International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2018; 5(2): 03-10

ISSN 2347-2677
IJFBS 2018; 5(2): 03-10
Received: 04-01-2018
Advances and applications of Bioinformatics in various
Accepted: 05-02-2018 fields of life
M Younus Wani
Temperate Sericulture Research M Younus Wani, NA Ganie, S Rani, S Mehraj, MR Mir, MF Baqual, KA
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST-
Kashmir, J&K, India Sahaf, FA Malik and KA Dar
NA Ganie
Temperate Sericulture Research
Abstract
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST-
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary area of the science composed of biology, mathematics and
Kashmir, J&K, India computer science. Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to manage biological data
that helps in decoding plant genomes. The field of bioinformatics emerged as a tool to facilitate
S Rani biological discoveries more than 10 years ago. With the development of Human Genome Project (HGP),
Temperate Sericulture Research the data of biology increased fabulously and marvelously. The ability to capture, manage, process,
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST- analyze and interpret data became more important than ever. Bioinformatics and computers can help
Kashmir, J&K, India scientists to solve it. Here are introduced roles of bioinformatics, meanwhile Web tools and resources of
bioinformatics are reviewed and its applications in agriculture and relevance with other disciplines is also
S Mehraj highlighted. Application of various bioinformatics tools in biological research enables storage, retrieval,
Temperate Sericulture Research analysis, annotation and visualization of results and promotes better understanding of biological system
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST- in fullness. This will help in animal and plant health care based disease diagnosis and treatment.
Kashmir, J&K, India
Keywords: annotation, agriculture, bioinformatics, disease diagnosis, health and web tools
MR Mir
Temperate Sericulture Research
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST- Introduction
Kashmir, J&K, India Term Bioinformatics was coined by Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper in 1970 as the study of
informatic processes in biotic systems. Bioinformatics deals with computational management
MF Baqual
Temperate Sericulture Research
and analysis of biological information (genes, genomes, proteins, cells, ecological systems,
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST- medical information, robots, artificial intelligence etc.
Kashmir, J&K, India The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI 2001) defined Bioinformatics as
the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge
KA Sahaf into a single discipline. Fredj Tekaia at the Institute Pasteur defines bioinformatics the
Temperate Sericulture Research
mathematical, statistical and computing methods that aim to solve biological problems using
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST-
Kashmir, J&K, India DNA and amino acid sequences and related information. Since the sequencing of the first
complete microbial genome of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995 hundreds of microbial
FA Malik genomes have been sequenced and archived for public research in Gen Bank. The vast amount
Temperate Sericulture Research of data generated by genome sequencing projects is becoming unmanageable. Bioinformatics
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST- has silently filled in the role of cost effective data analysis. Bioinformatics analysis has
Kashmir, J&K, India
enhanced our understandings about the genome structure and the microorganism restructuring
KA Dar process. Bioinformatics has emerged as an essential field of science that is facilitating
Temperate Sericulture Research biological discoveries since more than a decade. Without the usage of bioinformatics tools it is
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST- merely impossible to capture, manage process, analyse and interpret the huge amounts data
Kashmir, J&K, India that is available especially after whole genome sequencing projects. The sequencing of the
genomes of plants and animals will have enormous benefits for the agricultural community.
Bioinformatics tools can be used to search for the genes within these genomes and to elucidate
their functions. This specific genetic knowledge could then be used to produce stronger,
drought, disease and insect resistant crops and improve the quality. In agriculture it helps in
the insect resistance, improve nutritional quality, rational plant improvement, waste cleanup,
climate change studies, and development of drought resistance varieties (Dahiya and Lata,
2017) [4] and in addition to this it also plays an important roles in biotechnology, antibiotic
resistance, and forensic analysis of microbes, comparative studies, evolutionary studies and
Correspondence veterinary Sciences
M Younus Wani
Temperate Sericulture Research
Institute, Mirgund, SKUAST-
History of Bioinformatics
Kashmir, J&K, India 1865: Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel discovers the concept of genetic inheritance
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1930: Electrophoresis introduced between the various systems of a cell, including the
1953: Watson and Crick suggest double-helix model for DNA interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and
1955: Bovine Insulin is first protein to be sequenced learning how these interactions are regulated. Researchers in
1978: the term Bioinformatics first used molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular
1984: FASTP algorithm program published biology, but increasingly combine these with techniques and
1990: BLAST program published ideas from genetics and biochemistry. There is not a hard-line
1994: PRINTS database published between these disciplines as there once was. Molecular
1995: First bacterial genomes sequenced biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process
2000: EMOTIF database released of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic
material. The central dogma of molecular biology where
Why is bioinformatics important genetic material is transcribed into RNA and then translated
Bioinformatics has developed out of the need to understand into protein, despite being an oversimplified picture of
the code of life that is DNA, the massive DNA sequencing molecular biology, still provides a good starting point for
projects have evolved and added in the growth of the science understanding the field. Much of the work in molecular
of bioinformatics. The ultimate goal of bioinformatics is to biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been
uncover the wealth of biological information hidden in the done at the interface of molecular biology and computer
mass of sequence, structure, literature and other biological science in bioinformatics and computational biology.
data.
Genomics
Components of Bioinformatics Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science within the
Technology and Computing power field of molecular biology. A genome is a complete set of
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, DNA within a single cell of an organism, and as such, focuses
and processes applied to make life easier. Technology can be on the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of
the knowledge of techniques, processes. genomes. Genomics aims at the collective characterization
Computing power is the ability to undertake or be used for and quantification of genes, which direct the production of
computation. Specifically the ability of a computer to perform proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger
work, often considered in terms of the number of instructions molecules. Genomics also involves the sequencing and
that can be carried out in a given time, or with reference to the analysis of genomes. Advances in genomics have triggered a
amount of random access memory present. revolution in discovery-based research to understand even the
most currently complex biological systems such as the brain.
Creation of databases In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual
This involves the organizing, storage and management the genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics uses high
biological data sets. The databases are accessible to throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble,
researchers to know the existing information and submit new and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.
entries, e.g. protein sequence data bank for molecular
structure. Databases will be of no use until analysed. Computer sciences
The study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that
Development of algorithms and statistics form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the
This involves the development of tools and resources to scientific and practical approach to computation and its
determine the relationship among the members of large data applications and the systematic study of the feasibility,
sets e.g. comparison of protein sequence data with the already structure, expression, and mechanization of the
existing protein sequences. methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the
acquisition, representation, processing, storage,
Analysis of data and interpretation communication of, and access to information. An alternate,
The appropriate use of components to analyse the data and more succinct definition of computer science is the study of
interpret the results in a biologically meaningful manner. This automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer
includes DNA, RNA and protein sequences, protein structure, scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the
gene expression profiles and biochemical pathways. design of computational systems. Its fields can be divided into
a variety of theoretical and disciplines. Some fields, such
Computational Biology as computational complexity theory (which explores the
Broadly speaking, computational biology is the application of fundamental properties of computational and intractable
computer science, statistics, and mathematics to problems in problems), are highly abstract, while fields such as computer
biology. Computational biology spans a wide range of fields graphics emphasize real-world visual applications. Other
within biology, including genomics/genetics, biophysics, cell fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation.
biology, biochemistry, and evolution. Likewise, it makes use For example, programming language theory considers various
of tools and techniques from many different quantitative approaches to the description of computation, while the study
fields, including algorithm design, machine learning, of computer programming itself investigates various aspects
Bayesian and frequentist statistics, and statistical physics. of the use of programming language and complex systems.
Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in
Molecular biology making computers and computations useful, usable,
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. and universally accessible to humans.
The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, Bioinformatics brings together large data bases of biological
particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology information and computational techniques of analysis.
chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

What is done in bioinformatics? Protein-nucleotide 6-frame translation (tblastx)

The development of new algorithms and statistics with which This program compares a protein query against the all six
to assess relationships among members of large data sets. reading frames of a nucleotide sequence database.
The analysis and interpretation of various types of data
including nucleotide and amino acid sequences, protein Process
domains, and protein structures. BLAST works through use of heuristic algorithm.
The development and implementation of tools that enable Heuristic algorithm, is an algorithm that is able to produce an
efficient access and management of different types of acceptable solution to a problem in many practical scenarios.
information. Heuristics are typically used when there is no known method
to find an optimal solution, under the given constraint.
How do we use Bioinformatics? Using a heuristic method, BLAST finds homologous
Store/retrieve biological information (databases) sequences, not by comparing either sequences in its entirety,
Retrieve/compare gene sequences but rather by locating short matches between the two
Predict function of unknown genes/proteins sequences. This process of finding initial words is called
Search for previously known functions of a gene seeding.
Compare data with other researchers While attempting to find homology in sequences, sets of
Compile/distribute data for other researchers common letters, known as words. For example, the sequences
contain the following stretch of letters, GLKFA. If a BLASTp
Software and tools was being conducted under default conditions, the word size
Software tools for bioinformatics range from simple would be 3 letters.
command-line tools, to more complex graphical programs and In this case, using the given stretch of letters, the searched
standalone web services available from various bioinformatics words would be GLK, LKF, and KFA.
companies or public institutions. The heuristic algorithm of BLAST locates all common words
The computational biology tool best-known among biologists between the sequences of interest (query) and the hit
is probably BLAST, an algorithm for determining the sequences (sequences from database).
similarity of arbitrary sequences against other sequences,
possibly from curated databases of protein or DNA BLAST can be used for several purposes
sequences. Identifying Species
BLAST is one of a number of generally available programs With the use of BLAST, you can possibly correctly identify a
for doing sequence alignment. The NCBI provides a popular species and/or find homologous species. This can be useful,
web-based implementation that searches their databases. for example, when you are working with a DNA sequence
from an unknown species.
BLAST
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Locating Domains
It is an algorithm for comparing biological sequences When working with a protein sequence you can input it into
information, such as amino acid sequence of different proteins BLAST, to locate known domains within the sequence of
or the nucleotides of DNA sequences. interest.
BLAST is used to identify library sequences that resembles
the query sequences. Establishing Phylogeny
The BLAST program was designed by Eugene Myers, Using the results received through BLAST, you can create a
Stephen Altschul, Warren Gish, David J. Lipman and Webb phylogenetic tree using the BLAST web-page.
Miller at the NIH and was published in J. Mol. Biol. in 1990.
BLAST is a tool for alignment of sequences. DNA mapping
E.g. To identify the unknown gene (query sequences) in the When working with a known species, and looking to sequence
mouse, the scientist will perform a BLAST search of the a gene at an unknown location, BLAST can compare the
human genome (library sequences) to see whether the human chromosomal position of the sequence of interest, to relevant
carrying the similar gene or not. sequences in the database(s).
BLAST was originally developed by NCBI (National Center
for Biotechnology Information). Comparison
Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ed to map When working with genes, BLAST can locate common genes
annotations from one organism to another in two related species, and can be us.

Kinds of Blast Proteome and Proteomics

Nucleotide 6-frame translation-protein (blastx) The terms proteome and proteomics were coined by Mark
This program compares the six-frame conceptual translation Wilkins and colleagues in the early 1990.It is the complement
products of a nucleotide query sequence (both strands) against protein found in a single cell in a particular environment. It is
a protein sequence database. complete collection of proteins encoded by genome of an
organism. It is the study of composition, structure, function
Nucleotide 6-frame translation-nucleotide 6-frame and interaction of the proteins directing the activities of each
translation (tblastx) living cell.
This program is the slowest of the BLAST family. The
purpose of tblastx is to find very distant relationships between Applications of proteomics
nucleotide sequences. Oncology
Oncology refers study of Tumor cell, Tumor metastasis, is the
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

process spread of cancer from one organ to another non- chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or
adjacent organ cause death in patients. The major challenge in molecule fragments and measuring their mass to charge
medicine to describe the molecular and cellular mechanisms ratios. MALDI-TOF is the most useful technique for protein
underlying tumor metastasis. Analyse the protein expressions identification.
correlated to the metastatic process which help to understand
the mechanism of metastasis and thus facilitate the Human Genome Project
development of strategies for the therapeutic interventions Genomics is the study of the genome of an organism - its
and clinical management of cancer. Proteomics is a entire genetic material in the form of RNA, DNA, genes and
systematic research, the main aim of this research is to chromosomes. It concentrates on understanding the structure
characterize the protein expressions, functions of tumor cells and function of an organism's genetic material from the
and widely used in biomarker discovery. molecular level upwards, including interactions between
genes, interactions between genes and the proteins they
Bio-medical applications produce, and interactions between genes and environmental
The study of interactions between microbial pathogens and factors.
their hosts is called “infectomics”. It is very interesting area in Human Genome Project (HGP) is the name for an
proteomics. It deals with the fundamentals of the infections international consortium of publicly funded projects to
origin and their effect on organs. The main aim of this sequence the human genome and map every gene on every
research is to prevent or cure disease at starting level. chromosome. The consortium includes the US Department of
Advanced diagnostic issues related to emerging infections, Energy, the US National Institutes of Health and the UK
increasing of fastidious bacteria, and generation of patient- Welcome Trust, alongside groups in Japan, France, Germany,
tailored phenotypes. China, and other countries. HGP Began in 1990 and was
successfully completed in April 2003.
Agricultural applications The main aims of the Human Genome Project are to
Stress is a key limiting factor that impairs the growth and Determine the sequence of the three billion or so nucleotides
yield of agricultural crops. Stressful conditions often lead to that constitute the human genome.
delayed seed germination, reduced plant growth, and Identify the 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome.
decreased crop yield. Proteins associated with the primary Develop tools for storing and analyzing this information.
function of an organ are specifically accumulated in that Transfer some of the technologies involved to the private
organ/tissue or organelle. The need for organ-specific sector, to produce a biotechnology industry that can develop
proteomic analyses to identify proteins that are commonly new medical applications.
accumulated in organs under a wide range of abiotic stresses Examine the ethical, social and legal implications of the
(Komatsu and Hossain, 2013) [8]. Jacoby et al., (2013) [7] information obtained.
described the application of the emerging proteomic The HGP uses the so-called hierarchical shotgun sequencing
technology of multiplexed selective-reaction monitoring MS, technique, in which the genome is divided into relatively large
which has increased accuracy and throughput, for enhancing sections that are mapped onto the appropriate chromosomes
these approaches and providing a clear method to rank the before being sequence. Every single cell in the body contains
relative importance of the growing cohort of stress-responsive a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base
proteins. The applications of plant proteomics scientific pairs.
research is still in budding stage. Proteomics is also used to
know plant-insect interactions that help identify candidate Life Science Vs Computer Science
genes involved in the defensive response of plants to Scientific algorithms made it possible to put together a vast
herbivore. Population growth and effect of global climate amount of data from sequencing machines when the human
changes imposing severe limits on the sustainability of genome was sequenced. Computer science’s computational
agricultural crop production. paradigm has shaped new modes of inquiry in life sciences.

Food Microbiology Applications of bioinformatics in various fields

The use of proteomics in food technology is presented Insect Resistance
especially for characterization and standardization of raw Many plants have been made insect resistant by incorporating
materials, process development, and detection of batch-to the desired genes. Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterial species
batch variations and quality control of the final product. which increases the soil fertility and protects the plants
Further attention is paid to the aspects of food safety, against pests. When the researchers mapped its genome, they
especially regarding biological and microbial safety and the used its genes to incorporate into the plant to make it resistant
use of genetically modified foods. against insects. For example, corn, cotton and potatoes have
been made insect resistant so far. By having the genes of
MS analysis bacteria in the plants genome, when insects eat the plants, the
The protein mixture is subjected to digestion so as to get bacteria enter in their bloodstream and make them starved,
peptide mixture, from which a specific peptide is isolated and ultimately they die. B.t corn is one species of food plants
then identified. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique which have been modified by inserting bacterial genes in it. It
that produces spectra of the masses of the atoms or molecules is effective against insects by developing resistance against
comprising a sample of material. The spectra are used to them. The use of B.t genes in the plants genome has made the
determine the elemental or isotopic signature of a sample, the agriculturists to use the insecticides in very little amount. As a
masses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate the result the productivity and nutritional value of plants will also
chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other increase and will be beneficent for human health.
chemical compounds. Mass spectrometry works by ionizing
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

Nutritional Quality interdisciplinary with bioinformatics as both are dependent on

When the changes are made in the genome of the plants, the computer science and statistics. This field is based on the
nutritional value of plants also increases. Golden rice is an molecular data and many databases are being developed to
important achievement in this endeavour. Here the genes are store the DNA profiles of known offenders. This field is being
inserted in the rice genome to increase the Vitamin A level in pushed due to technological and statistical advances in
the crop. Vitamin A is an important component for the eyes microarray, Bayesian networks, machine learning algorithms,
and if the Vitamin A deficiency occurs in the body, it may TFT biosensors and others. This provides the effective way of
result in blindness. This work has allowed the scientists to evidence organization and inference (Bianchi and Lio, 2007)
[3]
reduce the rate of blindness from the world by giving . Scientists used their genomic tools to distinguish between
genetically modified rice to the people. the strains of Bacillus anthraces that was used in the summer
of 2001 terrorist attack in Florida with that of closely related
Waste Clean-up anthrax strains.
In bioinformatics bacteria and microbes are helpful in
cleaning waste. Deinococcus radiodurans Bacterium is point Bioenergy/Biofuels
out in the Guinness Book of World Records and this Biofuels offer great promise in contributing to the growing
bacterium has the ability to repair damaged DNA and small global demand for alternative sources of renewable energy.
fragments from chromosomes by isolating damage segments Bioinformatics is important in understanding and analysis of
concentrated area. This is because it has additional copies of biofuel producing pathways. Recent progress in algal
its genome. Genes from other bacteria have been inserted into genomics, in conjunction with other “omics” approaches, has
D. radiodurans for environmental clean-up. It was used to accelerated the ability to identify metabolic pathways and
break down organic chemicals, solvents and heavy metals in genes that are potential targets in the development of
radioactive waste sites. Bioinformatics tools are important for genetically engineered micro-algal strains with optimum lipid
understanding of the mechanisms of bio degradative pathways content (Misra et al., 2013) [9].
(Sadraeian and Molaee, 2009) [10].
Veterinary Science
Evolutionary Studies/Phylogenetics Food production from livestock can meet demand of human
The study of evolutionary relationship among individuals or population for food. For better bio-economy, there is a need
group of organisms is defined as Phylogenetics. Taxonomists of efficient animal production and reproduction. This is
find the evolutionary relationship using various anatomical achieved with better understanding of livestock species.
methods that takes too much time. Using Bioinformatics, Current and new methods in livestock species using data from
phylogenetic trees are constructed based on the sequence experimental or field studies with bioinformatics are helping
alignment using various methods. Various algorithmic in understanding the systems genetics of complex traits and
methods are developed for the construction of phylogenetic provide biologically meaningful and accurate predictions.
tree that are used depending on the various evolutionary Finally, almost all of the next generations-omics tools and
lineages (Allaby and Woodmark, 2004) [1]. methods that are used in other fields of biological sciences,
can also be used in veterinary sciences (Kadarmideen, 2014).
Climate Change Studies
Another Global concern is the Climate change because of loss Plant breeding and crop improvement
of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer and more Plant genomics helps in understanding the genetic and
intense heat waves. To solve this issue, bioinformatics may molecular basis of all biological process which helps in
help by way of sequencing microbial genome which can developing new cultivars with improved quality and reduced
reduce levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. economic and environmental cost. Now-a-days the Genome
This plays an important role in stabilizing the global climate program is an important tool for the plant improvement. This
change. Not much work has been done in this area in genome programme helps in identifying the key genes and
bioinformatics domain, and more region-specific work must their function. This genome project generates data, which
be conducted considering microbes of that region and their includes sequence information, markers etc. These data are
capability in CO2 reduction (Sinha, 2015) [11]. then distributed to the multinational research community. The
bioinformatics tools helps in the submission of all data
Biodefense through ENTREZ Global Query Cross-Database Search
Biodefense includes measures to restore biosecurity to a System to the public domain. This helps in retrieving
group of organisms who are subjected to biological threats or sequence from the NCBI. Genome sequencing of several
infectious diseases (in context of bio-war or bioterrorism). important plants species has enabled researchers to identify
Today, bioinformatics has a limited impact on forensic and ‘chromosome’ and ‘difference’ factor in sequences. This in
intelligence operations. There is a need of more algorithms in turn has been used to identify value traits for crop
bioinformatics for biodefense so that the developed databases improvement. For instance, the barley stem rust resistance
may show interoperability with each other. In order to use gene has been identified from rice-barley comparisons and the
next generation genome sequencing for forensic operation, sugarcane rust resistance gene based on maize-sorghum
bio threat awareness, mitigation and medical intelligence, comparisons.
there is a need for development of more computational
applications (Valdivia-Granda, 2010) [13]. Development of stress tolerant varieties
Stress tolerant varieties can be developed by identifying the
Forensic Science Stress tolerance genes and alleles. Various tools have been
Forensic science includes the study regarding identification developed to study the physiology, expression profiling,
and relatedness of individuals. It is inherently comparative genomics. The KEGG database contains all the
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

metabolic pathways like the pathway for the carbohydrate their patients healthy. It is also a unique medical subject
production. Genes in the ABA production pathway are affiliated by the American Board of Medical Specialties
important for the development of drought resistant varieties. (ABMS). Preventive Medicine attentions on the health of
KEGG databases can be important in identifying the pathway individuals, communities, and defined populations. It is also
for carbohydrate production and ABA production. After the helpful for the treatment for obesity, blindness. The
identification of the pathway the genes involved in the same Epidemiology Division used research methods to understand
pathway are studied for the development. the patterns and causes of health and disease in the population
Progress has been made in developing cereal varieties that and to transform this knowledge into programs designed to
have a greater tolerance for soil alkalinity, free aluminium and stop disease. The division has a lengthy history of association
iron toxicities. These varieties will allow agriculture to in NIH-sponsored multi-site, longitudinal cohort studies, and
succeed in poorer soil areas, thus adding more land to the its faculty oversees many investigator-initiated, NIH
global production base. Research is also in progress to sponsored research projects and trials. Public trust in vaccines
produce crop varieties capable of tolerating reduced water is a key to the success of immunization programs worldwide
conditions. The publication of the completed Arabidopsis in the era of preventive medicine. Preventive medicine or
thaliana genome sequence (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, preventive care contains of measures engaged to prevent
2000) [2] and draft sequence for rice genome (Goff et al., diseases in stand of curing and treating their symptoms. Many
2002) [5], the plant research and industry has step over the different techniques such as curative and palliative medicine,
threshold of the genomics era. and applied public health methods (Tiwari, 2015) [12].

Gene therapy Predictive medicine

Gene therapy is a new method of drug delivery that detail lists Predictive medicine is an area of medicine that involves
of synthetic machinery of the patient's cell to create a expecting the probability of disease and instituting preventive
therapeutic agent (Hack and Kendall, 2013) [6]. It contains the processes in order to either prevent the disease completely or
efficient introduction of functional gene into the suitable cells considerably decrease its influence upon the patient.
of the patient in order to create sufficient amount of protein Techniques and assays include New-born screening,
encoded by transferred gene so as to exactly and permanently diagnostic testing, Medical bioinformatics, Prenatal testing,
correct the disorder. Strategies of Gene Therapy classified Carrier testing, Preconception testing. New-born screening is
into three categories are gene addition, removal of harmful a public health program designed to screen infants shortly
gene by antisense nucleotide or ribozymes and control of gene after birth for a list of conditions that are treatable, but not
expression. clinically evident in the new born period (Hack and Kendall,
2013) [6].
Alternative energy
With the help of bioinformatics scientists are studying the Molecular medicine
genome of the microbe Chlorobium tepidum which has an Every disease has a genetic component. There are 3000-4000
unusual capacity for generating energy from light. hereditary disease including Cystic Fibrosis and Huntingtons
disease) or a result of the body's response to an environmental
Personal medicine stress which causes alterations in the genome (e.g. cancers,
Personalized medicine is developing practice of medicine that heart disease, diabetes).Search for the genes directly
uses particular's genetic profile to advice decisions made in associated with different diseases and begin to understand the
favour to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. molecular basis of these diseases more clearly. This new
Information about patient's genetic profile can help doctors to knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease will
provide proper medication using the proper dose or regimen. enable better treatments, cures and even preventative tests to
It applied for treatment as personalized cancer medicine, be developed.
Diabetes- related disease and HIV. Personalized medicine can
be defined widely as a model of healthcare that is predictive, Biotechnology
personalized, preventive and participatory. Translational The archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus and the bacterium
bioinformatics is a field that can help address these challenges Thermotoga maritima have potential for practical applications
and is defined by the American Medical Informatics in industry and government-funded environmental
Association as “the development of storage, analytic and remediation. These microorganisms thrive in water
interpretive methods to optimize the transformation of temperatures above the boiling point and therefore may
increasing voluminous biomedical data into proactive, provide the DOE, the Department of Defence, and private
predictive, preventative and participatory health. Practical companies with heat-stable enzymes suitable for use in
application outside of long established considerations like a industrial processes. Other industrially useful microbes
patient's family history, social circumstances, environment include, Corynebacterium glutamicum which is of high
and behaviours are very limited so far and practically no industrial interest as a research object because it is used by the
progress has been made in the last decade. Personalized chemical industry for the biotechnological production of the
medicine research tries to discover individual solutions based amino acid lysine. The substance is employed as a source of
on the susceptibility profile of each individual. It is expected protein in animal nutrition. Lysine is one of the essential
that these areas will enable new approaches to diagnosis, drug amino acids in animal nutrition. Biotechnologically produced
development, and individualized therapy (Zhang and Hong, lysine is added to feed concentrates as a source of protein, and
2015) [14]. is an alternative to soybeans or meat and bonemeal.
Xanthomonas campestris is grown commercially to
Preventive medicine produce the exopolysac charidexanthan gum, which is used as
Preventive Medicine is practiced by all physicians to possess
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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies

a viscosifying and stabilizing agent in many industries. Conclusions

Lactococcus lactis is one of the most important micro- Bioinformatics joins mathematics, statistics, and computer
organisms involved in the dairy industry, it is a non- science and information technology to solve complex
pathogenic rod-shaped bacterium that is critical for biological problems. The tools of bioinformatics are helpful in
manufacturing dairy products like buttermilk, yogurt and every field of life. In agriculture the genome sequencing of
cheese. This bacterium, Lactococcus lactis is also used to the plants and animals provides number of benefits. Seri
prepare pickled vegetables, beer, wine, some breads and bioinformatics has energized research and fostered a surge of
sausages and other fermented foods. Researchers anticipate new ideas for mulberry and silkworm improvement. The
that understanding the physiology and genetic make-up of this ultimate goal of bioinformatics is to integrate large-scale data
bacterium will prove invaluable for food manufacturers as for understanding the molecular mechanism involved in
well as the pharmaceutical industry, which is exploring the various developmental processes. This understanding can help
capacity of L. lactis to serve as a vehicle for delivering drugs. in producing the Climate Smart agricultural crops.
Application of various bioinformatics tools in biological
Drug development research enables storage, retrieval, analysis, annotation and
At present all drugs on the market target only about 500 visualization of results and promotes better understanding of
proteins. With an improved understanding of disease biological system in fullness. This will help in animal and
mechanisms and using computational tools to identify and plant health care based disease diagnosis.
validate new drug targets, more specific medicines that act on
the cause, not merely the symptoms of the disease can be Conflict of interest
developed. These highly specific drugs promise to have fewer There is no conflict of interest among the authors.
side effects than many of today's medicines.
Acknowledgement
Antibiotic resistance Authors are highly thankful to TSRI, Mirgund-SKUAST-K
Scientists have been examining the genome of Enterococcus for the internet facilities.
faecalis a leading cause of bacterial infection among hospital
patients. They have discovered a virulence region made up of Reference
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the bacterium’s transformation from a harmless gut bacteria to bioinformatics culture of understanding. Comp Funct
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