter of the Airy disk. The full width is 1.0 × 10−2 m.
λ
d
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (550 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y = A tan(θ1 ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ ⎟ = (1.200 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ ⎟ = 4.03 μ m
⎝ d ⎠⎠ ⎜ (0.200 m) ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝ ⎝
λf
34.72. Using Equation 34.31 we know the radius of the Airy disk is given by yr = 1.22 . Since all lenses are
d
being used to focus the same beam of light, we simply choose the lens with the smallest ratio of f / d , which is lens
B. Thus lens B will focus the light down to the smallest disk.
λ
34.73. We use Equation 34.30 to write the minimum angular separation between two objects as θ r = 1.22 .
d
Inserting values for each extremum of wavelength, we find
34-16 Chapter 34
(3.00 × 10−6 m)
θ r,shortest λ = 1.22 = 4.3 × 10−6 rad or (2.5 × 10−4 )°, and
(0.85 m)
(180 × 10−6 m)
θ r,longest λ = 1.22 = 2.6 × 10−4 rad or (1.5 × 10−2 )°
(0.85 m)
34.74. (a) Using Equation 34.30 we can write the minimum angular separation between two
λ (400 × 10−9 m) λ
objects as θ r = 1.22 = 1.22 −3
= 1.6 × 10−4 rad or (9.3 × 10−3 )°. (b) As in part (a) θ r = 1.22
d (3.0 × 10 m) d
−9
(650 × 10 m)
= 1.22 = 2.6 × 10−4 rad or (1.5 × 10−2 )°. (c) Simple geometry tells us Δ y = A tan(θ )
(3.0 × 10−3 m)
= (100 m) tan((9.32 × 10−3 )°) = 16 mm. (d) As in (c), Δ y = A tan(θ ) = (100 m) tan((1.51 × 10−2 )°) = 26 mm.
λ
d
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (530 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
Δ y = A tan(θ1 ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ ⎟ = (0.800 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ 1.22 ⎟ ⎟ = 1.29 mm
⎝ d ⎠⎠ ⎜ (4.00 × 10−4 m) ⎠ ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝
But this is only the radius of the disk; the diameter is 2.59 mm. One could also have used the small angle
approximation here, without affecting the results.
34.76. The radius of an Airy disk produced by a lens of diameter Equation 34.29 tells us that the first order
λ
minimum in intensity occurs at the angle given by sin(θ1 ) = 1.22 , where d is the diameter of the aperture. Simple
d
geometry tells us that the distance from the center of the pattern to this first order minimum is d is given by
Equation 34.31 as Equation 34.29 tells us that the first order minimum in intensity occurs at the angle given by
λ
d
λf
of the pattern to this first order minimum is yr = 1.22 . So the largest Airy disk corresponds to a large wavelength
d
(750 × 10−9 m)(0.025 m)
and small pupil diameter; in that case: yr,max = 1.22 = 11.4 μ m. The smallest
(2.00 × 10−3 m)
Airy disk corresponds to a short wavelength and a large pupil diameter; in that case:
(390 × 10−9 m)(0.025 m)
yr,max = 1.22 = 1.49 μ m.
(8.00 × 10−3 m)
λ
34.77. Let us assume we can work in the small angle approximation. In that case θ1 ≈ sin (θ1 ) = 1.22 and
d
yr λA
θ1 ≈ tan(θ1 ) = can be equated to yield yr = 1.22 . We know that when the setup is submerged, the distance to
A d
the screen and the pinhole aperture will be unchanged, whereas the wavelength will decrease according to
λ y y
λwater = vac . Thus yr,water = r,vac = r,vac .
nwater nwater 1.33
⎛ λ⎞
34.78. We determine the radius of the Airy disk through yr = A tan(θ1 ), where we insert θ1 = sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ from
d ⎝ ⎠
Equation 34.29. We obtain
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (500 × 10−9 m) ⎞ ⎞
yr = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ ⎟ = (0.350 m) tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜1.22 −3
⎟ ⎟⎟ = 7.12 × 10 m
⎝ d ⎠⎠ ⎜ (30.0 × 10 −6
m)
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
Then the area of the disk is given by A = π r 2 = π (7.12 × 10−3 m) 2 = 1.59 × 10−4 m 2 .
⎛ Δx ⎞
34.79. The angular separation of the two objects is θ = 2 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ , and we require that this be just barely equal to
⎝ 2L ⎠
⎛ λ⎞
the minimum resolvable angle given by θ1 = sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ . Since these angles will be small, we can write
⎝ d⎠
−3 −3
d Δx (6.00 × 10 m)(30.0 × 10 m)
L= = = 268 m.
1.22λ 1.22(550 × 10−9 m)
λ
34.80. We know from Equation 34.30 that the minimum angle at which two objects can be resolved is θ1 = 1.22 .
d
We are given the diameter of the telescope, but all we are told about the light is that it is in the visible spectrum.
The minimum possible angular separation will correspond to the minimum wavelength that could be used.
The shortest wavelength that people can see is approximately 4.0 × 10−7 m, although it varies slightly from
person to person. We will use a cutoff of exactly 400 nm for the visible spectrum for the purposes of this
λmin
calculation; answers that use a slightly smaller value (around 390 nm) could also be correct. θ1,min = 1.22 =
d
(400 × 10−9 m)
1.22 = 8.13 × 10 −6 radians or (4.66 × 10−4 )°.
(60.0 × 10−3 m)
34.81. Equation 34.30 gives us the minimum angular separation between sides of the object for the two sides to be
λ (525 × 10−9 m)
resolvable: θ1 = 1.22 = 1.22 = 2.33 × 10−9 rad. Simple geometry tells us this is related to the
d (2.75 m)
diameter D of the object through
D ⎛ (2.33 × 10−9 rad) ⎞
tan(θ1/2) = ⇒ D = 2 L tan(θ1/2) = 2(2.50 × 107 m) tan ⎜ ⎟ = 5.82 m
2L ⎝ 2 ⎠
34.82. We know from Equation 34.29 that the angle from the bright center of an Airy disk to the first order
⎛ λ⎞
minimum is θ1 = sin −1 ⎜1.22 ⎟ . Simple geometry allows us to relate this to the radius of the disk on the screen
⎝ d⎠
through
⎛ ⎛ λ ⎞⎞ 1.22λ 1.22(650 × 10−9 m)
Δ yr = A tan(θ1 ) = A tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ 1.22 ⎟ ⎟ ⇒ d = = = 4.07 × 10−6 m
⎝ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎠ ⎛ ⎛ Δ y ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (0.139 m)/2 ⎞ ⎞
sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ r ⎟ ⎟ sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ A ⎠⎠ ⎜ (0.350 m) ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝
34.83. Let us assume that the wavelength of the light emitted by the brake lights is approximately 650 nm. We can
calculate the size of the Airy disk produced by such light passing through this lens using Equation 34.31:
λf (650 × 10−9 m)(0.050 m)
yr = 1.22 = 1.22 = 9.91 × 10−6 m. In order for the two lights to be resolvable, their Airy
d (4.00 × 10−3 m)
disks must overlap, so the distance between the Airy disk centers on the camera sensors must be greater than or equal
to 1.98 × 10−5 m. Since the object distance is very large, the image distance will be very close to the focal length, and
we can approximate the minimum angle at the camera lens between the two images as
⎛ Δ x/2 ⎞ −1 ⎛ (1.98 × 10 m)/2 ⎞
−5
θ min = 2 tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 2 tan ⎜
−4
⎟ = 3.96 × 10 rad
⎝ f ⎠ ⎝ (0.050 m) ⎠
34-18 Chapter 34
From the placement of the lights, we can determine the angle at the camera lens between the two light sources:
⎛ Δ x/2 ⎞ −1 ⎛ (2.00 m)/2 ⎞
θ = 2 tan −1 ⎜ −3
⎟ = 2 tan ⎜ (300 m) ⎟ = 6.67 × 10 rad. This is about 17 times larger than the minimum angular
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
separation calculated. So it should be possible to resolve the two Airy disks. It is also worth asking whether the
sensors in the camera are small enough to resolve the two objects. One can look up the size of pixels in a digital
camera sensor, but we are told in Example 34.10 that the width is around 2.0 μ m. So the radius of the Airy disk
produced by either light is five times the pixel size, and the camera should have no trouble resolving the two lights.
So, yes, the two lights are likely to be resolved in the photograph.
34.84. (a) Considering the shadow only, the smallest bright spot that could be cast on the film is 0.30 mm.
Considering the wave properties of light, the diameter of the Airy disk would be
λf (390 × 10−9 m)(0.100 m)
D = 2Δyr = 2(1.22) = 2(1.22) = 0.317 mm. (b) You would use the Raleigh Criterion.
d (0.300 × 10−3 m)
The optimal pinhole size is the largest size that still gives you the required resolving power. The largest possible size
is desirable so as to allow the maximum amount of light through. But suppose you also need to distinguish certain
features in your picture such that you require a minimum resolvable angle θ r ,min . Presumably you want see the
features in all visible colors, so make sure it works with the longest possible wavelength (approximately 750 nm)
Then using the Raleigh Criterion tells you d = 1.22λmax / sin(θ r ,min ).
1 2
34.85. (a) The kinetic energy is reduced by a factor of 1/4, because Ki = mvi and
2
2
1 2 1 ⎛ vi ⎞ 1
Ki = mvf = m ⎜ ⎟ = K i . (b) There is no change. The energy of a photon depends only on its frequency and
2 2 ⎝2⎠ 4
the frequency is fixed when a photon crosses from one medium to another. It is only the wavelength that changes.
hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

34.86. (a) Using Equation 34.35 we know E = hf = = = 4.97 × 10−19 J
λ (400 × 10−9 m)
hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
or 3.10 eV. (b) As in part (a), we write E = hf = = = 2.84 × 10−19 J
λ (700 × 10−9 m)
or 1.77 eV.
hc hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

34.87. We know E = hf = ⇒λ = = = 2.5 × 10−12 m or 2.5 pm.
λ E (8.0 × 10−14 J)
E (8.0 × 10−14 J)
34.88. From Equation 34.37 we know p = = = 2.7 × 10−22 kg ⋅ m/s.
c0 (3.00 × 108 m/s)
hc
34.89. Rewriting Equation 34.36 in terms of the wavelength, we have = E0 + eVstop . Clearly if the wavelength is
λ
very small, a very high stopping potential will be required. But we are asked about the maximum wavelength that can
eject an electron. That means it is just barely able to eject an electron and no additional potential difference is
hc (6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
required to stop the ejected electron. Thus our equation reduces to λmax = = =
E0 (6.54 × 10−19 J)
304 nm.
34.90. If red light corresponds to the longest wavelength that can eject an electron from the metal, then we can find
the work function of the metal by inserting Vstop = 0 in Equation 34.36. We are left with
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

hc
E0 = = = 2.84 × 10−19 J
λmax (700 × 10−9 m)
Now we use violet light and determine the energy left over after the electron is ejected from the metal:
hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
K max = − E0 = − (2.84 × 10−19 J) = 2.13 × 10−19 J
λ (400 × 10−9 m)
hc
34.91. Writing Equation 34.35 in terms of the wavelength of light, we have E0 = − K max
λ
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
= − (3.5 × 10−20 J) = 4.5 × 10−19 J or 2.8 eV.
(410 × 10−9 m)
34.92. (a) A large stopping potential difference means the ejected electrons had a large kinetic energy after being
ejected. That means that a much lower frequency of light could have been used and an electron still would have been
ejected. Since material 1 had the largest stopping potential, the energy in the light hf exceeded the minimum energy
required to eject an electron from material 1 by a greater amount than it exceeded the minimum energies for other
materials. This means material 1 has the lowest minimum energy required to eject an electron. Thus material 1 has
the lowest frequency below which no electrons are ejected.
(b) By the same argument as in part (a), material 3 has the highest frequency below which no electrons are ejected.
34.93. Applying Equation 34.36 we find

hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
E0 = − eVstop = − (1.60 × 10−19 C)(3.4 V) = 8.8 × 10−19 J
λ (140 × 10−9 m)
34.94. (a) We proceed assuming that relativity can be ignored, and we check our final electron speed to make sure
our assumption was correct. Using Equation 34.35 we find
hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
K max = − E0 = − (4.6 × 10−19 J) = 5.0 × 10−20 J
λ (390 × 10−9 m)
Now the electron’s speed is given by
2 K max 2(4.97 × 10−20 J)
v= = = 3.3 × 105 m/s
m (9.11 × 10−31 kg)
Since this speed is much less than the speed of light in a vacuum, we were justified in ignoring relativity.
hc
(b) One might try proceeding exactly as in part (a), and one would find K max = − E0
λ
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
= − (4.6 × 10−19 J) = −1.9 × 10−19 J. Clearly, a negative kinetic energy is
(750 × 10−9 m)
hc
nonsense. The resolution of this is that < E0 , such that the light does not have enough energy to even eject an
λ
electron from the metal, let alone leave it with kinetic energy. One might call this a kinetic energy of zero, but the
most accurate answer is: Light with a wavelength of 750 nm does not have sufficient energy to break an electron
from this metal. There is no kinetic energy or speed of an ejected electron.
34.95. We set the minimum energy required to eject electrons equal to the work function to find
E0 = hf min − = (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(7.20 × 1014 Hz) = 4.77 × 10−19 J. Now, when a higher frequency is used, we require
1 2 1
that the electron be left with a kinetic energy: K max = mv = (9.11 × 10−31 kg)(8.50 × 105 m/s) 2 = 3.29 × 10−19 J.
2 2
Finally, we use Equation 34.35 to determine the new required frequency:
K + E0 (3.29 × 10−19 J) + (4.77 × 10−19 J)
f = max = = 1.22 × 1015 Hz
h (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
34-20 Chapter 34
hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

34.96. (a) The energy of a photon is just E = = = 3.14 × 10−19 J. (b) We
λ (633 × 10−9 m)
PΔ t (2.50 × 10−4 W)(1.0 s)
know the power output of the laser, so we equate NEphoton = PΔ t ⇒ N = = =
Ephoton (3.14 × 10−19 J)
Ephoton (3.14 × 10−19 J)
7.96 × 1014 photons. (c) From Equation 34.37 we know pphoton = = = 1.05 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m/s.
c0 (3.00 × 108 m/s)
F Δ p Npphoton (7.96 × 1014 photons)(1.05 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m/s)
(d) We know from mechanics P= = = = =
A ΔtA Δ tπ r 2 (1.0 s)π (1.00 × 10−3 m) 2
2.65 × 10−7 Pa.
hc
34.97. (a) In the case of a photon we relate the wavelength to the energy via λphoton = . For an electron (which
Ephoton
h h h
we assume is not moving at relativistic speeds), the wavelength is given by λe = = = . Thus the ratio
p mv 2mEe
of wavelengths is
h
λe 2mEe E 1 Ephoton 1 (2.00 × 10−18 J)
= = photon = = = 3.49 × 10−3
λphoton hc c 2mEe c 2m (3.00 × 108 m/s) 2(9.11 × 10−31 kg)
Ephoton
meaning the wavelength of the photon is much longer. (b) Using the relationships between wavelength and energy
from part (a), we can write the ratio of energies:
hc
Ephoton λphoton 2mcλe 2(9.11 × 10−31 kg)(3.00 × 108 m/s)(250 × 10−9 m)
= = = = 2.06 × 105
Ee h2 h (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
2mλe2
meaning the photon has a much larger energy.
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

hc
34.98. The energy of a single photon of this light is E = = = 9.20 × 10−19 J.
λ (216 × 10−9 m)
We note first that this is sufficient energy to eject electrons from the target. Given the power output of the laser, we
can determine the number of photons emitted by the laser in a one-second interval:
PΔ t (3.50 W)(1.0 s)
NEphoton = PΔ t ⇒ N = = = 3.80 × 1018 photons. Since each one of these photons is capable
Ephoton (9.02 × 10−19 J)
of ejecting an electron, the maximum number of electrons ejected per second is 3.80 × 1018.
dp Δp
34.99. We know F = → since the rate of delivery of photons is constant. Since the photons are absorbed as
dt Δt
Npphoton NEphoton P IA (60 W/m 2 )(4.5 × 10−6 m 2 )
opposed to reflected, we can write F = ma = ⇒a= = = =
Δt mcΔt mc mc (2.3 × 10−6 kg)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
= 3.9 × 10−7 m/s 2 . Thus the acceleration is 3.9 × 10−7 m/s 2 in the initial direction of the photons.
(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

hc
34.100. The energy of a single photon is E = = = 4.97 × 10−19 J. We can find
λ (400 × 10−9 m)
the number of photons striking the target each second:
IAΔ t (5.50 W/m 2 )(600 × 10−6 m 2 )(1.0 s)
NEphoton = PΔ t = IAΔt ⇒ N = = = 6.64 × 1015 photons
Ephoton (4.97 × 10−19 J)
Each of these photons could eject an electron, meaning a charge of Nqe could flow across the vacuum tube each
second. Thus the maximum current is
Nqe (6.64 × 1015 photons)(1.60 × 10−19 C)
I max = = = 1.06 mA
Δt (1.0 s)
mλ (1)(550 × 10−9 m)
34.101. We use the information about the light to determine the aperture width: a = =
sin(θ ) sin(32.5°)
= 1.024 μ m. Now the electrons must have the same total energy as the photons, which allows us to write the
wavelength of the electrons:
h h h hλphoton (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(550 × 10−9 m)
λe = = = = = = 8.165 × 10−10 m
mv 2mK e 2mEphoton 2mc 2(9.11 × 10−31 kg)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
Now we make use of the aperture width to write
⎛ mλ ⎞ ⎛ (1)(8.165 × 10−10 m) ⎞
θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ −6 ⎟ = 0.0457 °
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ (1.024 × 10 m) ⎠
34.102. Because the index of refraction of the film is between that of air and of glass, light reflecting off of either
interface (air-film or film-glass) will experience a phase shift due to reflection. This leaves the two in phase. In order
to be out of phase, one ray must travel a greater distance than the other by half of one wavelength. Thus
⎛1⎞ λ
2t = ⎜ ⎟ 0 ⇒ λ0 = 4tnfilm = 4(123 nm)(1.30) = 639.6 nm. The energy of each photon with that wavelength is
⎝ 2 ⎠ nfilm
hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
E= = = 3.11 × 10−19 J.
λ (639.6 × 10−9 m)
34.103. The longer the wavelength, the wider the angle at which the first minimum occurs. This is clear from
(1)λ
sin(θ1 ) = . Thus, the 600 nm light is diffracted the most.
a
mλ y
34.104. Since L d we can use the small angle approximation to write θ m = and θ m = m . This tells us that
d L
m λ L
the distance along the screen from the center to the m th bright fringe is ym = . This holds for either wavelength
d
( m + 1)λ L mλ L λ L
of light. Thus the distance between two adjacent bright fringes can be written ym +1 − ym = − = .
d d d
This expression for the distance is also valid for either wavelength. So we can write relate the distances between
bright fringes of difference colors as follows:
λr L
yr λ λ (650 nm)
= d = r ⇒ yr = r yg = yg = 1.22 yg
yg λg L λg λg (532 nm)
d
mλ y
34.105. Since we can use the small angle approximation, we write θ m = and θ m = m . This tells us that the
a L
mλ L
distance along the screen from the center to the m th dark fringe is ym = . Thus the distance between two
a
34-22 Chapter 34
( m + 1)λ L mλ L λ L ( y − ym ) d
adjacent dark fringes can be written ym +1 − ym = − = . Rearranging, we find λ = m +1
d d d L
(31 × 10−3 m)(5.0 × 10−5 m)
= = 6.2 × 10−7 m.
(2.5 m)
34.106. From Figure 34.18, and the accompanying text, we know that strong peaks in x-ray diffraction occur when
λ (0.155 × 10−9 m)
2d cos(θ ) = mλ . Thus d = = = 1.25 × 10−10 m.
2cos(θ ) 2cos(51.7 °)
34.107. Babinet’s principle means that the diffraction pattern should have the same geometry as if the light had
passed through a slit of the same thickness as the hair. Thus we can relate the angle at which the first dark fringe
mλ
appears to an aperture width a, which in this case will correspond to the width of the hair. We know a = and
sin(θ )
⎛ Δy ⎞
simple geometry gives us the angle θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ . So
⎝ L ⎠
λ (690 × 10−9 m)
a= = = 5.2 × 10−5 m
⎛ ⎛ Δy ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ (16 × 10−3 m) ⎞ ⎞
sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟⎟ sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎠ ⎜
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ (1.2 m) ⎠ ⎠
λ
34.108. From Equation 34.30 we know the minimum angle at which the planet can be resolved is θ r = 1.22 ,
d
Dplanet
where d is the diameter of the mirror. The angular width of the planet is given by θ = , where Dplanet is the
L
diameter of the planet, and L is the distance to the planet from Earth. Thus
Dplanet λ 1.22λ L 1.22(525 × 10 −9 m)(10 y)(3.00 ×108 m/s)(365.25 days/y)(24 h/day)(3600 s/h)
= 1.22 ⇒ d = =
L d Dplanet (1.27 × 107 m)
= 4.8 × 103 m
which is much larger than any existing telescopes.
34.109. (a) Increasing the frequency is equivalent to decreasing the wavelength. The angle at which the m th order
⎛ mλ ⎞
bright fringe occurs is given by θ m = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ . Since the sine function is monotonic in the range 0 < θ < 90 °, we
⎝ d ⎠
see that decreasing the wavelength decreases the angle at which an arbitrary bright fringe appears. This means that
the overall pattern is being compressed. (b) The pattern would appear brighter, but the geometry would not change.
(c) A brighter light must have a greater intensity, meaning more energy leaves the surface of the source per second.
Since the frequency is unchanged, the energy of each photon is unchanged. The only way for more energy to leave
the surface is for more photons to leave the surface.
34.110. The oil has a greater index of refraction than the water. This means that light incident on the air-oil interface
will experience a phase shift upon reflection, but light incident on the oil-water interface will not. This leaves the two
rays out of phase when one considers reflection only. We require that green light be strongly reflected, such that the
additional path length travelled by one ray of light causes the rays to be in phase again. This means
2t ⎛ 1⎞ λ
ΔL = = ⎜ m − ⎟ 0 . We know from Snel’s law that making the incident angle as small as possible
cos(θin oil ) ⎝ 2 ⎠ noil
corresponds to making the refracted angle θin oil as small as possible. So we wish to minimize
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
2 t
θin oil = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎛ 1 ⎞ λ0 ⎟
⎜ ⎜m − 2 ⎟ n ⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠ oil ⎠
which means minimizing m. But note that we cannot choose m = 1, because the oil film is so much thicker than a
tnoil (1.00 × 10−5 m)(1.48)
wavelength of light. In fact, the thickness of the oil is = = 29.0 times the wavelength of
λ (510 × 10−9 m)
the light in oil. So the path length difference can never be less than 58.0 wavelengths, and the smallest value that m
can have while still satisfying the constructive interference condition is 59. Thus,
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
−1 ⎜ 2(1.00 × 10−5 m) ⎟ = 7.20 °
θin oil = cos −9
⎜⎛ 1 ⎞ (510 × 10 m) ⎟
⎜ ⎜ 59 − 2 ⎟ (1.48) ⎟
⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎠
⎛n ⎞
This is the angle in the oil. We use Snel’s law to relate this to the incident angle: θincident = sin −1 ⎜ oil sin(θ in oil ) ⎟
n
⎝ air ⎠
⎛ (1.48) ⎞
= sin −1 ⎜ sin(7.20°) ⎟ = 10.7°.
⎝ (1.00) ⎠
9λ
34.111. We can write the condition on the ninth bright fringe as sin(θ9 ) = sin(θ8 + 10 °) = . Invoking a
a
trigonometric identity yields
9λ
sin(θ8 )cos(10 °) + sin(10 °)cos(θ8 ) =
a
2
⎛ 8λ ⎞ ⎛ 8λ ⎞ 9λ
⎜ a ⎟ cos(10 °) + sin (10° ) 1 − ⎜ a ⎟ = a
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛λ⎞ ⎛λ⎞
which is a quadratic equation in the ratio ⎜ ⎟ , with solution ⎜ ⎟ = 0.097.
⎝a⎠ ⎝a⎠
34.112. Let us call the slits slit 1 and slit 2. We know that the energy of a wave is proportional to the square of the
W
amplitude, so we can write I = CA2 , where C is a constant with units of . Then the amplitude of light
m4
I1 I
through each slit can be written A1 = and A2 = 2 . When the waves are in phase, these amplitudes will add,
C C
giving us a total amplitude of A1 + A2 . This means we can write the intensity of a bright spot as I bright =
C ( A1 + A2 ) 2 = ( C A1 + C A2 ) 2 = ( I1 + I 2 ) 2 = ( (0.010 mW/mm 2 ) + (0.030 mW/mm 2 ) ) 2 = 0.075 mW/mm 2 .

In the case of destructive interference, we have an amplitude of A1 − A2 , such that the intensity is
I dark = C ( A1 − A2 ) 2 = ( C A1 − C A2 ) 2 = ( I1 − I 2 ) 2 = ( (0.010 mW/mm 2 ) − (0.030 mW/mm 2 ) ) 2

= 5.4 × 10−3 mW/mm 2
34.113. (a) We equate the increase in kinetic energy to the magnitude of the change in potential energy:
2eΔV 2(1.60 × 10−19 C)(2.0 × 103 V)
K f = eΔV ⇒ vf = = = 2.7 × 107 m/s
m (9.11 × 10−19 kg)
34-24 Chapter 34
Note that this is about 9% the speed of light, and around the upper limit before one has to consider relativity.
Relativity would give a small correction here, but when working with only two significant digits it is acceptable to
ignore it. (b) The de Broglie wavelength is given by
h h (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)
λ= = = = 2.7 × 10−11 m
p mv (9.11 × 10−31 kg)(2.65 × 107 m/s)
(c) Let us calculate the angle at which the first order maximum would occur:
⎛λ⎞ ⎛ (2.74 × 10−11 m) ⎞
θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎜ − 10 ⎟ = 13 °
⎝d⎠ ⎝ (1.23 × 10 m) ⎠
This should be quite easily detected. Yes, the diffraction pattern will be visible.
λred λblue
34.114. (a) You require Δθ = θ red − θ blue = 12°. Since sin(θ1,red ) = sin(θ1,blue + Δ θ ) = and sin(θ1,blue ) = , we
d d
have
sin(θ1,blue + Δθ ) λred sin(θ1,blue )cos(Δ θ ) + sin( Δ θ )cos(θ1,blue ) λred
= or =
sin(θ1,blue ) λgreen sin(θ1,blue ) λblue
This can be solved to yield
⎡⎛ ⎛ λred ⎞⎞ ⎤
−1
⎡⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
−1
−1 ⎢ 1 1 (700 nm)
θ1,blue = tan ⎜ ⎜ − cos(Δ θ ) ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ = tan ⎢⎜
− 1
⎜ − cos(12 °) ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ = 15.1 °
⎢⎜⎝ sin(Δ θ ) ⎝ λblue ⎠
⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎢⎜⎝ sin(12 °) ⎝ (400 nm) ⎟
⎠ ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
λ λblue (400 × 10−9 m)
Finally, we can reinsert this angle into sin(θ1,blue ) = blue to obtain d = = = 1.54 × 10−6 m.
d sin(θ1,blue ) sin(15.1 °)
With lines of that width, the grating would have 650 lines/mm. (b) The red light will always be diffracted to a
larger angle. So if any color within a particular order runs off the edge of the screen, it would be red light. So let us
mλred d (1.54 × 10−6 m)
calculate the maximum order of diffraction of red light. sin(θ m,red ) = ≤1⇒ m ≤ = = 2.20.
d λred (700 × 10−9 m)
So there will be two full orders of diffraction on either side of the central maximum. This means there are four
complete spectra.
34.115. From Equation 34.30 and simple trigonometry we know

⎛ ⎛ 1.22λ ⎞ ⎞ d ⎛ ⎛ y ⎞ ⎞ 2(1.36 × 10−6 m) ⎛ ⎛ (33.3 × 10−3 m) ⎞ ⎞
yr = L tan ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⇒λ = sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜ r ⎟ ⎟ = sin ⎜ tan −1 ⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 596 nm
⎝ ⎝ d ⎠⎠ 1.22 ⎝ ⎝ L ⎠⎠ 1.22 ⎠ ⎝ (0.120 m) ⎠
⎝
− 34
hc (6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)
Given this wavelength, the energy transferred per photon is E = =
λ (5.96 × 10−7 m)
Ephoton (3.33 × 10−19 J)
= 3.33 × 10−19 J, and the momentum transferred per photon is pphoton = =
c (3.00 × 108 m/s)
− 27
= 1.11 × 10 kg ⋅ m/s.
⎛ ho ⎞ ho
34.116. Let the letter subtend an angle θ letter = tan −1 ⎜
⎟≈ in her view, where ho is the height of the letter and
⎝ d0 ⎠ d0
do is the distance from her eye to the letter. Let rays A and B come from the top and bottom of the letter
respectively. Rays A and B form the angle θ letter as they enter the eye. We assume the rays pass through the center of
the lens, such that the angle between the refracted rays is still θ letter . In this case, we can use the magnification to
hi h h
write = o ⇒ θ letter ≈ i . Light from the bottom of the letter and from the top of the letter will form Airy
di d o di
disks on the back of the eye. The minimum angle between the centers of the disks in order for the two ends of the
1.22λ
letter to be resolvable is given by Equation 34.30: θ r = . Setting this minimum resolvable angle equal
d
ho,min 1.22λ 1.22λ d o
to θ letter , we can determine the minimum height of the letter: = ⇒ ho,min =
do d d
1.22(500 × 10−9 m)(0.25 m)
= = 5.1 × 10−5 m.
(3.0 × 10−3 m)
34.117. Because of the cylindrical shape of the material, a ray of light passing through that slit and striking the
screen (call this ray A) will always leave the material normal to the surface. Thus, there will be no effects due to
refraction at the interface. However, the index of refraction in the material is slightly larger than that of air. This
means that for a particular beam of light, wavelengths will be reduced upon entering the material. This means we can
fit more wavelengths in that region of space than if the space were occupied by mere air. In order to shift bright spots
to dark and dark spots to bright, we wish to increase the number of wavelengths making up the path of ray A by 1/2.
r
Call the radius of the material r. In air, the number of wavelengths that would fit in this space is N air = . With the
λ0
rnmaterial
material, this number becomes N material = . We require that the difference be
λ0
r 1 λ0 (750 × 10−9 m)
N material − N air = (nmaterial − 1) = ⇒r= = = 4 × 10−4 m
λ0 2 2( nmaterial − 1) 2(1.001 − 1)
34.118. The Bragg angle is related to the lattice constant through 2d cos(θ ) = mλ = 2d cos(90 − α ) =
mλ (1)(0.154 × 10−9 m)
2d sin(α ) ⇒ d = = = 2.02 × 10−10 m. This is the spacing for LiF, so you have the
2sin(α ) 2sin(22.4 °)
sample of LiF.
34.119. We know that gravity must be holding the satellite in orbit, so we can equate the acceleration due to gravity
to the necessary centripetal acceleration and obtain
1/ 3 1/ 3
Gmmars v 2 (2π r )2 ⎛ GmmarsT 2 ⎞ ⎛ (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(6.42 × 1023 kg)((17 h)(3600 s/h)) 2 ⎞
= = ⇒r =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4π 4π
2 2
r r rT ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 2.34 × 107 m
So the distance from the center of mars to the satellite is 2.34 × 107 m. But we are interested in viewing the surface
of mars, so the really relevant distance is that from the satellite to the surface:
dsurface = r − Rmars = (2.34 × 107 m) − (3.40 × 106 m) = 2.00 × 107 m. We wish to resolve objects 2.00 m across a
distance 2.00 × 107 m away, meaning the resolvable angle must be θ r ≈ 1.00 × 10−7 rad. From here, we rearrange
yr 1.22λ
Equation 34.31 to relate the required lens diameter and focal lengths to the resolvable angle: θ r ≈ ≈ .
f d
Because of our limited space, we clearly need to use the smallest wavelength of visible light possible. This minimum
varies slightly from person to person, but we will assume a value of 400 nm. Solving for the required diameter of the
1.22λ 1.22(400 × 10−9 m)
apparatus, we find d = = = 4.9 m. One might use a different wavelength of light, or one
θr (1.00 × 10−7 rad)
might try to construct arguments using a grating instead of a lens, but the apparatus must be considerably larger than
1.0 m.

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WAVE AND PARTICLE OPTICS

34.23. We can relate the kinetic energy to the velocity according to

(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

34.36. Using Equation 34.11 we can write

34.40. (a) Using Equation 34.16 we have

34.45. We can determine the spacing between adjacent slits using

2λ L 2(633 × 10−9 m)(0.90 m)

hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

hc hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

34.93. Applying Equation 34.36 we find

hc (6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s)(3.00 × 108 m/s)

C ( A1 + A2 ) 2 = ( C A1 + C A2 ) 2 = ( I1 + I 2 ) 2 = ( (0.010 mW/mm 2 ) + (0.030 mW/mm 2 ) ) 2 = 0.075 mW/mm 2 .

I dark = C ( A1 − A2 ) 2 = ( C A1 − C A2 ) 2 = ( I1 − I 2 ) 2 = ( (0.010 mW/mm 2 ) − (0.030 mW/mm 2 ) ) 2

34.115. From Equation 34.30 and simple trigonometry we know

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