Progressions, Series, Binomial Theorem

Sequence & Series

1. Sequence : A sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of natural numbers.

A sequence whose range is a subset of R is called a real sequence.
2. Series
By adding or subtracting the terms of a sequence, we get an expression which is called a series.
3. An arithmetic progression (A.P.) : a, a + d, a + 2d,....... a + (n – 1) d is an A.P.
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an A.P., then nth term =
t n = a + ( n − 1) d
The sum of first n terms of are A.P.
n n
Sn =  2a + ( n − 1) d = [ a + ]
2 2
rth term of an A.P. when sum of first r terms is given is t=
r S r − S r −1.
Properties of A.P.
(i) If a, b, c are in A.P ⇒ 2b = a + c & if a, b, c, d are in A.P. ⇒ a + d = b + c.
(ii) Three numbers in A.P. can be taken as a – d, a, a + d; four numbers in A.P. can be taken
as a –
3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d; five numbers in A.P. are a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d & six terms
in A.P.
are a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d etc.
(iii) sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning & end = sum of first & last
term.
4. Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average) (A.M.):
If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the A.M. between the other two, so if
a, b, c
are in A.P., b is A.M. of a & c.
n – Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers:
If a, b are any two given numbers & a, A1, A2, …..,An, b are in A.P. then A1, A2,...
An are the n A.M.’s between a & b.
b−a 2 (b − a ) n (b − a )
A1 = a+ , A2 =a+ ,.....,, An =
a+
n +1 n +1 n +1
n

∑A
r =1
r = nA where A is the single A.M. between a & b.

5. Geometric Progression: a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4,...... is a G.P. with a as the first term & r as common
ratio.
(i) nth term = a rn-1 (ii) Sum of the first n terms i.e.
 a ( r − 1)
n

 , r ≠1
Sn =  r − 1
 , r =1
na

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Progressions _ Series, Binomial Theorem

a
(iii) Sum of an infinite G.P. when r < 1 is given=
by S∞
1− r
( r < 1) .
6. Properties of G.P.
(i) If a, b, c are in G.P. ⇒ b2 = ac, if a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 ,.....an −1 , an are in G.P, then
a1an a=
= 1an −1 a3 an − 2 .....
a
(ii) Any three consecutive terms of a G.P can be taken as , a, ar .
r
a a
(iii) Any four consecutive terms of a G.P. can be taken as 3 , , ar , ar 3
r r
(iv) If each term of a G.P. be multiplied or divided or raised to power by the some non-zero
quantity, the resulting sequence is also a G.P..
(v) If a1 , a2 , a3 ,...... and b1 , b2 , b3 ,...... are two G.P's with common ratio r1 and r2 respectively
then the
sequence a1b1 , a2b2 , a3b3 ,..... is also a G.P. with common ratio r1 , r2 .
(vi) If a1 , a2 , a3 ,.... is a G.P. of positive term, then log a1 , log a2 , log a3 ,.... are in A.P. and
conversely.
7. Geometric Means (Mean Proportional) (G.M.):
If a, b, c > 0 are in G.P., b is the G.M. between a & c, then b2 = ac
n-Geometric Means Between positive number a, b: If a, b are two given numbers & a,
G1,G2,…….., Gn, b are in G.P.. Then G1, G2, G3,…..Gn are n G.M.s between a & b.
G1 = a(b/a)1/n+1, G2 = a(b/a)2/n+1,......, Gn – a(b/a)n/n+1
8. Harmonic Mean (H.M.):
2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P., b is the H.M. between a & c, then b =
a+c
1 11 1 1
H.M. H of a1 ,a 2 ,......a n is given by =  + +......+ 
H n  a1 a 2 an 
9. Relation between means :
G2 = AH, A.M. ≥ G.M. ≥ H.M. and A.M. = G.M. = H.M. if a1 = a 2 = a 3 =......= a n
10. Arithmetico-Geometric Series: a, (a + d) r, (a + 2d) r2,..... , [a + (n – 1)d] rn-1 are in A.G.P.
a dr (1 − r n −1 )  a + ( n − 1) d  r n
Sn = + − , r ≠ 1 . Sum To Infinity : If r < 1 , then
(1 − r )
2
1− r 1− r
a dr
S∞
= +
1 − r (1 − r )2
Important Results
n n n n n n

=
(i)
r 1
∑ ( ar ± br ) = ∑ ar ± ∑ br ,
=r 1=r 1 =
(ii)
r 1=r 1
∑ k ar = k ∑ ar (iii) ∑ k = nk; where
r =1
k is a

constant.

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n
n ( n + 1)
(iv) ∑ r =1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n =
r =1 2
(v)
n
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
∑r
r =1
2
= 12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2 =
6
n 2 ( n + 1)
2
n
(vi) ∑ r = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n =
3 3 3 3 3

r =1 4
n
(vii) 2 ∑ ai a j = ( a1 + a2 + ... + an ) − ( a12 + a2 2 + .... + an 2 )
2

1
i< j =

Binomial Theorem

1.Statement of Binomial theorem : If a, b ∈ R and n ∈ N, then

n
(a =
+ b) ∑
n n
C0 a nb 0 + n C1 a n −1b1 + n C2 a n − 2b 2 + ... + n Cr a n − r b r + ... + ... + n Cn=
a 0b n n
Cr a n − r b r
r =0

(1 + x ) =
n n 2
C0 + C1 x + C2 x + ... + Cr x + ... + Cn x
n n n r n n

2.Properties of Binomial Theorem :

(i) The number of terms in the expansion is n + 1.

(ii) The sum of the indices of a and b in each term is n.
(iii) The binomial coefficients ( n
C0 ,n C1.....n Cn ) of the terms equidistant from the beginning
and the end are equal, i.e.
= n
C0 n
Cn ,n C1
= n
Cn −1 etc. { n
Cn −1 = n Cn − r }
(iv) General term : Tr +1 = n Cr a n − r b r
(v) Middle term (s) :
n+2
(a) If n is even, there is only one middle term, which is   th term.
 2 
 n +1   n +1 
(b) If n is odd, there are two middle terms, which are   th and  + 1 th terms.
 2   2 
(vi) Numerically greatest term in the expansion of (x + y) , n ∈ N
n

Let r = 
 ( n + 1) y  ( n + 1) y is not an integer, then t is numerically greatest.
 . If r+1
 x+ y  x+ y

If
( n + 1) y is an integer, then t = t and both are numerically greatest.
r r+1
x+ y

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n!
3.Multinomial Theorem : ( x1 + x2 + x3 + .....xk ) = ∑
n
x1r1 .x2r2 ..xkrk
r1 + r2 +...+ rk = r !
n 1 2 r !...rk !
Here total number of terms in the expansion = n + k −1
Ck −1
4.Application of Binomial Theorem :

( )
n
If A+B I f where I and n are positive integers, n being odd and 0 < f < 1 then
=+
(I + f)
f = kn where A – B2 = k > 0 and A − B < 1.
If n is an even integer, then ( I + f )(1 − f ) =kn
5.Properties of Binomial Coefficients :
(i) n C0 + n C1 + n C2 + ...... + n Cn =
2n
(ii) n C0 − n C1 + n C2 − n C3 + ...... + ( −1) Cn =0
nn

(iii) n C0 + n C2 + n C4 + .... = n
C1 + n C3 + n C5 + .... = 2n −1
n
Cr n − r +1
(iv) n Cr + n Cr −1 =
n +1
Cr (v) n
=
Cr −1 r
6.Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices
n ( n − 1) 2 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) 3 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) ..... ( n − r + 1) r
(1 + x ) =1 + nx +
n
x + x + .... + x + ....., x < 1
2! 3! r!
.
n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) ....... ( n − r + 1) r
Tr +1 = x
r!
Expansions to be remembered ( x < 1)
(a) (1 + x ) = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + .... + ( −1) x r + ....
−1 r

(b) (1 − x ) =1 + x + x 2 + x 5 + .... + x r + ....

−1

(c) (1 + x ) = 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x3 + .... + ( −1) ( r + 1) x r + ....

−2 r

(d) (1 − x ) =1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x3 + .... + ( r + 1) x r + ....

−2

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Practice Questions
1.Let A be the sum of the first 20 terms and B be the sum of the first 40 terms of the series 12 +
2.22 + 32 + 2.42 + 52 + 2.62 + …. If B – 2A = 100𝜆𝜆, then 𝜆𝜆 is equal to: (2018)
(a) 496
(b) 232
(c) 248
(d) 464
12
2.Let a1 , a2 .a3 ,..., a49 be in A.P. such that ∑a
k =0
4 k +1 = 416 and a9 , a43 = 66 . If

140m then m is equal to:

a12 + a22 + ... + a172 = (2018)
(a) 33
(b) 66
(c) 68
(d) 34
1 1 1
3.If x1 , x2 , x3 ,....xn and , ,...., are two A.P.s such that x=
3 h=
2 8 and x=
8 h=
7 20 , then
h1 h2 hn
x5 .h10 equals: (2018)
(a) 2650
(b) 2560
(c) 3200
(d) 1600

4.If b is the first term of an infinite G.P. whose sum is five, then b lies in the interval: (2018)
(a) (0, 10)
(b) [10, ∞]
(c) (-10, 0)
(d) (-∞, -10]

5.If the sum of first 2n terms of the AP series 2, 5, 8, …, is equal to the sum of the first n terms
of the AP series 57, 59, 61, …, then n equals (2001)
(a) 10
(b) 12
(c) 11
(d) 13

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6.If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant AP are in GP, then the common ratio of this GP is
(2016)
8
(a)
5
4
(b)
3
(c) 1
7
(d)
4

7.Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 and ∆ = b2 – 4ac. If 𝛼𝛼 + β, 𝛼𝛼2 + β2 and 𝛼𝛼3 + β3 are in GP, then
(2005)
(a) ∆ ≠ 0
(b) b∆ = 0
(c) c∆ = 0
(d) bc ≠ 0

3
8.Let a, b, c be in an AP and a2, b2, c2 be in G.P. If a < b < c and a + b + c = , then the value
2
of a is (2002)
1
(a)
2 2
1
(b)
2 3
1 1
(c) −
2 3
1 1
(d) −
2 2

9.Let 𝛼𝛼, β be the roots of x2 – x + p = 0 and γ, 𝛿𝛿 be the roots of x2 – 4x + q = 0. If 𝛼𝛼, β, γ, 𝛿𝛿 are in

GP, then the integer values of p and q respectively are (2001)

(a) -2, -32

(b) -2, 3
(c) -6, 3
(d) -6, -32

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 Progressions _ Series, Binomial Theorem

10.If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real numbers such that (a2 + b2 + c2) p2 – 2 (ab + bc + cd) p + (b2
+ c2 + d2) ≤ 0, then a, b, c, d (1987)
(a) are in AP
(b) are in GP
(c) are in HP
(d) satisfy ab = cd

11.If a, b, c are in GP, then the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common
d e f
root, if , , are in (1985)
a b c
(a) AP
(b) GP
(c) HP
(d) None of these

12.The third term of a geometric progression is 4. The product of the first five terms is (1982)
(a) 43
(b) 45
(c) 44
(d) None of these

13.Three positive numbers form an increasing GP. If the middle term in this GP is doubled, then
new numbers are in AP. Then, the common ratio of the GP is (2014)
(a) 2 + 3
(b) 3 + 2
(c) 2 − 3
(d) 2 + 3

14.If (10 ) + 2 (11) (10 ) + 3 (11) (10 ) + ... + 10 (11) =k (10 ) , then k is equal to
9 1 8 2 7 9 9
(2014)
121
(a)
10
441
(b)
100
(c) 100
(d) 110

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15.The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, … , is (2013)
7
(a)
81
(179 − 10−20 )

7
(b) ( 99 − 10−20 )
9
7
(c)
81
(179 + 10−20 )
7
(d) ( 99 + 10−20 )
9

16.An infinite GP has first term x and sum 5, then x belongs to (2004)
(a) x < – 10
(b) – 10 < x < 0
(c) 0 < x < 10
(d) x > 10

17.Consider an infinite geometric series with first term a and common ratio r. If its sum is 4 and
the second term is ¾, then (2000)
(a) a = 4/7, r = 3/7
(b) a = 2, r = 3/8
(c) a = 3/2, r = 1/2
(d) a = 3, r = 1/4

1 3 7 15
18.Sum of the first n terms of the series + + + + ... is equal to (1988)
2 4 8 16
(a) 2n – n – 1
(b) 1 – 2-n
(c) n + 2-n – 1
(d) 2n + 1

19.If a1 , a2 , a3 ,... are in a harmonic progression with a1 = 5 and a20 = 25. Then, the least positive
integer n for which an < 0, is (2012)
(a) 22
(b) 23
(c) 24
(d) 25

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20.If the positive numbers a, b, c, d are in AP. Then, abc, abd, acd, bcd are (2001)
(a) not in AP/GP/HP
(b) in AP
(c) in GP
(d) in HP

21.Let a1 , a2 ,..., a10 be in AP and h1 , h2 , equal to ..., h10 be in HP. If a=

1 h=
1 2 and a=
10 h=
10 3,
then a4 h7 is (1999)
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 6

1 1 1
22.If x > 1, y > 1, z > 1 are in GP, then , , are in (1998)
1 + ln x 1 + ln y 1 + ln z
(a) AP
(b) HP
(c) GP
(d) None of these

2 2 2 2
 3  2  1  4
23.If the sum of the first ten terms of the series 1  +  2  +  3  + 42 +  4  + ..., is
 5  5  5  5
16
m , then m is equal to (2016)
5
(a) 102
(b) 101
(c) 100
(d) 99

24.If m is the AM of two distinct real numbers l and n (l, n > 1) and G1, G2 and G3 are three
geometric means between l and n, then G14 + 2G24 + G34 equals (2015)
(a) 4l 2 mn
(b) 4lm 2 n
(c) lmn 2
(d) l 2 m 2 n 2

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13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
25.The sum of first 9 terms of the series + + + ... is (2015)
1 1+ 3 1+ 3 + 5
(a) 71
(b) 96
(c) 142
(d) 192

 π tan 2 α
26.If α ∈  0,  , then 2
x +x+ is always greater than or equal to (2003)
 2 x2 + x
(a) 2 tan 𝛼𝛼
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) sec2 𝛼𝛼

27.If a1 , a2 ,..., an are positive real numbers whose product is a fixed number c, then the minimum
value of a1 + a2 + ... + an −1 + 2an is (2002)
(a) n ( 2c )
1/ n

(b) ( n + 1) c1/ n
(c) 2nc1/ n
(d) ( n + 1)( 2c )
1/ n

28.If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 2, then M = (a + b) (c + d)

satisfies the relation (2000)
(a) 0 < M ≤ 1
(b) 1 ≤ M ≤ 2
(c) 2 ≤ M ≤ 3
(d) 3 ≤ M ≤ 4

( ) ( )
29.The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation 5 + 2 x 2 − 4 + 5 x + 8 + 2 5 =0 is
(1999)
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8

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30.The product of n positive numbers is unity, then their sum is (1991)

(a) a positive integer
(b) divisible by n
1
(c) equal to n +
n
(d) never less than n

9 9
9 and ∑ ( x − 5 )
∑ ( x − 5) =
2
31.If i i 45 , then the standard deviation of the 9 items x1 x2 , …..,
=
i =1 i =1

x9 is: (2018)
(a) 3
(b) 9
(c) 4
(d) 2

8
 2   2 
32.If n is the degree of the polynomial,   +  and m is
3 3 3 3
 5x + 1 + 5x −1   5x + 1 + 5x − 1 
the coefficient of xn in it, then the ordered pair (n, m) is equal to: (2018)
(
(a) 24, (10 ) ) 8

(b) (12, ( 20 ) )
4

(c) ( 8,5 (10 ) )

4

(d) (12,8 (10 ) )

4

(
33.The coefficient of x2 in the expansion of the product ( 2 − x 2 ) . (1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 ) + (1 − 4 x 2 )
6 6
) is:
(2018)
(a) 107
(b) 106
(c) 108
(d) 155

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34.If X = {4 n
− 3n − 1: n ∈ N } and Y = {9 ( n − 1) : n ∈ N } , where N is the set of natural numbers,
then X ∪ Y is equal to (2014)
(a) N
(b) Y – X
(c) X
(d) Y

10
 x +1 x −1 
35.The term independent of x in expansion of  2/3 1/3 − 1/2 
is (2013)
 x − x +1 x − x 
(a) 4
(b) 120
(c) 210
(d) 310

36.Coefficient of t 24 in (1 + t 2 ) (1 + t )(1 + t ) is
12 12 24
(2003)
(a) 12C6 + 3
(b) 12C6 + 1
(c) 12C6
(d) 12C6 + 2

a
37.In the binomial expansion of ( a − b ) , n ≥ 5 the sum of the 5th and 6th terms is zero. Then,
n

b
equals (2001)
n−5
(a)
6
n−4
(b)
5
5
(c)
n−4
6
(d)
n−5

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38.If in the expansion of (1 + x ) (1 − x ) , the coefficients of x and x2 are 3 and –6 respectively,

m n

then m is equal to (1999)

(a) 6
(b) 9
(c) 12
(d) 24

5 5
39.The expansion  x + ( x 3 − 1)  +  x − ( x 3 − 1)  is a polynomial of degree
1/2 1/2
(1992)
   
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8

10
4 x 3 
40. The coefficient of x in  − 2  is (1983)
2 x 
405
(a)
256
504
(b)
259
450
(c)
263
(d) None of these

41.Given positive integers r > 1, n > 2 and the coefficient of (3r)th and (r + 2)th terms in the
binomial expansion of (1 + x)2n are equal. Then, (1980)
(a) n = 2r
(b) n = 2r + 1
(c) n = 3r
(d) None of these

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42.If the coefficients of x3 and x4 in the expansion of (1 + ax + bx2) (1 – 2x)18 in powers of x are
both zero, then (a, b) is equal to
 251 
(a) 16, 
 3 
 251 
(b) 14, 
 3 
 272 
(c) 14, 
 3 
 272 
(d) 16, 
 3 

43.For r = 0, 1, … , 10, if Ar, Br and Cr denote respectively the coefficient of xr in the expansions
10
of (1 + x)10, (1 + x)20 and (1 + x)30. Then, ∑ A (B
r =1
r 10 Br − C10 Ar ) is equal to (2010)

(a) B10C10
(b) A10 ( B102 − C10 A10 )
(c) 0
(d) C10 − B10

44.If n −1
C
= r (k 2
− 3) nCr +1 , then k belongs to (2004)
(a) ( −∞, −2]
(b) [ 2, ∞ ]

(c)  − 3, 3 

(d) ( 3, 2 

m
10  20   p
45.The sum ∑i   , where   = 0 if p > q, is maximum when m is equal to (2002)
i =0   m − i  q 
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 15
(d) 20

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n  n   n 
46.For 2 ≤ r ≤ n,   + 2  +  is equal to (2000)
 r   r − 1  r − 2 
 n + 1
(a)  
 r −1 
 n + 1
(b) 2  
 r −1 
 n + 2
(c) 2  
 r 
 n + 2
(d)  
 r 

n
1 n
r
47.If an = ∑ n
, then ∑ n
equals
r =0 Cr r =0 Cr
(a) ( n − 1) an
(b) nan
1
(c) nan
2
(d) none of these

48.If Cr stands for nCr , then the sum of the series

n n
2   !  !
 2   2  C 2 − 2C 2 + 3C 2 − ... + −1 n n + 1 C 2  , where n is an even positive integer, is
 0 1 2 ( ) ( ) n
n!
(1986)
(a) ( −1) ( n + 2)
n /2

(b) ( −1) ( n + 1)
n

(c) ( −1) ( n + 1)
n /2

(d) none of these

49.If n ∈ N, then 11n + 2 + 122 n +1 is divisible by

(a) 113
(b) 123
(c) 133
(d) none of these

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 Progressions _ Series, Binomial Theorem

21
 1 
50.The term independent of x in the expansion of  x + + 2  is
 x 
(a) T22
(b) T21
(c) T23
(d) T20

51.If a, b, c represents the sides and A, B, C represent the angels of a ∆ ABC, then the value of
n
the expression ∑ n
Cr a r .b n − r .cos ( r B − ( n − r ) A ) is equal to:
r =0
(a) b2
(b) cn
(c) an
(d) none of these

n
 1 
52.In the expansion of  2 x + x  , n ∈ N if sum of the coefficients of 2nd and 3rd term is 36, then
 4 
which of these are correct?
(a) n = 8
(b) n = 9
T 7 1
(c) 3 = when x = −
T2 4 3
T 1
(d) 3 7=
= when x
T2 3

−10
60  3 1 
53.The coefficient of x160 in the expansion of ( x8 + 1)  x12 + 3 x 4 + 4 + 12  is
 x x 
(a) C5
30

(b) 30C6
(c) 30C24
(d) 30C26
54.The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of
20
 4C0 a 4b 2 + 4C1 a 3b3/2 + 4C2 a 2b + 4C3 ab1/2 + 4C4 
(a) 61
(b) 81
(c) 41
(d) none of these

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 Progressions _ Series, Binomial Theorem

( )
100
55.The number of rational terms in the expansion of 2 + 31/3 is
(a) 34
(b) 51
(c) 17
(d) 16

56.The greatest coefficient of x in the expansion of (3 + 2x)50 is

(a) 50C25 .325.225
(b) 50C25
(c) 50C20 × 330 × 220
(d) none of these

3
57.The numerically greatest term in the expansion of ( 3 − 4x ) , when x =
17
, is
2
(a) T12
(b) T13
(c) both T12 and T13
(d) T9

58.The remainder when 391 divided by 80 is

(a) 3
(b) 1
(c) 80
(d) 27

55
59.The remainder when x = 55 is divided by 24 is
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 23

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 Progressions _ Series, Binomial Theorem

C1 C C
60.If (1 + x ) = C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + ... + Cn x n , then 2C0 + 22.
n
+ 23. 2 + ... + 2n +1 n =
2 3 n +1
3n +1 − 1
(a)
n +1
3n − 1
(b)
n
3n +1
(c)
n +1
3n + 2 − 1
(d)
n+2

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Progressions _ Series, Binomial Theorem

Answer key

61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (a) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (b)
73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (d) 81. (d) 82. (b) 83. (b) 84. (b)
85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (a) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (d) 91. (d) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (d) 95. (c) 96. (d)
97. (b) 98. (c) 99. (c) (a) 101. (a) 102. (d) 103. (d) 104. (d) 105. (c) 106. (d) 107. (c)
108. (a) 109. (c) 110. (a) 111. (b) 112. (b) 113. (a) 114. (b) 115. (c) 116. (c) 117. (c) 118. (d)
119. (c) 120. (a)

“Detail solutions are mentioned in the content library”

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