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INTRODUCTION TO
IMMUNE SYSTEM
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Contents

 Immunological terms and definitions

 Brief history of Immunology
 Classification of immunity
 Classification of immune responses
 Other roles of the immune system

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Causes of infectious diseases

Human and pathogen Human is living with

are separated: pathogen

No infectious diseases Infectious diseases

How to avoid infectious diseases?

No contact with microbe

Fiction

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How to avoid infectious diseases?

No contact with microbe

Real life

David Phillip Vetter 1971 – 1984:

Born without the immune system, lived inside the plastic chamber

Totally separated with environtment......., died from cancer.

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How to avoid infectious diseases?

No contact with microbe

Real life: clean room for maintaining of patient who has immune
system destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy

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Real living environment

Pathogen is circulating in a population: epidemic of

infectious disease.
 In one epidemic, some people got the disease (non-
immune), some do not got the disease (immune).

mien dich
Immunity: the status/
ability to resist to
diseases, especially
infection and cancer.

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Why we can have immune?

Because of the immune system
The immune system comprise of cells, tissues, molecules
participate in the body defence.

Immune system: Body’s arm forces

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What does the immune system do to

protect our bodies?

Immune system produces immune response

Immune response is the coordinated reactions of the
immune system to infections and foreign substances.

phan ung mien dich la phan ung phoi hop cua he thong mien dich
voi su nhiem trung va cac chat xam nhap

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Principal functions of the immune

system
vi sinh vat gay benh

• To protect humans from pathogenic microorganisms

• Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogens)

– Microorganisms capable of causing infection and/or
disease

• Infection kich thich

– Ability of pathogen to enter host, multiply and stimulate an
immune response

• Disease
– Clinical manifestations associated with infection
bieu hien lam sang lien quan den nhiem trung

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Notes

 Immunity is stage/ability to resist to diseases,

especially infections and cancers. This ability
is performed by the immune system.
 Immune system comprises of tissues, cells,
molecules participating in defending the body.
 The immune system produces immune
response to protect body.
 Immunology studies components of the
immune system and their reactions to
pathogens which enter the body and strange
cells and substance appear in the body.

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Milestones in Immunology
Before 1900

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Definition of immunology

Immunology is a scientific
branch that studies
defense of an organism
against germs, cancer cells,
toxins etc. vi trung

Doan et al., 2008

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Vacca, vaccine, vaccination

Mt ch phm kháng nguyên vi sinh vt, thng kt hp vi tá
dc, c dùng cho các cá nhân to ra kh nng min dch
bo v chng li nhim trùng vi khun
Vaccine: A preparation of microbial antigen, often
combined with adjuvant, that is administered to
individuals to induce protective immunity against
microbial infections.
Vaccination: A general term for immunization
against infectious diseases, originally derived
from immunization against smallpox which uses
the Vaccinia virus. benh dau mua

Tiêm chng: Mt thut ng chung chng nga các bnh truyn nhim, ban u
bt ngun t tiêm chng chng li bnh u mùa s dng virus Vaccinia.

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Edward Jenner (1796) - an English physician discovered that

cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox
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Edward Jenner and patients waiting for cowpox vaccination

to protect against smallpox
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Louis Pasteur (1885) used rabies Eli Metchnikoff. Phagocyte is

vaccine for the first time on human important to kill bacteria

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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND

IMMUNITY
• Immune response
– Innate (non-specific)
– Adaptive (specific)
• Primary
• Secondary

• Immunity
– State of non-specific and specific protection

• Acquisition of Immunity
– Active
– Passive

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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND

IMMUNITY

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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND

IMMUNITY
Active acquired immunity

 Natural
• Antigens enter body naturally with response of
• Innate and adaptive immune systems
• Provides long term protection

 Artifically
– Antigens enter body through vaccination with
response of
• Innate and adaptive immune systems
– Provides long term protection

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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND

IMMUNITY
Passive acquired immunity
 Natural immunity that bodies can not produce
• Antibodies pass from mother to:
• Fetus across placenta (thông qua dây rốn)
• Infant in breast milk
• Provides immediate short term protection
 Artifically
– Antibodies from immune individuals injected into body
• Referred to as
– Immune serum globulins (ISG)
– Immune globulins (IG)
– Gamma globulins
– Provides immediate short term protection

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Active immunity, passive immunity

and adoptive immunity

 Active immunity: immunity induced in an individual by

infection or vaccination.
 Passive immunity: immunity conferred on an individual
by transfer of antibodies from an actively immunized
individual (i.e., protection of newborns from infection by
acquiring antibodies from their mothers through the
placenta and in milk). khang the
 Adoptive immunity: immunity conferred on an
individual by transfer of primed lymphocytes from an
actively immunized individual.
lymphocyte: +T cells
+ B cells: -> antigens

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Acquired immunity (actively)

lao toan than

Systemic TB; died
(No immunity)

BK Mouse does not

expose to BK

viruss No systemic TB;

surmised (Has
immunity after BK
infection)
Mouse survived
after infected with BK
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Acquired immunity (passively)

Passive immunity and adoptive immunity

Serum

Transfer Mouse has

serum passive
(antibodies) immunity

Mouse survised
after infected with BK
(Has active immunity)
Mouse has
Primed adoptive
Transfer
immune cells immunity
Immune cells

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Classification of immune responses

Innate immune response >< Adaptive immune response

(None-specific ) (Specific)
• First line of defense • Second line of defense
• Non-specific • Highly specific with
memory

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Innate immunity (non-specific)

and adaptive immunity (specific)

Principal mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H
Basic Immunology 3rd Ed © Saunders 2011

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Innate immunity (non-specific)

and adaptive immunity (specific)

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 7th ed., 2012 Elsevier

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Innate Adaptive
immune response >< immune response

• Epithelial barriers (and the • Humoral immune response: B

specialized cells and natural lymphocytes; Antibodies
antibiotics present in epithelia) (eliminate microbes in
• Phagocytes extracellular fluids)
• Dendritic cells • Cell-mediated immune
• Natural killer cells response: T lymphocytes;
Effector T cells (eliminate
• Complement (and other plasma microbes living inside cells)
proteins)

Adaptive immune responses often use the cells and

molecules of the innate immune system to eliminate
microbes, and adaptive immunity functions to greatly
enhance these antimicrobial mechanisms of innate
immunity.

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Immune response to virus

Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 7th ed., 2012 Elsevier

PhD. Pharm. Tran Thi Thu Phuong

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Properties of Innate Immunity

 The innate immune system usually responds in

the same way to repeat encounters with a
microbe (non-specific).
Unlikethe adaptive immune system, it doesn’t
have immunologic memory.

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Properties of Adaptive Immunity

 Specificity: ensures that distinct antigens elicit

specific responses
 Diversity: enables immune system to respond to
a large variety of antigens
 Memory: leads to enhanced responses to
repeated exposures to the same antigens

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Primary and secondary immune

responses: specificity and memory

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H

Basic Immunology 3rd Ed © Saunders 2011

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Properties of Adaptive Immunity

 Clonal expansion: increases number of antigen-

specific lymphocytes to keep pace with
microbes

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The process of clonal selection

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H

Basic Immunology 3rd Ed © Saunders 2011

Burnet’s Clonal selection theory (1957) (Nobel Prize 1960)

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Properties of Adaptive Immunity

 Clonal expansion: increases number of antigen-

specific lymphocytes to keep pace with
microbes
 Specialization: generates responses that are
optimal for defense against different types of
microbes
 Contraction and homeostasis: allows immune
system to respond to newly encountered
antigens
 Nonreactivity to self: prevents injury to the host
during responses to foreign antigens

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Controling: lymphocytes only

fight to the real bad guy

 Antigen (often referred to as

“signal 1”) and molecules
produced during the innate
immune response (“signal 2”)
function cooperatively to activate
antigen-specific lymphocytes.
The requirement for microbe-
triggered signal 2 ensures that
the adaptive immune response is
induced by microbes and not by
harmless substances.

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Phases of an adaptive immune response

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H

Basic Immunology 3rd Ed © Saunders 2011

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Capture (at epithelia, dendritic cells) Activation of lymphocytes (clonal

and display (at lymph node or splenic expansion and differentiation; T cell
follicle, by dendritic cell; naive T cells expansion and differentiation
recognize peptide-MHC complex on stimulated by the expression of
APCs; naive B cells recognize costimulators on the surface of and
antigens (including non-protein secretion of cytokines by activated
substances) directly via antibodies on dendritic cells; B cell expansion and
the cell surface) of microbial antigens. differentiation stimulated by the
activation of complement)

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H

Basic Immunology 3rd Ed © Saunders 2011

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Antigen elimination
(i) via humoral immunity; B cells proliferate and
differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies; Homeostasis is
antibodies then bind to microbes and prevent them achieved by
from infecting cells and eliminate them apoptosis Memory
(surviving
(ii)via cell-mediated immunity; helper T cells (CD4+) from the
produce cytokines promoting macrophage killing of initial
microbes; CTLs (CD8+) directly kill cells harbouring activation)
microbes in the cytoplasm]

Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H

Basic Immunology 3rd Ed © Saunders 2011

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Other roles of the immune system

 Over response  cell and tissue injuries

(hypersensitivity).

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Other roles of the immune system

 Over response  cell and tissue injuries
(hypersensitivity).

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Other roles of the immune system

 Over response  cell and tissue injuries

(hypersensitivity).
 Allergies

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Other roles of the immune system

 Allergies

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Other roles of the immune system

 Over response  cell and tissue injuries

(hypersensitivity).
 Under response  Immunodeficiency.
 Congenital:no antibody, no thymus…
 Acquired: malnutrition, pregnancy, infection,
HIV/AIDS…

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Immunodeficiency

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Immunodeficiency
 Loss or inadequate function of various components of the immune
system
 Occur in any part or state of the immune system
- physical barrier, phagocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes,
complement, natural killer cells
 An impaired function of immune system or at high risk of infection
 Congenital (primary) immunodeficiency: genetic abnormality
- defect in lymphocyte maturation
 Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency: results from infections,
nutritional deficiencies or treatments
- AIDS, chronic leukemia

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Other roles of the immune system

 Over response  cell and tissue injuries

(hypersensitivity).
 Under response  Immunodeficiency.
 Congenital:no antibody, no thymus…
 Acquired: malnutrition, pregnancy, infection,
HIV/AIDS…
 Disorders of immune responses  autoimmune
diseases.

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Autoimmune diseases

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Other roles of the immune system

 Disorders of immune responses  autoimmune
diseases.

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Other roles of the immune system

 Over response  cell and tissue injuries

(hypersensitivity).
 Under response  Immunodeficiency.
 Congenital:no antibody, no thymus…
 Acquired: malnutrition, pregnancy, infection,
HIV/AIDS…
 Disorders of immune responses  autoimmune
diseases.
 Graft rejections.

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Summary
The Immune system comprises of tissues, cells,
molecules participating in defending the body.
The physiologic function of the immune system
is to prevent infections and to eradicate
established infections. The major roles of the
immune system include:
1) Defense against infections.
2) Recognition and response to newly introduced
proteins and cells such as tumours and tissue grafts.

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Summary (cont.)

Clinical implications of these roles include:

1) Deficient immunity results in increased susceptibility to
infection (exemplified by AIDS).
2) Vaccination boosts immune defenses and protects
against infections.
3) Immune responses are barriers to transplantation and
gene therapy.
4) Potential for immunotherapy of cancer.

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Summary (cont.)

Innate immunity: mediates the initial protection against

infections; is always present in healthy individuals and
prepared to block the entry of microbes and to rapidly
eliminate microbes that do succeed in entering host tissues.

Adaptive immunity: develops more slowly and mediates

the later, even more effective, defense against infections; is
the type of host defense that is stimulated by microbes that
invade tissues (in other words, it “adapts” to the presence
of microbial invaders).

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Summary (cont.)

Active immunity: immunity induced in an individual by

infection or vaccination.

Passive immunity: immunity conferred on an individual by

transfer of antibodies from an actively immunized
individual.

Adoptive immunity: immunity conferred on an individual

by transfer of primed lymphocytes from an actively
immunized individual.

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