KASBIT Business Journal (KBJ) Vol. 7, No.

1, 93-109, May 2014

Identification of Factors and their Impact on Employees' Training and

Organizational Performance in Pakistan

Zuhair Abbas

Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology

Email: [email protected]

________________________________
The material presented by the authors does not necessarily represent the viewpoint of editor(s) and the
management of the Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology (KASBIT) as well as authors’
institute.

© KBJ is published by the Khadim Ali Shah Bukhari Institute of Technology

(KASBIT) 84-B, S.M.C.H.S, Off. Sharah-e-Faisal, Karachi-74400, Pakistan.

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Abstract

The purpose of this research is to determine factors that influence employees’ training in an

organization and how they affect organizational performance. Literature review revealed that

training is one of key element that helps employees’ to acquire competence and confer

motivation and satisfaction. Employees learn teamwork, flexibility, integrity and result

oriented competencies through training. On the other hand, it also contributes positively

towards enhancement of organizational performance along with other factors. Data was

collected from two regions of National Bank of Pakistan at Karachi. Researcher used random

sampling technique to gather responses from 119 respondents through questionnaire.

Analysis was done by simple regression technique with ANOVA. The results of research

have revealed that the factors of employee’s training have optimistic and significant impact

on organization performance of National Bank of Pakistan.

Keywords: Employee’s tacit knowledge, learning culture environment, employee’s

morale, Employee’s Training.

JEL Classification: M10, M12

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Introduction

Background of the Study

This study is belonging to the factors which directly influenced on employees’

training and impact on the organizational performance. Employees’ training plays a vital role

as it boosts efficiency of an organization and helps employees to render services in an

efficient manner. There are several reasons such as organization culture and ergonomics that

creates the barriers to perform the task. Some of the employees have lack of knowledge, skills

and competencies and failed to accomplish tasks on timely basis (Hughe and Mussnug 1997).

These days several trainings are offered to employees inside the organization, in order

to maximize the productivity and minimize the frustration. Most of the time less competent

staffs prefers to leave the work they lack competence to understand the technicalities of

assigned task (Sahinidis and Bouris 2007). Although, workforce is expected to learn new

things and shows their motivation level with the positive contribution towards organizational

performance.

Skilled human resource can tackle the critical situation in an efficient manner and soft

skills training work as a catalyst to nourish the employee’s talent. Further, entire focus of

training pays worthy attention towards increase the knowledge, skills and abilities in a

particular period of time (Sing and Mohanty 2012). Several studies covered that the training

provides extensive support to enhance the managerial skills of employees. In recent practices,

organizations allocate separate budget for the development of intellectual capital that will be

supportive for achievement of organization goals and objectives via skilled workforce.

Training refers to an organized approach to groom the skill set of an individual or

team that shows the result in shape of sustainable organizational performance (Mathieson

2006; Jamil and Som 2007; Zakaria 2000). Furthermore, studies in the banking sector of

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Pakistan show most of the employees are not well trained and skilled and unable to evaluate

their performance in most appropriate way. Several factors have been studied about

employees’ productivity but nobody still has studied the factors of employees’ training which

influence the performance banks of Pakistan.

Justification of the Study

Keeping in view of the above facts researcher has identified that there is gape in

National Bank of Pakistan i.e. most of the employees are not capable to work in an efficient

manner. Thereby, it gives researcher a lot of courage to identify the basic reasons and suggest

the better ways to build a learning culture in the organization and enhance productivity.

Research Question

The study intended to find, what are the factors associated with the employees’

training and their impact on organizational performance?

Significance of the Study

This research is important for organizational performance as employee are intellectual

capital who can make the organization better and if they are not skilled and competent to

perform their duties and job responsibility then organizational goals and objectives cannot be

achieved. The impact of unskilled workforce is identified in this study particularly in

National Bank of Pakistan.

Scope of the Study

The outcomes of the study will help and support other organizations to identify the

factors that affect employees’ training and organizational performance. In addition, the study

will be helpful to human resource department of several organizations which are trying to

understand factors for employees’ productivity, learning culture and career development.

Finally this study will help stakeholders’ before opening organization to understand and plan

training needs of its intellectual capital in advance.

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Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are:

 To determine the impact of employee tacit knowledge on organizational performance.


 To understand the influence of learning culture environment on

organizational performance.

 To find out the effect of employee’s morale towards performance of an organization.

 To recognize the influence of polish skills and abilities on organization.

 To distinguish the impact of nourish employee’s talent on organizational performance.

 To identify the impact of leadership work style on performance of an organization.

Hypothesis of the Study

HA1: Employee tacit knowledge has significant influence on organizational performance of

National Bank of Pakistan.

HA2: Learning culture environment has significant impact on organizational performance.

HA3: Employee’s morale has significant effect on National Bank of Pakistan’s performance.

HA4: Polish skills and abilities has significant impact on National Bank of Pakistan’s

performance.

HA4: Nourish employee’s talent has significant effect on bank’s performance.

HA5: Leadership work style has significant influence on organizational performance in

Pakistan.

Literature Review

Training is essential elements in acquiring competencies by employees and helps

organizations to retain them through motivation and satisfaction. However, with globalization

and modernization, the world is changing rapidly and generating many challenges for

organizations which need to be tackle through optimum talent management.

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Sum (2009) highlighted training work as a catalyst for employees to improve their

knowledge, skills and abilities in a small phase of time whilst it help new and existing

workers in the organization to achieve their routine task with respect to the organizational

goals and targets. Benedicta & Appiah (2010) suggested that there is a confident association

among training and employee productivity as training creates remuneration in favor of

individuals as well as businesses by regulating worker performance during the progress of

employee knowledge, skillfulness, capability, competencies and behavior.

Miller (2008) suggested that business owners should be aware of the relationship

between the achievement of their organizations and the outcomes of their employees. When

there is growth in productivity, the organizations earn more. This is the fundamental intellect

why organizations seize time to stay on training sessions for their employees, to additional

productivity. Disha (2010) argue that productivity support firms, industries, and countries to

attain strengthen rival advantage as industry is a drive spot used by countries in the pursuit of

competitiveness. It must be prominent from previous studies that banks which have impulse

of nonstop growth, and profitability showed superior proportion of workforce potential. Sing

and Mohanty (2012) argued that the knowledge and skills of organizational employees

creates progressively significant impact on their performance, competitiveness and

innovation. Thus, training to the employees of an organization plays crucial part to meet up

competition with better performance. Training is mandatory for employees to progress

knowledge, skills and competencies that provide extensive support to increase the

performance of particular organization.

Goldstein & Ford (2002) maintains that “Training” describes that an organized loom

to learning and enlargement to progress employees, groups, and organizational success.

Whereas, Villasalero (2010) suggest that workers have become key elements to attain

cutthroat advantage in a world that is shifting in the direction of a knowledge-based

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economy. Organizations should become a knowledge based to face challenges in a proper

way for their survival. Kozlowski (2001) & Kraiger (1993) claim that training not just

influence declarative knowledge or technical knowledge, but also may boost intentional

information which affects explicit knowledge or talent.

Employee’s Tacit Knowledge

Davenport and Prusak (1998) defines that knowledge is a “liquid combination of

structure exposure, with appropriate information, and proficient intuition that give a skeleton

for assessing and integrating fresh experiences and information”. Apparently, the explanation

emphasizes the concept as knowledge is not adroit or plain. It is a combination of diverse

elements. Von Krogh (2001) suggests that they are the main significant foundation of

prosperity and the key to achieve sustainability with competitiveness and better profits for

organizations.

Learning Culture Environment

Schein (1983), Hatch (1993), Hawkins (1997), Joneset (1997), Ngwenvama & Nielsen

(2003) and Nutt (2005) stated that culture is commonly known as a cluster of communal

principles, supposition, object, language, and formal procedures that lead interface and

operation inside an organization. Furhter, Goh (1998) suggested that learning organizational

culture is a sort of culture, it inspire the gain of experience at all levels of an organization.

Such culture sustains learning and facilitates the employees to share their notions without

fright of punishment. Hence, culture is learned through beliefs, rituals, values and ethics.

Employee’s Morale

According to Seroka (2009) employee morale are the common stage of assertiveness

and brightness practiced by an employee or teams, mainly if it influences discipline and

eagerness. However, Millett (2010) presented six rationales that why employee morale is

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essential; refined productivity; enhanced performance and inspirations; minimized leave

days; superior concentration to fact; secure administrative center; and raised caliber of job.

Nourish Employee’s Talent

According to Michael (2006) in past it was considered that the role of HRM or

personnel administration is to release salaries and cost. However, employee turnover,

absenteeism and similar measurements were focused by Phillips (2005). Decenzo & Robbins

(2002) elaborated the role of HRM that it is mainly an essential structure for an personnel

management discipline acquisition to make a company competitively profitable by long-term

utilization of personnel and other techniques to build up loyal and capable manpower. Capelli

(2008a) argued that several types of TM practices, such as trainee management schemes,

forced-ranking systems, 360-feedback, executive coaching or assessment centers, had been

developed in the 1940s and 1950s to generate huge pools of organizational talent.

Leadership Work Style

Bass and Avolio (1990 b) states that transformational leadership live when the

employees are motivated to work for superior goals and higher rank self-actualizing desires,

rather than outside payoffs and Collins’s (2001) suggest that level-five leadership. Idealized

influence and inspirational motivation in transformational leadership are similar with vision,

ecological sensitiveness, and strong joint and personal threat in charismatic leadership.

Polish, Skills and Abilities

Eamonn Kelly, Director, Strategic Futures, at Scottish Enterprise, proclaimed that,

“We are no longer basically breathing through an age of great and fast-tracking change”,

further stated “but are experiencing a ‘change of age’ – as momentous as the transition from

an agricultural to an industrial economy.” Alvin Toffler has labeled the growing age the

‘Information Age’. In addition, Nicholas Negroponte highlights that it is the ‘Digital Age’,

Kenichi Ohmae offers the ‘Golden Age’, Whereas Charles Handy seizing the

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misunderstanding of several terms in the ‘Age of Paradox’. Even the Economist currently

denotes to a new ‘knowledge age’, considered by a global economy in which knowledge is

becoming the key resource in an organizations.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

Research Methodology

The research is a descriptive study which is quantitative in nature and mostly based on

primary data collection methods. However, secondary data was also including from research

articles and electronic resources in the research to justify the work done. The sample was

taken from both male and female employees working in National Bank of Pakistan, Karachi.

Questionnaire was developed for working group Management Trainee, Managers, Assistant

Managers, OG-I, OG-II and OG-III officers and other employees of National Bank of

Pakistan, Karachi. In this study, the sample technique was non probability snowball method

and research was conducted in natural environment with minimum interference from the

researcher. Researcher used regression analysis and ANOVAs to present findings.

Population and Sample

In this study researcher’s population was the entire category of employees of National

Bank of Pakistan, Karachi. It is hardly ever possible to study a whole population,

consequently, researcher used small portion of the population regarded as a sample. It is

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crucial to recognize features of the sample which it holds; therefore results can be simplified

in broader population. Sample has been taken from reachable population i.e. group of

individuals having similar characteristics. The sample was taken from both male and female

employees working in National Bank of Pakistan, Karachi.

Table 1: Sampling Frame

Branches (south region) 37
Branches (west region) 50
Total Branches 87
Number of Employees ( Both Male and Female) in South Region 734
Number of Employees (Both Male and Female) in West Region 587
Total Employees in Both Region South and West 1321

Results and Findings

Table 2: Descriptive Statistics

N Range Min Max Mean S.D. Var. Skewness Kurtosis
Std. Std.
Stats Stats Stats Stats Stats Stats Stats Stats Stats
Error Error
Employee’s
119 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.3137 .48186 .232 -.307 .222 -.528 .440
Tacit Knowledge
Learning
119 2.00 3.00 5.00 4.2269 .50782 .258 -.394 .222 -.306 .440
Culture Environment
Employee’s
119 2.75 2.25 5.00 4.2227 .58203 .339 -.812 .222 .394 .440
Morale
Polish
119 3.67 1.33 5.00 4.0196 .54943 .302 -1.620 .222 5.311 .440
skills and abilities
Nourish
119 3.00 2.00 5.00 4.1261 .73900 .546 -.832 .222 .273 .440
Employee’s Talent
Leadership
119 3.75 1.25 5.00 4.1029 .70215 .493 -1.225 .222 2.050 .440
Work Style
Organizational
119 3.00 2.00 5.00 3.9097 .81024 .656 -.339 .222 -.860 .440
Performance
Valid N (list wise) 119

The table 2 shows that sample is n = 119 and the most valuable factors influence

(Employee tacit knowledge mean 4.31 which shows that respondents are closer to “strongly

agree” and organization performance mean is 3.90 where respondents are “agree”. The

standard deviation is a measure of how spreads out so organizational performance has σ =

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81%. It indicates data are spread out over a large range of values. Whereas, employee tacit

knowledge has σ = 48% which shows data have very close mean.

Employee tacit knowledge = -.307, Learning culture environment = -.394,

Employee’s morale = -.812, Nourish employee’s talent = -.832 and Organizational

performance = -.339 it indicates that if skewness is less than −1 or greater than +1, the

distribution is highly skewed. Polish skills and abilities skewness = -1.6 and Leadership work

style skewness = -1.2 it indicates that the distribution is moderately skewed.

Table 3: Correlation
Employee’s Learning Polish Nourish Leadership
Org. Emp’s
Tacit Culture skills & Employee’s Work
Performance Knowledge Environment Morale abilities Talent Style
Pearson Org.
1.000 .191 .371 .468 .245 .667 .550
Correlat Performance
ion Emp’s
Tacit .191 1.000 .292 .403 .012 .213 .346
Knowledge
Learning
Culture .371 .292 1.000 .339 .224 .269 .490
Environment
Employee’s
.468 .403 .339 1.000 .262 .456 .558
Morale
Polish skills
.245 .012 .224 .262 1.000 .349 .229
And abilities
Nourish
Employee’s .667 .213 .269 .456 .349 1.000 .542
Talent
Leadership
.550 .346 .490 .558 .229 .542 1.000
Work Style

The above table shows that organizational performance and nourish employee’s talent

with .667 which indicates that there is a strong positive relationship between organizational

performances and nourish employee’s talent. While, organizational performance and

employee tacit knowledge with .191 showing a positive relationship between these two

variables. However, organizational performance and learning culture environment with .371

showing there is a positive relationship between these two variables. Whereas, organizational

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performance and employee’s morale is .468 which indicates that there is a good positive

relationship between employee’s morale and organizational performance.

Moreover, organizational performance and polish skills & abilities with .245 showing

a positive relationship between variables. Organizational performance and leadership work

style with .550 indicating that there is a good positive relationship between organizational

performance and leadership work style. Furthermore, polish skills & abilities and employee’s

tacit knowledge with .012 indicating that there is positive relationship between two variables.

Finally, leadership work style and employee’s morale with .558 showing a good positive

relationship between these two variables.

Table 4: Regression Analysis

Change Statistics
Adjusted Std. Error
R R Durbin-
Model R R of the
Square Square Estimate Square F Sig. F Watson
Change Change df1 df2 Change

1 .721a .520 .494 .57622 .520 20.219 6 112 .000 2.087

R square is 0.52 which indicates that about 52% of the variation on the dependent

variable is explained by the predictor variable which is moderately good. Adjusted R-Square

shows that 49% of the variance was explained by independent variables which means 49.4%

of the changes in the organization performance can be explained by the changes in the

employee’s tacit knowledge, learning culture environment, employee’s morale, polish skills

and abilities, nourish employee’s talent, leadership work style. Std. Error of the Estimate is

.57622 compared with the mean of the “Predicted" values of the dependent variable. The

value of the Durbin-Watson statistic ranges from 0 to 4 and in the above table the value of

Durbin-Watson is 2.087, indicating no auto correlation.

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Table 5: ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 40.279 6 6.713 20.219 .000a
Residual 37.187 112 .332
Total 77.466 118

Significance of the Model

The study has sig = .000 means that our model shows the model is overall fit and

results are not by chance.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results of this research study have revealed that the factors of employee’s training

have optimistic and significant impact on organization performance of National Bank of

Pakistan. In spite of that, this research has provided precious knowledge and information to

bank about the meaning of employee’s training in increasing performance. Therefore, it can

be concluded that the banks which train their employees in a proper way can gain

considerable improvement in productivity and can serve more number of customers with

satisfaction. Training is the mandatory for employees to progress knowledge, skills and

competencies that provide extensive support to increase the performance of particular

organization (Sum 2009).

In this age of technology, employee’s training has become essential as the workplace

introduces more new technologies such as web-based operation, computerized intelligent

systems and other task technologies (Colquitt 2000, Howard 1995 and Quinn ones 1997).

The three key findings of this research study are nourishing employee’s talent,

leadership work style and employee’s morale which have strong positive relationship with

organization performance. It shows that bank is exercising a talent management program to

fulfill their existing and future needs which help them to cope with rapidly changes in labor

market and competition. Secondly, leadership work style is the main element for the bank’s

growth, the bank that has good leadership creates an environment for employees to perform

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tasks efficiently and appreciate their hard working efforts for the bank. Third factor

employee’s morale which means bank gives them appreciation, respect and rewards.

Recommendations and Implementations

In this research after discussing the facts and findings researcher recommends as

follows:

 This study provides an empirical evidence of factors that affect training of employees and

organizational performance that can provide insights for sectors of Pakistan such as

banking industry, education sector, petroleum sector and textile sector etc.

 Leadership training programs should be initiated for employees to develop leadership

traits.

 Governmental departments should launch effective training programs for their employees

so that they can handle the challenging environment of information age and technological

rapid changes.

 Training programs have become essential for building employee’s skills and knowledge.

Everyone organization should implement it.

 Bank’s current training programs are effective but the company should also reflect on

enabling employees to technological systems to improve their capacity.

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