CAUSES Human activities that result in air pollution include:

Emissions from industries and manifacturing activities:in the manifacturing company there
are long tubes erected high into the air, whit lots of smoke and fumes coming out of it. Waste
incinerators, manifactuing industries and power plants emit high levels of carbon monoxide
and chemicals into the air. This happens almost everywhere that people live. Petroleum
refineries also release lots of hydrocarbons into the air.Burning fossil fuels:after the industrial
age, trasportation has become a key part of our livels. Cars and heavy vehicles burn lots of
fossil fuels to work. Emissions from automobile engines contain both primary and secondary
pollutants. This is a mayor cause of pollution, and one that is very difficult to
manage.Household and farming chemicals:crop dusting, fumigating homes, household
cleaning products or painting supplies, over the counter insect/pest killers, fertilizer dust emit
harmful chemicals into the air cause pollution. In many case, when we use these chemicals at
home or officies with no or little ventilation, we may fall ill if we breathe them.

7 EFFECTSAcidification: Chemical reactions involving air pollutants can create acidic

compounds which can cause harm to vegetation and buildings. Sometimes, when an air
pollutant, for example acid combines with the water droplets that make up clouds, the water
droplets become acidic, forming acid rain. When acid rain falls over an area, it can kill trees
and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife. Acid rain destroys the level of plants. When acid
rain infiltrates into soils, it changes the chemistry of the soil making it unfit for many living
things that rely on soil as a habitat or for nutrition Ground-level ozone: chemical reactions
insolving air pollutants create a poisonous gas ozone. Gas ozone can affect people’s health
and can damage vegetation types and some animal life too.

8 SOLUTIONSSolution efforts on pollution is always a big problem. This is becouse

prevention interventions are always a better way of controlling air pollution. These prevention
metods can either come from government or by individual actions. In many big cities,
monitoring equipment have been installed at many points in the city. gouvernament encourage
your family to use the bus, train or bike when commutin. If we all do this, there will be less
cars on road and less fumes. Use energy wisely. This is because lots of ossil fuels are burned
to generate electricity, and so if we can cut down the use, we will also cut down the amount of
pollution we create. Recycle and re-use things. This will minimize the dependence of
producing new things. Remember manifacturing industries create a lot of pollution, so if we
can re-use thongs like shopping plastic bags, clothing, paper and bottles, it can help.
WATER POLLUTION

2 IntroductionWater pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers,

oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are
discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to
remove harmful compounds.

3 CausesWater pollution causes are generally categorized into two types:Point

sourceNon–point sourcewater pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway
from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch which emit harmful
substances directly into a body of water.refers to diffuse contamination that does not
originate from a single discrete source.

4 Point sources:SewageIt is water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, that is

intended to be removed from a community.

5 Waste water Domestic wastewater

Domestic effluents are generated by activities such as bathing, cleaning, sanitation,
laundry, cooking, washing and other kitchen activities.

6 Industrial wastewater
The volume and characteristics of industrial effluents differ by industry and depend
on the production processes and scale of production used. Industrial wastewater may
be organic and/or inorganic.

7 Agricultural wastewater
Major sources of agricultural runoffs include: organic wastes such as decayed plants,
livestock manure, and dead animals; soil loss in the form of suspended solids; and
pesticides and fertilizer residues.

8 Chemical waste- is a waste that is made from harmful chemicals and highly toxic
(mostly produced by large factories).Such us pesticides, lead, zinc, mercury and so
on.

9 Radioactive wasteAre waste that contain radioactive material. Radioactive wastes

are usually by-products of generation and other applications of nuclear
fission or nuclear technology. Radioactive waste is hazardous to most forms of life
and the environment, and is regulated by government agencies in order to protect
human health and the environment.

10 Thermal pollutionIt is the degradation of water quality by any process that

changes ambient water temperature.A common cause of thermal pollution is the use
of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.

11 Mining activitiesIt refers to mines that are currently engaged in mineral and
metal extraction operations. The materials can range from common to precious, and
from inert to hazardous.

12 Urban run offIt is a surface runoff of rainwater created by urbanization. This

runoff is a major source of water pollution urban communities worldwide.
13 Non-point sources Oil effluents
Is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially
marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually
applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but
spills may also occur on land

14 NutrientsIt usually comes from fertilizers. It returns important nutrients to the

environment, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which plants and animals need for
growth.Act as fertilizer for algae & aquatic plants which can cause highly varying
dissolved oxygen levels. At low DO levels, the aquatic life has the potential to be
harmed.

15 Disruption of sediments
reduces light penetration in stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic invertebrates

16 Solid wasteSolid waste disposed either at a dumpsite or directly into water-

bodies, generates high loads of organic and inorganic pollution through biological
disintegration.

17 Global warmingHigh carbon dioxide levels increase the air's temperature. This
can cause the Earth's average temperature to rapidly change.

18 Mechanism There are many ways of how water can be polluted. Runoff
As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made
pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters and
ground waters.Metals get into freshwaterMetals are introduced in aquatic systems as
a result of the weathering of soils and rocks, from volcanic eruptions, and from a
variety of human activities involving the mining, processing, or use of metals and/or
substances that contain metal pollutants.

19 Effects Waterborne infectious disease

Pathogens originating from excreta contaminates the water.Disparity in the
ecosystemPollution generates disparity in the ecosystem creating Imbalance. It
causes changes in food - webs and food chains and shifts biodiversity of animals and
plants in ecosystem.

20 SiltationSuspended soil clouds the water to such a degree that millions of algae,
an important base for aquatic food chains, die because they do not receive enough
light for photosynthesis.

21 EutrophicationIs the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural

substances, such as nitrates and phosphates.

22 Eutrophic lake

23 Red tideHuman activities that affect nutrient concentrations in seawater may be

having an important influence on the increasingly more frequent occurrences of red
tides in some areas.

24 Effects due to thermal pollution:

Reduction in dissolve oxygenInterference with reproductionIncrease in vulnerability
to diseaseDirect mortalityInvasion of destructive OrganismDestruction of organisms
in cooling water
25 Impact Environmental Impact Aquatic life
water pollution has the ability to destroy many animal habitats, and cause
irreparable damage to many ecosystems.Aquatic lifeExtreme acidity can kill adult
fish and invertebrate life directly and can also damage developing juvenile fish.

26 Human IllnessAs pollutant levels increase, human exposure to toxins will also
increase.ExtinctionPollution has an adverse impact on wildlife and will continue to do
so well into the future.Economic EffectsPollution, due to its ability to cause illness in
humans, can have a significant impact on the world's economy.

27 Mitigation Education Laws

Republic Act 9275: The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004Economicspolluter pays
principleGovernment ProgramsPollution Fines and Environmental
TaxesBioremediationNatural Attenuation

28 Conclusion and recommendation

Water is the most precious resource on our planet and the most vital means for
survival. Thus all living things cannot live without water most especially human
beings. However, water pollution is caused by human activities We can take
individual action to help reduce water pollution, for example, by using
environmentally friendly detergents, reducing pesticides, not pouring paints,
solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the
drain or onto the ground and so on. Most effective way to attain the goal of having
clean water is to value self- discipline in each individual in disposing all kinds of
waste.

29 We can take community action too, by helping out in coastal clean-ups and by
helping out to maintain our rivers clean. Working together, we can make pollution
less of a problem—and the world a better place.

LAND POLLUTION

3 INTRODUCTIONThe progress of civilization and rapid industrialization results

danger to soil pollution (or) land pollution.The word soil is derived from a latin word
solum, which means earthy material in which plants grow.Soil is one of the most
significant ecological factors.Plants depend for their nutrients, water and
minerals.The chemical industrial effluents disposed on soil cause land
pollution.Disposal of solid waste on land also cause land pollution.
4 SOURCE OF LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution is mainly due to the following sources.Industrial wastesUrban wastes
(municipal waste)Agricultural practicesRadioactive pollutants

5 INDUSTRIAL WASTEIt has been estimated that about 50% of the raw materials
ultimately become waste products, and about 20% of these wastes are extremely
deleterious.Disposal of industrial waste on land is the major cause for land
pollution.The industrial pollutants are mainly discharged from paper mills, chemical
industries, sugar factory, tanneries, textile etc.,Industrial sludges are more
dangerous than industrial solid wastes.

6 URBAN WASTESUrban wastes includes both commercial and domestic wastes.All

the urban solid wastes are commonly referred to “refuse” urban domestic waste
disposed of separately solid wastes and refuse in urban area causes soil
pollution.Usually the refuse contains garbage, rubbish, materials like glasses, paper
plastics, etc.

7 Cont.,,Disposing solid waste on land and applying treated sewage effluent are the
main sources of land pollution due to urban waste.Use of non-biodegradable
materials like plastic products plastic bags, cups, etc remain in soil for long time and
cause pollution and also intercept the percolation of rain water into soil.

8 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Modern agricultural practices pollute the soil to the maximum extent.Today with
advanced agro-technology huge quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, soil conditioning
agents are used to increase crop yield.Some of the agents causes land pollution are
as follows.FertilizersPesticidesSoil conditionersFarm wastes

9 FertilizersPollution problems arise mainly from their excessive application

rates.When the fertilizers are contaminated with other synthetic organic pollutants,
the water present in the soil also get polluted.

10 PesticidesDifferent kinds of pesticides used to control pests are causing land

pollution.

11 Soil conditionersIn addition to the fertilizer and pesticides soil conditioners are
also used to protect the soil fertility and to kill hazardous insects.These chemical
agent causes land pollution.

12 Farm wastesIncreasing population of cows, cattles, pigs, and poultries have

resulted soil pollution.The animal wastes contain several pathogenic bacteria and
viruses which effects in the soil texture.

13 EFFECT OF LAND POLLUTION

14 Effect of industrial pollutants (Wastes):

Long application of industrial and sewage wastes high BOD may cause the land
completely infertile.Suspended matter is injurious to the fertility by clogging its pores
and reducing the permeability. It also reduces the aeration in the root zone of
plants.The high salt content of industrial waster water result in increasing of total solt
concentration in land.The change of pH of the soil may affect the growth of plants.
15 Effects of urban waste products
Several million tonnes of waste is dumped along highways and other places.Solid
waste results in offensive odor and cause clogging of ground water filters.Sewage is
an excellent medium for the growth of bacteria and virus. Sewage is a common
pollutant of the soil.

16 Effects of modern agricultural practices

Excessive application of fertilizer cannot support microbial flora.Nitrate poisoning due
to the consumption of vegetation growth in nitrate rich soil.Fertilizers get
contaminated with other synthetic organic chemicals these by polluting the soil
water.Pesticides like D.D.T seep gradually through soil into ground water.

17 Effects of radio active pollutants

Radiation actually affects the soil and soil fertility.The radioactive volatile materials
when released into the air, they can settle on land, its activity is transferred to the
soil.The radioactive wastes dumped into the soil is more complicated, because they
remain in soil for thousands of years.

18 Prevention of land pollution

Septic tanks for the treatment of domestic sewage (proper sewage
disposal)Treatment and is disposal of industrial effluents (proper disposal of industrial
waste water.)Modern disposal methods for the application of waste on land.
(integrated planning of land use)Separation of each waste for recycling.

19 Cont., The pesticides in the soil can be degraded

Pesticide use should be regulated.The use of synthetic insecticides should be
avoidedReplacing chemical fertilizers by bacterial fertilizers like compost manure.The
industrial effluent should follow the standards for disposal on land.Industrial effluent
can be reduced, and recycled instead of dumping on land.Only the depressed land
should be used for land fillingGarbage can be used to produce electricity.