PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE

DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

API/IP RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1597

First edition
December 2006

IPV 1P. ,rl

 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE
DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

API/IP RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1597

First edition
December 2006

Published jointly by
API
and
ENERGY INSTITUTE, LONDON
The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003
Registered charity number 1097899
The Energy Institute gratefully acknowledges the financial contributions towards the scientific and
technical programme from the following companies:

BG Group Maersk Oil North Sea UK Limited

BHP Billiton Limited Murco Petroleum Ltd
BP Exploration Operating Co Ltd Nexen
BP Oil UK Ltd Shell UK Oil Products Limited
Chevron Shell U.K. Exploration and Production Ltd
ConocoPhillips Ltd Statoil (U.K.) Limited
ENI Talisman Energy (UK) Ltd
ExxonMobil International Ltd Total E&P UK plc
Kuwait Petroleum International Ltd Total UK Limited

Copyright © 2006 by API and the Energy Institute, London:

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Registered charity number 1097899, England
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ISBN 978 0 85293 472 2

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 CONTENTS

Page

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Reasons for a misfuelling prevention program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Procedures and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Grade confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Wing decals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Fuel order forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.5 Selective nozzle spouts (overwing fuelling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.6 Control of unattended fuellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.7 Control of standing orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.8 Grade decals for refuelling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.9 Quality control of site fuel supply and selectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.10 Fuelling procedures/training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Annex A - Overwing fuel grade decals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Annex B - Example fuel order form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Annex C - Task breakdown sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Annex D - References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

v
vi
 FOREWORD

This Recommended Practice has been prepared jointly by the API Aviation Technical Services Sub-committee and
EI Aviation Committee, and is intended to provide guidance on the prevention of aircraft misfuelling.
This publication is intended to provide recommendations for safe practice, rather than rigid guidelines. Users
of this publication shall be aware that due consideration shall be given to the effect of any unusual or abnormal
circumstance, on which it is not possible to generalize within the scope of this publication. Specialist advice shall
be sought in these cases.
The guidance contained in this publication is primarily intended for overwing fuelling operations of civil
aircraft.
In addition, in some areas local or national statutory regulations also apply. This publication is intended to be
complementary to these established controls and practices.
The API/EI is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers to warn and equip their employees, and others
exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local and
regional laws and regulations.
Nothing contained in any API/EI publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or
otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither
shall anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of
letters patent.
This publication is intended to assist those involved in overwing fuelling of civil aircraft to ensure the correct
fuel grade is delivered. Every effort has been made by the American Petroleum Institute and the Energy Institute
to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in this publication; however, API make no representation,
warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaim any liability or
responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any local or regional laws or
regulations with which this publication may conflict.
Suggested revisions are invited and shall be submitted to the director of standards, API, 1220 L Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20005 or The Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London, W1G 7AR.

vii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The preparation of this publication was undertaken by Mr J. Thurston (Air BP) and Mr M. Tippl (ExxonMobil Fuels
Marketing Company), with input from technical representatives of the following companies:

Air BP Limited
Air TOTAL
Aviation Fuel Services GmbH
Chevron
ConocoPhillips
ENI
ExxonMobil Aviation International Ltd.
ExxonMobil Fuels Marketing Company
Kuwait Petroleum International Aviation Company Ltd.
Marathon Petroleum Company LLC
Shell Aviation Ltd.
Shell Oil Products US.

viii
 1

GENERAL

1.1 PURPOSE There are many documented cases of misfuelling

and a variety of causes have been identified. In the
This publication is intended to provide a system for use majority of these incidents there was a lack of grade
by aircraft fuelling ground staff to assist with the confirmation, meaning that the fuelling staff did not
delivery of the correct fuel grade to an aircraft during confirm with the customer the grade of fuel required.
overwing fuelling. This system consists of procedures There are many similar looking aircraft in operation
as well as specific equipment that shall be used to internationally. Examples include – Piper Mirage
comply with this recommended practice. (avgas) and Piper Meridian (jet fuel), Cessna 404 Titan
(avgas) and 441 Conquest (jet fuel) – where visual
appearance alone cannot be relied on to identify which
1.2 REASONS FOR A MISFUELLING grade of fuel the aircraft requires.
PREVENTION PROGRAM Greater numbers of diesel powered aircraft are now
being manufactured and in some cases existing aircraft
Delivering the incorrect grade of fuel into an aircraft is with spark ignition piston engines are being converted
termed a misfuelling. The risk of delivering the wrong to diesel engines. Aircraft fitted with diesel engines are
grade of fuel exists because most General Aviation very similar in appearance to aircraft fitted with spark
(GA) aircraft and some airline type aircraft are ignition piston engines making visual identification very
overwing fuelled and can therefore be potentially difficult. In addition, the filling ports on modified
fuelled with avgas or jet fuel fuelling equipment. aircraft may not have been replaced with the larger
The serious consequences of misfuelling include: diameter airframe fuelling port associated with aircraft
requiring jet fuel. The consequences of fuelling these
— Total engine failure due to knock damage if jet fuel aircraft with avgas can be catastrophic.
is delivered into a spark ignition piston engine In some cases, grade confirmation did occur and
powered aircraft that requires avgas. wing decals were fitted on the aircraft, but the refuelling
— Ignition failure if avgas is delivered into a vehicle/dispenser cabinet used contained the wrong
compression ignition (diesel) piston engine grade of fuel.
powered aircraft that requires jet fuel. Clearly there is a need for a comprehensive set of
— Vapour lock and engine failure due to fuel procedures to address the many possible causes of
starvation if avgas is delivered into a turbine engine misfuelling.
powered aircraft that requires jet fuel. Many turbine
engines are capable of operating on avgas, but such
operation is strictly controlled as described in the
Pilot Operating Handbook.

1
PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

2
 2

PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT

2.1 SUMMARY Any orders received without specifying the grade, e.g.
where a pilot places an order for "200 US Gallons/litres
Refuelling staff shall obtain verbal confirmation of the a side" or "fill it up", shall be clarified to confirm the
fuel grade from the pilot for all overwing fuellings. In grade required and then repeated back to the customer
certain situations (sections 2.3 to 2.5), written for confirmation.
confirmation is required. Under no circumstances shall Orders for overwing fuellings can be received
refuelling staff assume what grade of fuel is required. verbally (personally or by telephone) only when the
Instructions to or between refuelling staff relating to refuelling is completed immediately following. All
overwing fuelling shall always include a reference to other instances shall require the order to be recorded
the grade of fuel required. This shall apply at all stages: after verbally being received from the pilot.
receipt of orders, transferring orders onto notice boards Refuelling staff shall not attempt to fuel an aircraft
and in all verbal communications. Overwing nozzles purely on their knowledge of the aircraft type. For such
shall be colour-coded; black for jet fuel and red for a critical activity, all staff shall comply with the grade
avgas (see section 2.8). Jet nozzles shall be fitted with confirmation procedures and not assume the grade
selective spouts (see section 2.5). Where wing decals required.
are not present on the aircraft, the fuelling shall not
proceed unless a Fuel Order Form is completed by the 2.2.2 Written records
customer. For full details of these procedures, refer to
sections 2.2 to 2.10. All verbal orders shall be recorded, including grade,
quantity of fuel to be delivered into each aircraft fuel
tank and aircraft registration information. The only
2.2 GRADE CONFIRMATION exception is for verbal orders received on the apron with
the fuelling completed immediately following. The
2.2.1 Verbal orders recording of verbal orders and their transmission within
the refuelling and associated site staff is critical in
Orders received verbally shall be repeated back to the ensuring that the correct fuel grade and quantity are
customer for confirmation. However, in all delivered. The use of customer confirmation records
circumstances the grade of fuel required shall be (i.e. meter tickets and other documentation that are used
confirmed. The essential information is: routinely to initiate normal fuelling or billing processes)
shall not be confused with the use of the Fuel Order
— Fuel grade. Form. The Fuel Order Form is used only under certain
— Quantity of fuel to be delivered into each fuel tank. conditions (see section 2.4). The use of the Fuel Order
— Aircraft registration. Form shall be on an exception basis and not used

3
 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

routinely so as to highlight the importance of this non- confirmation immediately prior to the fuelling. The
routine task in delivering the correct grade of fuel to the wing decals are colour-coded as are the overwing
aircraft. nozzles (section 2.8).

2.2.3 Grade/product names — Red background with white lettering – avgas.

— Black background with white lettering – jet fuel.
Standard product names shall be used by all site staff to
avoid confusion. It is not uncommon for customers to Wing decals should be supplied to customers for
use unusual or abbreviated product names which can application by the customer. Refuelling staff shall not
lead to confusion. This is particularly apparent where apply the decals because this could compromise the
customers have operated internationally1 or may only grade confirmation step.
use one grade of fuel in their fleet and may not be aware
of the importance of grade confirmation. 2.4 FUEL ORDER FORMS
Orders received from customers (or from
instructions relayed via other members of staff) which Fuel Order Forms are used to obtain written
do not use these product names shall be clarified. confirmation from the pilot/aircraft representative of the
Orders such as "aviation fuel" or "gasoline", etc., have grade of fuel, quantity of fuel to be delivered into each
the potential to cause the delivery of the incorrect grade aircraft fuel tank and the aircraft registration
of product. information. They are used in circumstances where
Refuelling staff shall only accept verbal fuel grade verbal grade confirmation is not considered adequate.
notification from the customer when there are wing Fuel Order Forms shall be required where:
grade decals fitted adjacent to the fuelling point of each
aircraft fuel tank to be filled. — The aircraft to be fuelled (overwing) is not fitted
with wing decals.
2.2.4 Use of wing decals — The wide jet nozzle spout is removed and replaced
with a narrow spout to complete a fuelling of
Grade confirmation also occurs at the time of fuelling certain jet fuel type aircraft where the fuelling port
via the use of wing grade decals. The refuelling staff will not accept the wide jet fuel spout.
shall confirm, prior to commencement of fuelling, that — Fuelling of compression ignition piston (diesel)
the aircraft wing grade decal is the same grade as in the powered aircraft.
refuelling vehicle/equipment by observing the grade
decal on the refuelling vehicle/equipment. Fuelling shall An example of a Fuel Order Form is contained in Annex
not commence unless they are the identical grade. B.
Where wing grade decals are not fitted, the fuelling If customers provide written advice of grade
shall only progress when either: requirements on their own order documentation, this
shall not be considered sufficient as a replacement for
1. The customer fits the wing decals or the site Fuel Order Form. Fuel Order Forms should be
2. The customer completes a written Fuel Order Form designed so they cannot be confused due to any loss of
– refer to sections 2.3 and 2.4. colour-coding when photocopied.

2.3 WING DECALS 2.5 SELECTIVE NOZZLE SPOUTS

(OVERWING FUELLING)
Wing decals should be designed as shown in Annex A
and shall be readily available at all airport locations. Grade selective nozzles use different sized spouts for
Customers should be encouraged to fit and avgas and jet fuel. Jet fuel nozzles utilize a large (wide)
regularly replace wing decals. diameter spout while avgas nozzles utilize a smaller
The use of wing decals provides an additional diameter spout. See SAE Aerospace Standard AS 1852
barrier against misfuelling by providing a form of grade Nozzles and ports - Gravity fuelling interface standard

1 * CAUTION - Confusion can be caused by language differences. The local name for jet fuel in one country may be similar
to the name for avgas in another. e.g:
— Spain: The local name for jet kerosene can be “petroleo”- very similar to petrol as used for gasoline (more like avgas), in
many countries.
— Greece: Kerosene is called by a derivative of the word for benzene, which is usually associated with gasoline.

4
 PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT

for civil aircraft for details on both fuelling nozzle spout place and returned after each use. It is
and aircraft filler port design requirements. recommended that the small jet nozzle spouts be
Grade selective nozzle spout dimensions are as signed out when used and their return recorded.
follows: — A Fuel Order Form is used to obtain written
confirmation of the grade of fuel required from the
— AVGAS - Maximum nozzle spout diameter is pilot.
50 mm or 1,97 inch.

2.6 CONTROL OF UNATTENDED FUELLINGS

During unattended fuellings, the absence of the

customer at the time of fuelling shall be managed to
ensure grade confirmation can still occur.
As with all fuellings, grade confirmation
commences when the customer telephones, sends a fax
or personally places an order for an overwing fuelling.
These orders shall be documented (e.g. partial
— JET FUEL completion of a delivery ticket) to ensure the grade is
- Minimum nozzle spout length is 67,6 mm or confirmed and recorded. On all occasions that
2,66 inch. information is transferred verbally or in writing (e.g.
- Maximum nozzle spout width is 29,7 mm or onto a whiteboard), grade information shall be included.
1,17 inch. At the time of fuelling, grade confirmation is
further supported by wing decals; hence unattended
fuellings shall not proceed if the aircraft is not fitted
with wing decals.
Unattended fuellings on jet aircraft that will not
accept the wide jet nozzle spout shall not proceed unless
the pilot completes a Fuel Order Form and a wing grade
decal is present.
A delivery ticket with grade and quantity shall be
left with the fuelled aircraft where unattended fuellings
occur. This provides the customer with the opportunity
to confirm the grade supplied prior to operating the
Using the wide jet nozzle spout creates a physical aircraft after fuelling.
barrier to prevent insertion of the wider jet spout into
the avgas fuelling orifice: this is only the case if the
correct airframe fuelling port per SAE AS 1852 is 2.7 CONTROL OF STANDING ORDERS
installed. Unfortunately, some avgas aircraft still have
large diameter fuel ports which can accommodate the Standing Orders are usually arranged for repetitive
wider jet nozzle spout. Pilots and aircraft owners should customer fuellings at the same location. It is convenient
be encouraged to fit the selective fuel port modification for both the refuelling staff and customer to agree an
kits which are available for most avgas powered ongoing fuelling schedule (e.g. fixed times, each
aircraft. evening, etc).
Additionally, some jet aircraft have fuelling orifices Such Standing Orders are permitted on the
too small to accept the wider jet spout and hence the following basis:
wide jet nozzle spout has to be removed and a smaller
nozzle spout fitted. When fuellings take place where the — These orders shall be documented in writing
wide jet nozzle spout is replaced by a smaller spout the between the pilot and the refuelling staff. They
following steps shall be taken: shall include a register/list detailing aircraft
registration, the grade of fuel required for each
— Written procedures shall be prepared to ensure that aircraft and the total quantity and quantity
after fuelling such aircraft, the smaller spout is delivered into each aircraft tank. The register/list
removed and replaced by the larger spout. These shall be held by the refuelling staff where it is
small jet fuel nozzle spouts shall be kept in a secure readably accessible for all staff to consult.

5
 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

— Wing decals shall be fitted. markings for dedicated aviation fuel manufacturing and
distribution facilities, airport storage and mobile
— All overwing jet fuel nozzles are equipped with the fuelling equipment) on all fuelling storage and handling
wide jet nozzle spout. equipment shall be applied to assist in grade
recognition. As a minimum the following shall be
— The customer shall be advised to notify the adhered to:
refuelling staff of any change in the standing order
requirement if the aircraft type or grade fuel — Aviation fuel dispensing vehicles
requirement changes.
The identifying product grade labels (see EI 1542)
— A delivery ticket with grade and quantity shall be shall be applied to the front, back, sides, and
left with the fuelled aircraft where unattended prominently displayed inside the driving
fuellings occur. This provides the customer with compartment. In addition the grade decals should
the opportunity to confirm the grade supplied prior be visible from each fuelling hose reel and fueller
to operating the aircraft after fuelling. bottom load adapter.

At locations where it is impractical to have the jet fuel — Stationary/curbside fuelling cabinets
wide nozzle spout fitted because of the high number of
aircraft unable to accept them (more than five overwing Fuelling cabinets, which cover piping, filters,
fuellings per shift requiring the small jet nozzle spout) pumps, valves and hose reels, should bear grade
then the following procedure shall be adopted: identification labels (see EI 1542). Labels for the
specific grade should be installed on all sides, tops,
— The smaller diameter jet nozzle spout shall be and inside main access doors to stationary fuelling
permanently fitted. equipment.

— A Fuel Order Register of jet aircraft that cannot — Dispensing nozzles

accept the wide jet nozzle spout shall be developed.
The Fuel Order Register requires a historical log Overwing nozzles shall be colour-coded or use
with dates for any revisions and it shall be colour-coded handles in the product grade colour
reviewed at least every six months for correctness. (i.e. jet fuel – black; avgas - red] which will assist
In addition to sighting the grade decals in order to in identification of the correct grade when fuelling
obtain written confirmation of the grade required, aircraft. The use of small grade decals in addition
the refuelling staff shall also verify whether the to painting the nozzle or using colour-coded
aircraft is on the Fuel Order Register. Aircraft not handles can be an additional safeguard. It is also
identified on this Fuel Order Register must have a recommended components of the nozzle, such as
normal Fuel Order Form completed. Aircraft the spout, which come in contact with fuel or
identified on the Fuel Order Register but without aircraft connectors, should not be painted.
decals must also have a Fuel Order Form
completed. Any aircraft NOT on the register shall
only be fuelled by confirmation of aircraft decal 2.9 QUALITY CONTROL OF SITE FUEL
and completion of a Fuel Order Form. SUPPLY AND SELECTIVITY

Adherence to the quality control procedures required at

2.8 GRADE DECALS FOR REFUELLING each site will assist in identifying that the correct grade
EQUIPMENT of fuel has been received and that fuel remains
uncontaminated at the airport prior to delivery to the
Often airports will have similar looking fuelling customer. Such quality control checks shall include:
vehicles or other fuelling equipment supplying both jet
fuel and avgas. While grade confirmation procedures — Ensuring the API gravity or density measurement
ensure identification of the correct grade, it is still falls in the appropriate range for the grade of fuel
possible to incorrectly identify the equipment and hence being delivered.
deliver the wrong grade into aircraft. — The API gravity or density checks are compared to
The use of large and clearly visible colour-coded receiving quality documentation and fall within the
grade decals (see EI Standard 1542 Identification acceptable tolerance limits.

6
 PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT

— Visual examination for dirt, water and correct address health and safety issues and any legally required
colour (blue for avgas 100LL; red for avgas 80; Personal Protective Equipment required when
green for avgas 100) for the specific grade of avgas performing such work.
and water (white to straw/pale yellow for jet fuel) New personnel shall be thoroughly trained in how
is carried out on all samples inspected from the to fuel overwing aircraft prior to being allowed to fuel
system. aircraft without direct supervision.
Existing personnel who are called upon to
The use of grade selective couplings shall be extended undertake overwing fuelling shall be similarly trained.
as far upstream as possible. This establishes a physical An employee training record for overwing fuelling shall
barrier to prevent the loading of the incorrect grade of be maintained for every employee which indicates:
product into fuelling vehicles or other product transfers.
Airport fuelling vehicles shall be loaded though grade (i) job task training has been given and the date of
selective nozzles to prevent the inadvertent loading of such training, and
the incorrect grade into a fuelling vehicle. (ii) the signature of the trainer, and
The use of grade selective unloading for road (iii) a "yes/no" assessment of whether the trainee
transport deliveries to airport fuel farms/depots should demonstrated satisfactory understanding of the
be considered where possible. Even where grade training, and
selective offloading nozzles are used the quality control (iv) the signature of the trainee.
check described in this section shall be followed.
EI 1542 also addresses fuel grade identification for Where necessary, training records for existing personnel
fuel handling facility/equipment requirements which shall also be established.
will assist in identifying the correct equipment when Follow-up job observation (with refresher training
transferring fuel into the site. if it is found to be necessary) shall be undertaken by
supervisory or training staff at a frequency determined
by the manager based on his assessment of on-going
2.10 FUELLING PROCEDURES/TRAINING operator performance.
The dates and results of these follow-up
It is essential that all personnel involved in overwing observations shall be recorded on the operator's training
fuelling understand the consequences of any lapse in record.
maintaining correct procedures. It is therefore essential Training aides such as posters or bulletins
that personnel are fully trained to undertake overwing describing the requirements contained in this
fuelling of aircraft to prevent misfuelling. Recommended Practice which can be located on
Local staff shall develop a written, risk assessed, wall/doors/bulletin boards are useful reminders to
Job Task (see Annex C for an example of a Job Task) refuelling staff of the need for vigilance in preventing
which contains a step by step procedure on how to misfuelling.
overwing fuel an aircraft. This Job Task shall also

7
PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

8
 ANNEX A

OVERWING FUEL GRADE DECALS

A.1 INTRODUCTION A.2.1 Decal #1

In addition to other measures adopted to reduce the risk To be used on aircraft fitted with engines approved to
of misfuelling general aviation aircraft, wing decals use avgas with no grade identification displayed:
have been designed to clearly indicate the proper fuel
type for use in the aircraft. The correct decal should be 12,0 cm / 4,72"
placed adjacent to all fuel filler ports on civil aircraft by
the pilot or aircraft owner such that it is clearly visible,
but does not interfere in any way with aircraft operation.
AVGAS
7,0 cm / 2,76"

Three decals are described in this annex. Decals #1

and #2 are for use on aircraft approved to use avgas

ONLY
conforming to ASTM D 910 or Defense Standard 91-
90.
Decal #3 is for use on aircraft approved to use jet
fuel conforming to ASTM D 1655 or Defense
Standard 91-91.

WARNING: The pilot/aircraft owner is usually very A.2.2 Decal #2

knowledgeable regarding the approved fuel for the
aircraft. However, if there is any doubt, the decal To be used on aircraft fitted with engines approved to
should only be placed on the aircraft after contacting use avgas, grade 100LL:
the original equipment manufacturer.
12,0 cm / 4,72"

A.2 DESIGN

AVGAS
7,0 cm / 2,76"

The preferred design/size for the wing decals

recommended are shown below. Other designs / sizes

100 LL
may be acceptable; however, the colour scheme, i.e.
white text on a red background for avgas and white text
on a black background for jet fuel is mandatory.
Recommended font is Univers 45 Light and text size is
54 point.

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 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT
A.2.3 Decal #3 A.3.4 Configuration
To be used on aircraft fitted with engines approved to A protective transfer sheet shall be applied to the
use jet fuel: marked side of the polyester film. The transfer sheet
shall be paper suitably treated with a low tack, pressure
12,0 cm / 4,72" sensitive adhesive on the surface in contact with the
face side of the decal. The adhesive backing shall be
JET
protected by a suitable liner, treated paper or other
7,0 cm / 2,76"

material, which shall be easily removed without the use

of water or other solvents for fast, distortion-free
application of the decal.
FUEL Adhesive Backing
Polyester Film –
"Decal"
Protective Sheet
A.3 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
A.3.1 Overview
Decals should conform to the detailed requirements of
General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA)
Specification #3 to ensure satisfactory performance.
(--

Decals meeting this specification were developed to

withstand the extreme conditions aircraft are exposed to
such as temperature, moisture, ultra-violet radiation and A.3.5 Film thickness
fuel spillage without excessive deterioration to provide
years of functional service. Finished markings, including adhesive but not including
backing paper, shall not be thicker than 0,0125
A.3.2 Composition cm/0,005”.
The material shall consist of a smooth, uniform,
pigmented polyester plastic film without pinholes or A.4 DECAL STORAGE
other defects in the film surface. A pressure sensitive
adhesive shall be applied to the unmarked side of the The shelf-life of the decals is not known. Therefore, to
film. preserve the decals in good condition during long term
storage, keep the decals in a clean, dry location away
A.3.3 Colour from extreme heat or cold and direct sunlight. Inspect
every decal carefully for any sign of deterioration or
The colour of the pigmented plastic marking material manufacturing flaw before giving to a customer,
shall be either inherent in the basic film or overlaid on especially if the decals have been in storage for an
the base film. The decal background shall be red for extended period.
avgas and black for jet fuel. All text is white. PMS #200
is the preferred red colour; however, equivalent colours
may be used. No PMS number is available for black or
white.
10
 ANNEX B

EXAMPLE FUEL ORDER FORM

11
 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

This form to be used when:

Tick box

□ 1. No decals are visible adjacent to the aircraft tank orifice; or

□ 2. Selective spout will not fit aircraft tank orifice;

□ 3. Aircraft equipped with a Diesel Engine; or

□ 4. Use of non-selective spout is necessary to refuel majority of aircraft

Aircraft Information and Confirmation of Requirements:

Pilot/Aircraft Operator to complete this section
Registration Aircraft

Fuel Requirements
Fuel Grade Quantity
Jet Fuel Litre
BLACK
Aviation Turbine Kerosene
USG

Avgas Litres
RED
Aviation Gasoline USG
Aircraft Pilot/Operator
Name Date

Signature Time

Selective Spout Replacement Confirmation:

Operator to complete this section

If you are using this form because of situation '2' above
PLEASE CONFIRM THAT YOU HAVE REPLACED THE SELECTIVE SPOUT
ONTO THE NOZZLE
Signature

12
 ANNEX C

TASK BREAKDOWN SHEET

C.1 AIRCRAFT FUELLING USING A FUELLER – OVERWING

PURPOSE
Essential precautionary procedures are required to prevent the incorrect grade of fuel being delivered to aircraft.

FREQUENCY
As required.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (The trainer should describe the PPE required for this task, why
it is needed and its correct use and maintenance)
Gloves, safety boots, safety glasses, protective uniform, hearing protection and bump cap.

STAGES KEY POINTS OTHER INFORMATION

Go through the task Anything in a stage which might: These tips are provided for the help
or subject. – Affect the results of the task or test of trainers and trainees.
– Cause personal injury or affect safety This should not preclude the trainer
Select suitable – Result in a product spillage from using his own key tips
portions for the – Make performance of the task easier or more commensurate with his experience
learner to master. efficient at the specific work-site.
1. Processing fuel 1. Verbal or written orders from customers should It is essential that extra precautions
orders state the grade of fuel required. are carried out to ensure that correct
(establish the 2. For orders that do state grade reference - repeat the grade of fuel is delivered to light
grade of fuel details of the order back to the customer to confirm aircraft. These aircraft can be
required) that they are correct. powered by turbine, diesel or piston
3. For orders that do not state the grade of fuel engines and many serious accidents
required, ask the customer "what grade do you have resulted because the wrong
require?" and then repeat the grade back to the grade of fuel has been supplied.
customer.
4. Notes:
a) This process is mandatory for all overwing
fuellings. Grade confirmation is required
regardless of how well fuelling operators
know the customer or the aircraft type.
b) Also confirm the quantity of fuel required and
if relevant the quantity required in particular
aircraft tanks.

13
 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

STAGES KEY POINTS OTHER INFORMATION

Go through the task Anything in a stage which might: These tips are provided for the help
or subject. – Affect the results of the task or test of trainers and trainees.
– Cause personal injury or affect safety This should not preclude the trainer
Select suitable – Result in a product spillage from using his own key tips
portions for the – Make performance of the task easier or more commensurate with his experience
learner to master. efficient at the specific work-site.
5. Orders received verbally should be written down
onto a suitable form (the Fuel Order Form should
not be used for this purpose), which captures key
information - including the grade of fuel required.
6. Include the grade required when passing on fuel
orders to other fuelling personnel. Include the
grade required when recording fuel orders onto
daily work schedules.
2. Inspection and 1. Walk around the vehicle to check that the fueller is Note colour coding on the nozzle:
checks prior to operational and ready for use.
driving 2. Check that fire extinguishers are correctly stowed. Jet Fuel BLACK
3. Carry hearing protection. Avgas RED
4. Check all of the sampling equipment carried on the
vehicle.
5. Check the unit for leaks, defects, obstructions and
that hoses are correctly stowed away.
6. Check that there is a sufficient quantity of fuel in
the fueller to meet the requirements of the expected
fuelling.
7. Confirm that the vehicle is water free (tank has
been sumped and is free of water and particulate)
and ready for use.
8. Check that the vehicle has the correct grade for the
expected fuelling.
9. Check that the larger diameter spout is attached to
the nozzle for jet fuel fuelling (67 mm diameter). If
the larger jet nozzle is not in place contact
supervisor and have it installed prior to using the
vehicle.
10. Check that you have the following:
11. Fuel Order Forms.
12. Grade decals for the grade carried by the specific
vehicle
– Wing mat
– Calculator
– Posted airfield prices
– Delivery certificate
– Forms showing various wording for jet and
avgas in different languages (if applicable)
3. Vehicle start 1. Move the battery master switch to the "on" Do not drive the vehicle with the
up position. interlocks unsealed. If the interlocks
2. Start the vehicle. are not sealed report the matter to
3. Check the air pressure prior to moving. the Supervisor.
4. Check that brake interlock seals, if fitted, are
locked in the normal operating position.
4. Drive away 1. Test the brakes as soon as possible and before If the first time you use the brakes is
leaving the depot. when you are approaching the
2. Observe and obey the depot and airport speed aircraft, it may be too late to avoid
limits. an accident. Even at low speeds,
seat belts are compulsory and can
save lives.
Vehicles shall not be driven faster
than 25 km/h (15 mph) on the apron.
Where airport or local authorities
specify a lower limit this shall be
obeyed. Driving at 10/15 mph in a

14
 ANNEX C

STAGES KEY POINTS OTHER INFORMATION

Go through the task Anything in a stage which might: These tips are provided for the help
or subject. – Affect the results of the task or test of trainers and trainees.
– Cause personal injury or affect safety This should not preclude the trainer
Select suitable – Result in a product spillage from using his own key tips
portions for the – Make performance of the task easier or more commensurate with his experience
learner to master. efficient at the specific work-site.
head-on collision can result in a
higher combined speed.
Beware of vehicle and road
characteristics and risk of rollover
during ALL cornering manoeuvres.
5. Approach 1. A second brake check shall be made some 15 m Perform brake check in such a
aircraft and (50 feet) before reaching the aircraft. manner as not to cause danger to
park 2. Check that the aircraft engines have stopped, that other apron traffic.
the anti-collision lights are switched off and that Venting from aircraft tanks can be
you can see the aircraft wheels have been chocked potentially hazardous if the fuel
before you approach. spray comes into contact with hot
3. Approach the aircraft and park in stand off position surfaces. Always avoid creating the
from the aircraft. fire triangle (fuel, oxygen, ignition
4. Standoff fuellings must be made with no part of the source) by keeping a good clearance
fueller under aircraft tank vents and the vehicle from the vents and hot surfaces of
engines and exhausts shall be at least 3 m (10 ft) the fueller.
away from the aircraft vents.
5. Reversing to or from aircraft shall be avoided
unless no other alternative is available. If reversing
has to be undertaken a guide man shall be present
during vehicle manoeuvring.
6. Park the fueller ensuring that there are no
obstructions in front of the vehicle, which may
prevent it from being driven away in the event of
an emergency.
7. Apply the vehicle handbrake.
6. Establish grade 1. Fuelling shall not commence on the assumption Jet Fuel
(and quantity) that a particular grade of fuel is required. Black background

•
of fuel required 2. Confirmation, by the methods noted below, shall with grade
always be obtained from the pilot or representative lettering marked
of the airline/operator. Grade confirmation in white.
immediately prior to fuelling shall be achieved by
either: Avgas

•
Red background
– Sighting the aircraft’s grade decals with grade lettering
Walk around the aircraft and look carefully at each marked in white.
fuelling port to check to see if there is at least one
decal signifying the grade, before you get ready to Diesel aircraft engines:
refuel the aircraft.
Several companies are now
If a decal is present, check that it is the same grade producing aircraft engines that are
as in the refuelling vehicle to be used for the powered by jet fuel or diesel. These
refuelling. engines are being installed on
aircraft that typically had previously
Note: If the decal is different from the grade of fuel been fitted with engines that used
in the refuelling vehicle, STOP what you are doing avgas.
until the correct grade of fuel to be delivered is
confirmed with the pilot. Fill out a Near Miss These aircraft represent a serious
Report. risk of misfuelling by the delivery of
avgas to an engine designed for
– OR diesel fuel. Also, because these
aircraft were originally designed for
– If there is no grade decal, a Fuel Order Form shall use with avgas, most will have
be completed by, and then signed by, the pilot or filling orifices that are too small for
an airline representative. the normal 67 mm jet fuel nozzle.

15
 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

STAGES KEY POINTS OTHER INFORMATION

Go through the task Anything in a stage which might: These tips are provided for the help
or subject. – Affect the results of the task or test of trainers and trainees.
– Cause personal injury or affect safety This should not preclude the trainer
Select suitable – Result in a product spillage from using his own key tips
portions for the – Make performance of the task easier or more commensurate with his experience
learner to master. efficient at the specific work-site.
Request the pilot to complete a Fuel Order Form Although the engines fitted to
stating the correct grade required before starting certain aircraft types may be
the fuelling operation. See Annex B for an example certified for use with jet fuel and
form. diesel, DIESEL FUEL SHALL
NOT be supplied to aircraft.
– Then

Offer the correct grade decals to the pilot if none

are seen on the aircraft.

Note: Airport site staff shall not apply decals to aircraft.

Note: Always ensure sufficient stocks of grade decals

(avgas and jet fuel) are held at airfield depots for
distribution to pilots free of charge.

If there is no decal and no signed Fuel Order Form, you

must not put fuel on the aircraft.

3. Confirm the quantity of fuel required and if

relevant the quantity required in particular aircraft
tanks.
7. What to do if 1. Particular care is also required whenever:
there is
difficulty in – There are language difficulties between the pilot
establishing and the fuelling staff. Use only standard product
grade names to avoid additional confusion. Show the
form of wording for avgas and jet fuel in various
languages to assist in this process.
– The aircraft is transiting and is not well known at
the airport.
– It is known that the customer operates both piston
and turbine engined aircraft of similar size and
type.

2. If doubt still exists draw a sample from the fuelling

vehicle and show it to the pilot for examination and
acceptance.
8. What to do if If the aircraft will not accept the larger diameter jet fuel
the larger nozzle, a smaller jet fuel nozzle shall be available.
diameter jet These are to be kept in secure containers on the vehicle
nozzle will not and only fitted for those fuellings where they are
fit the fuelling required and returned to their containers/storage site
orifice when fuelling is complete.

Whenever it is necessary to remove the selective

spout and fit the smaller diameter spout, the
operator shall complete a Fuel Order Form.

If the spout has to be changed see detailed procedures

below:
1. Ensure the meter valve is closed.
2. Remove the large diameter spout.
3. Ensure the spout and quick connect surfaces are
clean before fitting the replacement spout.
4. Fit the small diameter spout.

16
 ANNEX C

STAGES KEY POINTS OTHER INFORMATION

Go through the task Anything in a stage which might: These tips are provided for the help
or subject. – Affect the results of the task or test of trainers and trainees.
– Cause personal injury or affect safety This should not preclude the trainer
Select suitable – Result in a product spillage from using his own key tips
portions for the – Make performance of the task easier or more commensurate with his experience
learner to master. efficient at the specific work-site.
5. Place the large diameter spout in the secure
container.
6. Continue with the fuelling procedure.
7. After fuelling is complete ensure the large diameter
spout is refitted to the hose; first repeating step 3
above.
8. Replace the small diameter spout in the secure
container.
9. Complete the bottom section of the Fuel Order
Form to confirm that the selective spout has been
replaced.

Note: At some locations it may be considered

impractical to have the jet fuel selective spout fitted
because of the high number of aircraft unable to use
them. In this case, the small diameter spout may be
permanently fitted. However in such circumstances Fuel
Order Forms shall be completed for all (jet fuel and
avgas) overwing fuellings, this is regardless of decals
being in place.
9. Bond vehicle 1. Always bond to a designated point on the aircraft Painted surfaces may not provide
(usually located on the undercarriage). The clip electrical continuity. Poor electrical
shall not be attached to propellers, radio antennae, continuity may lead to static
pilot tubes, the exhaust of a piston engine or electricity build-up which may
turbine engine tail pipes. provide an ignition source and could
2. Ensure that the bonding point is located on an result in an aircraft fire.
unpainted metal surface.
10. Position 1. If a ladder is necessary, it shall be positioned such During windy conditions the hose
auxiliary that the fuelling orifice can be accessed whilst should be run out before setting up
equipment and ensuring there is no risk of damage to the aircraft. the steps to prevent them being
prepare to fuel blown away or into an aircraft.
Note: Ladders shall never be placed against the leading
edge of a wing fitted with a de-icing boot.

2. Unwind the hose. Position the hose so as to

minimise the potential of a trip hazard when using
steps/ladders.
3. Place wing mat.
4. If the filler caps have been removed prior to the
fuelling operation, they should be replaced and
vapour in the vicinity allowed to disperse before
continuing the operation.
11. Safety 1. Exercise extreme care in order to prevent damage
precautions to wing surfaces.

Note: Whenever possible the fuelling hose should be

supported to prevent damage to wing surfaces.

2. Hoses shall not be routed over the wing trailing

edge.
3. Hose trigger nozzles shall be held open manually
and shall never be wedged open.
4. The weight of the nozzle and hose shall be
supported at all times in order to prevent damage
and distortion to the tank filler neck.
5. The nozzle spout diameter must be small enough to

17
 PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

STAGES KEY POINTS OTHER INFORMATION

Go through the task Anything in a stage which might: These tips are provided for the help
or subject. – Affect the results of the task or test of trainers and trainees.
– Cause personal injury or affect safety This should not preclude the trainer
Select suitable – Result in a product spillage from using his own key tips
portions for the – Make performance of the task easier or more commensurate with his experience
learner to master. efficient at the specific work-site.
enter the aircraft tank filler orifice whilst leaving
sufficient space to allow displaced air to escape to
prevent pressurisation of the tank.
6. Care should be taken to stand upwind of the tank
filler if possible in order to avoid inhaling fumes
and to protect the tank opening during rain.
7. Care shall be taken not to step on areas marked
"No Step".
8. Loose articles shall not be carried in caps, shirts or
jackets as they might fall into aircraft tanks.
9. Bonding clips, dust caps etc. should be examined
to ensure that they are securely attached and cannot
fall into the aircraft tanks.
10. Should any article be dropped into an aircraft tank
this shall be reported to the customer immediately.
12. Fuel aircraft 1. Engage vehicle power take-off (PTO).
2. Open the fuelling vehicle’s foot valve(s).
3. Ensure that the vehicle meter reads zero, also
ensure that the totaliser meter figure matches the
figure on the flight delivery ticket.
4. Open the vehicle meter valve.

Note: Be aware that if using "pre-set meters" fuelling

may not start if they are not set correctly. The use of
pre-set meters can be of great assistance when carrying
out single operator fuellings.

5. Equalise electrical potential by touching nozzle to

metal wing surface.
6. Open filler cap.
7. Where possible, bond the nozzle bonding clip to
the bonding lug (or use a "Jack Plug" if fitted). On
some light aircraft, bonding of the nozzle may not
be possible and in this case the nozzle should be
kept in continuous contact with the aircraft filling
orifice.
8. Open the trigger nozzle slowly and regulate the
flow rate in order to limit splash back.
9. Release the trigger nozzle when the desired
quantity of fuel has been delivered to each tank and
ensure that the filler cap is replaced correctly
before the bonding clip is removed.
10. Repeat from step 5 for any other aircraft tanks to
be filled.
13. Close valves 1. Close the delivery meter valve.
2. Close the foot valve to the vehicle tank.
14. Rewind hose 1. The nozzle may be laid on the ground next to the
vehicle during rewind until the hose is nearly fully
rewound (at which time it should be lifted and
held).
2. Slowly activate the hose rewind system of the
fueller to pull in hoses, ensuring the rewind is
carried out in a safe and controlled manner. Stand
clear of the hoses during rewind.
3. At the point when the hose is fully rewound, stop
the rewind system and ensure that the large

18
 ANNEX C

STAGES KEY POINTS OTHER INFORMATION

Go through the task Anything in a stage which might: These tips are provided for the help
or subject. – Affect the results of the task or test of trainers and trainees.
– Cause personal injury or affect safety This should not preclude the trainer
Select suitable – Result in a product spillage from using his own key tips
portions for the – Make performance of the task easier or more commensurate with his experience
learner to master. efficient at the specific work-site.
diameter nozzle spout is fitted to the hose nozzle
and the small diameter nozzle spout is in the secure
container then place the nozzle in its stowage
point.
4. Place the coupling in its stowage point.
15. Clear 1. Remove and stow auxiliary equipment such as The walk around must be a
equipment and sample bottles, portable ladders etc. conscious, deliberate step at the
complete 2. Remove the bonding cable and stow. completion of every refuelling. A
delivery 3. Complete the Delivery Certificate, aircraft complete circuit must be made
certificate registration, quantities and grade of fuel, and around the vehicle to ensure all
obtain the pilot’s/airline representative’s signature. hoses are stowed and no obstacles
4. Walk completely around the vehicle in order to impede egress.
check for obstructions and to ensure that all Ensure seat belts are worn at all
auxiliary equipment has been correctly stowed times vehicle is in motion.
away.
5. Disengage the power take-off, release the
handbrake and drive the vehicle away.

19
PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

20
 ANNEX D

REFERENCES

The following publications are referenced in this publication:

ASTM D 910 Standard specification for aviation gasolines

ASTM D 1655 Standard specification for aviation turbine fuels

Defense Standard 91-90 Gasoline, Aviation: Grade 80/87, 100/130 and 100/130 low Lead

Defense Standard 91-91 Turbine Fuel, Aviation "Kerosene Type", Jet A-1

EI Standard 1542 Identification markings for dedicated aviation fuel manufacturing and distribution facilities,
airport storage and mobile fuelling equipment

General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA) Specification #31

The Pilot Operating Handbook

SAE Aerospace Standard AS 1852 Nozzles and ports - Gravity fuelling interface standard for civil aircraft

1
Available from General Aviation Manufacturers Association, 1400 K Street NW, Suite 801, Washington, DC 20005,
Telephone: +1 (202) 393-1500

21
PROCEDURES FOR OVERWING FUELLING TO ENSURE DELIVERY OF THE CORRECT FUEL GRADE TO AN AIRCRAFT

22
 Global aviation fuel handling publications

The Energy Institute is the provider of the following portfolio of equipment standards and operational
recommended practices to facilitate the safe and efficient handling of aviation fuel, particularly at airports.
They are available for use internationally. The titles include those that were developed jointly with the API.

These are available through the EI from either www.energypublishing.org or Portland Customer Services
(t: +44 (0)1206 796 351). The two API titles can be obtained from www.global.ihs.com. For further information
on the EI aviation fuel handling portfolio please contact [email protected].

General

Title Ed. ISBN

EI 1540 Design, construction, operation and maintenance of aviation fuelling 4th 978 0 85293 565 1
facilities
EI 1541 Performance requirements for protective coating systems used in 1st 978 0 85293 566 8
aviation fuel storage tanks and piping
EI 1542 Identification markings for dedicated aviation fuel manufacturing and 8th 978 0 85293 567 5
distribution facilities, airport storage and mobile fuelling equipment
EI 1585 Guidance in the cleaning of aviation fuel hydrant systems at airports 2nd 978 0 85293 568 2
EI 1594 Initial pressure strength testing of airport fuel hydrant systems with water 2nd 978 0 85293 569 9
EI 1597 Procedures for overwing fuelling to ensure delivery of the correct fuel 1st 978 0 85293 570 5
grade to an aircraft
EI HM 20 Meter proving: Aviation fuelling positive displacement meters 1st 978 0 85293 302 2

Equipment (excluding filtration)

EI 1529 Aviation fuelling hose and hose assemblies 6th 978 0 85293 571 2
EI 1584 Four-inch hydrant system components and arrangements 3th 978 0 85293 572 9
EI 1598 Considerations for electronic sensors to monitor free water and/or 1st 978 0 85293 573 6
particulate matter in aviation fuel
EI Research report Review of methods of bonding a hydrant dispenser (servicer) to an 1st 978 0 85293 475 3
aircraft for refuelling

Filtration equipment

EI 1550 Handbook on equipment used for the maintenance and delivery of 1st 978 0 85293 574 3
clean aviation fuel
EI 1581 Specification and qualification procedures for aviation jet fuel filter/sepa- 5th 978 0 85293 575 0
rators
EI 1582 Specification for similarity for EI 1581 aviation jet fuel filter/separators 1st 978 0 85293 576 7
EI 1583 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels for aviation fuel 5th 978 0 85293 527 9
filter monitors
EI 1590 Specifications and qualification procedures for aviation fuel microfilters 2nd 978 0 85293 577 4
EI 1596 Design and construction of aviation fuel filter vessels 1st 978 0 85293 578 1
EI 1599 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels for aviation fuel 1st 978 0 85293 579 8
dirt defence filters
EI Research report Electrostatic discharges in 2-inch fuel filter monitors 1st 978 0 85293 388 6
EI Research report Electrostatic discharges in 2-inch aviation fuel filter monitors Phase 2: 1st 978 0 85293 408 1
Properties needed to control discharges
EI Research report Investigation into the effects of lubricity additives on the performance 1st 978 0 85293 395 4
of filter/water separators

North American fuel handling

API 1543 Documentation, monitoring and laboratory testing of aviation fuel 1st A154301
during shipment from refinery to airport
API 1595 Design, construction, operation, maintenance, and inspection of avia- 1st A159501
tion pre-airfield storage terminals