Literaure Re

Climate change and Vector- Borne Diseases
The transfer of mosquitoes and another ticks and sandflies, pose a significant global health
threat. However, the given data shows and suggest that the inter-annual and inter-decadal climate
variability have a direct effect on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. In addition, the
habitats and the diseases behaviors have been changed, due to the abrupt shift in patterns and
increasing earth temperature that affect the dynamics of vector-borne diseases. Moreover, the
evidences were examined at continental scale to identify the potential repercussion of future
climate change. By 2100, average worldwide temperature is expected to have risen by 1.0-3.5
degree Celsius, increasing the possibility of various vector-borne diseases spreading to new
place. The biggest effect of the climate change on the transfer is likely to be seen at the extremes
of the temperature range where transmission takes place. Many disorders have temperature
ranging from 14-18 degree Celsius at the low end to 35-40 at the high end. Malaria and dengue
fever are among the most important vector borne diseases in the tropic and subtropics regions,
while Lyme diseases is the most prevalent vector borne disease in the another various regions
and places (Andrew K. Githeko, 2000).
Climate Change and Physiological disorder in human
The effect of climate change not only poses major impact on environment and physical health of
human beings, but it also impacts on mental health condition of humans. The major impacts of
climate change events like huge and devastating floods and storm, which leads to malnutrition,
water insecurities, displacements and destruction of resources give profound impact on human
physiology. The impact of climate change on mental health of human beings which includes
depression, anxiety, traumatic stress disorder, grief, helplessness, and complexities. Moreover,
an individual also face fare and trauma due to the loss friends and family , home and
infrastructure destruction also etc. Such exposure of an individual to environmental destructions,
climate related insecurities , air and water pollution , give long-term psychological distress and
participate to the development of mental health disorders. According to the World Health
Organization data 2023 shows, Climate Change has introduced mental disorders issues, like
anxiety, depressions due to the long-term impacts like displacement and loss of family and
friends because of huge floods and storm , according to the recent research data 37% heat-
related deaths, however, deaths because of the heat wave has been risen by 70% in recent two
decades. Such deaths give profound impacts on mental health condition (Health, 2023).
Economic Impacts on Livelihoods
In developing nations like Pakistan, invasive alien species (IAS) weaken smallholder farmer
productivity and subsistence producers' food security, yet the economic consequences are widely
underreported. Most smallholders depend on maize, which is farmed alongside horticulture crops
and other cereals to provide nourishment and money. These crops are also essential to national
economies. Approximations of the economic impacts of five major IAS: Chilo partellus, Maize
Lethal Necrosis Disease, Parthenium hysterophorus, Liriomyza spp., and Tuta absoluta on mixed
maize smallholders in six countries resulted in current combined annual losses of US$0.9-1.1
billion and future annual losses of US$1.0-1.2 billion over the next 5-10 years (Kyle F. Davis,
2014).
Climate Change and its impacts on Physical health of Human
Climate change refers to long-term changes in climatic conditions including life-threatening

weather patterns. It may cause changes in the health threat to humans, aggravating current health
problems. The phrases chosen for literature selection are based on a review of linked papers from
1990 to 2015, and they reflect three aspects: infectious illness components, climate variables, and
selected infectious disorders. Literature clearly shows that humans are vulnerable to the possible
health consequences of climate change. As an active agent, humans can effectively control the
related health effects by implementing proactive measures such as better understanding of
climate change patterns and compound disease specific health effects, as well as effective
allocation of technologies and resources to promote healthy lifestyles and public awareness
(Akhtar, 2008) .
Impact at Global level
Biodiversity loss and Climate Change
The existing literature looks at the influence of climate change on biodiversity loss utilizing
worldwide data from 115 countries. In this work, data use on the total number of vulnerable
amphibian like bird, fish, mammal, mollusk, plant, and reptile species to assess biodiversity loss.
The data were compiled by using the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List
(IUCNR).It included temperature, precipitation, and the number of natural disasters as climate
change variables. In terms of control variables, they evaluated the governance indicator as well
as the level of economic development. And the results was obtained by using ordinary least
squares with robust standard error and robust regression (M-estimation), imply that all three
climate change factors such as temperature, precipitation, and the number of natural disaster
occurrences that contribute to biodiversity destruction. In addition, higher levels of economic
growth had a favorable effect on biodiversity loss (Muzafar Shah Habibullah, 2021).
References
Akhtar, S. K. (2008). Climate, climate change and human health in Asian cities. Environment &
Urbanization.
Andrew K. Githeko, 1. S. (2000). Climate change and vector-borne diseases:a regional analysis. Special
Theme – Environment and Health.
Health, W. (2023). Climate change. World Health Organization.
Kyle F. Davis, P. D. (2014). Land grabbing: a preliminary quantification of economic impacts on rural
livelihoods. Population and Environment.
Muzafar Shah Habibullah, B. H.-H. (2021). Impact of climate change on biodiversity loss: global evidence.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

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Climate change and Vector- Borne Diseases

Climate Change and Physiological disorder in human

Economic Impacts on Livelihoods

Climate Change and its impacts on Physical health of Human

Climate change refers to long-term changes in climatic conditions including life-threatening

Impact at Global level

Biodiversity loss and Climate Change

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