PLSQL 5 4 SG

1
Database Programming with

PL/SQL
5-4
Cursors with Parameters
Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
2
Objectives
• This lesson covers the following objectives:
−List the benefits of using parameters with cursors
−Create PL/SQL code to declare and use a cursor with a
parameter
PLSQL 5-4
Cursors with Parameters Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3
3
Purpose
• Consider a program which declares a cursor to fetch
and process all the employees in a given department,
and the department is chosen by the user at runtime
• How would we declare the cursor?
• We don't know the department id when we write the
code, but this won't work
DECLARE
CURSOR cur_emps IS
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE department_id = ???;
PLSQL 5-4
4
Purpose
• There are several departments
• Do we need to declare several cursors, one for each
department, each with a different value in the WHERE
clause?
• No - we can declare just one cursor to handle all
departments by using parameters
PLSQL 5-4
5
• A parameter is a variable whose name is used in a
cursor declaration
• When the cursor is opened, the parameter value is
passed to the Oracle server, which uses it to decide
which rows to retrieve into the active set of the cursor
PLSQL 5-4
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• This means that you can open and close an explicit
cursor several times in a block, or in different
executions of the same block, returning a different
active set on each occasion
• Consider an example where you pass a location_id to a
cursor and it returns the names of the departments at
that location
• The next slide shows how
PLSQL 5-4
7
Cursors with Parameters: Example
DECLARE
CURSOR cur_country (p_region_id NUMBER) IS
SELECT country_id, country_name
FROM countries
WHERE region_id = p_region_id;
v_country_record cur_country%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN Change to whichever
OPEN cur_country (5); region is required.
LOOP
FETCH cur_country INTO v_country_record;
EXIT WHEN cur_country%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_country_record.country_id || ' '
|| v_country_record.country_name);
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur_country;
END;
PLSQL 5-4
In a production environment, the location_id would not be hard-coded in the OPEN statement,
but would be "entered" by the user in the interface to the database.
8
Defining Cursors with Parameters Syntax
• Each parameter named in the cursor declaration must
have a corresponding value in the OPEN statement
• Parameter data types are the same as those for scalar
variables, but you do not give them sizes
• The parameter names are used in the WHERE clause of
the cursor SELECT statement
CURSOR cursor_name
[(parameter_name datatype, ...)]
IS
select_statement;
PLSQL 5-4
We specify the datatype of the cursor parameter, but not the size. For example: VARCHAR2, not
VARCHAR2(20).
When the cursor is opened, the parameter value is passed to the Oracle server, which uses it to
decide which rows to retrieve into the active set of the cursor. This means that you can open and
close an explicit cursor several times in a block, or in different executions of the same block,
returning a different active set on each occasion.
9
Defining Cursors with Parameters Syntax
• In the syntax:
−cursor_name Is a PL/SQL identifier for the declared cursor
−parameter_name Is the name of a parameter
−datatype Is the scalar data type of the parameter
−select_statement Is a SELECT statement without the INTO
clause
CURSOR cursor_name
[(parameter_name datatype, ...)]
IS
select_statement;
PLSQL 5-4
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Opening Cursors with Parameters
• The following is the syntax for opening a cursor with
parameters:
OPEN cursor_name(parameter_value1, parameter_value2, ...);
PLSQL 5-4
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• You pass parameter values to a cursor when the cursor
is opened
• Therefore you can open a single explicit cursor several
times and fetch a different active set each time
• In the following example, a cursor is opened several
times
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DECLARE
CURSOR cur_countries (p_region_id NUMBER) IS
SELECT country_id, country_name FROM countries
WHERE region_id = p_region_id;
v_country_record c_countries%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cur_countries (5);
... Open the cursor again and
CLOSE cur_countries; return a different active set.
OPEN cur_countries (145);
...
PLSQL 5-4
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Another Example of a Cursor with a Parameter
DECLARE
v_deptid employees.department_id%TYPE;
CURSOR cur_emps (p_deptid NUMBER) IS
SELECT employee_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = p_deptid;
v_emp_rec cur_emps%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(department_id) INTO v_deptid
FROM employees;
OPEN cur_emps(v_deptid);
LOOP
FETCH cur_emps INTO v_emp_rec;
EXIT WHEN cur_emps%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_emp_rec.employee_id || ' '
|| v_emp_rec.salary);
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur_emps;
END;
PLSQL 5-4
The purpose of this code is to fetch and display all employees in the department with the highest
department_id.
Note that the maximum department_id is stored in the v_deptid variable and is then passed into
the empcur cursor.
Note also that the SELECT MAX(department_id) …. will always return exactly one row, so an
explicit cursor is not needed for this.
14
Cursor FOR Loops wıth a Parameter
• We can use a cursor FOR loop if needed:
−Parameters are placed inside parentheses following the
CURSOR
−FOR…END LOOP statements let you execute a sequence of
statements multiple times
−The CURSOR will repeatedly use new value(s) that are passed
into the parameter
DECLARE
CURSOR cur_emps (p_deptno NUMBER) IS
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = p_deptno;
BEGIN
FOR v_emp_record IN cur_emps(10) LOOP
...
END LOOP;
END;
PLSQL 5-4
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Cursors with Multiple Parameters: Example 1
• In the following example, a cursor is declared and is
called with two parameters:
DECLARE
CURSOR cur_countries (p_region_id NUMBER, p_population
NUMBER) IS
SELECT country_id, country_name, population
FROM countries
WHERE region_id = p_region_id
OR population > p_population;
BEGIN
FOR v_country_record IN cur_countries(145,10000000) LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_country_record.country_id ||' '
|| v_country_record. country_name||'
'
|| v_country_record.population);
END LOOP;
END;
PLSQL 5-4
16
Cursors with Multiple Parameters: Example 2
• This cursor fetches all IT Programmers who earn more
than $10000
DECLARE
CURSOR cur_emps (p_job VARCHAR2, p_salary NUMBER) IS
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = p_job
AND salary > p_salary;
BEGIN
FOR v_emp_record IN cur_emps('IT_PROG', 10000) LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_emp_record.employee_id ||' '
|| v_emp_record.last_name);
END LOOP;
END;
PLSQL 5-4
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Summary
• In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
−List the benefits of using parameters with cursors
−Create PL/SQL code to declare and use a cursor with a
parameter
PLSQL 5-4
18
19

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Database Programming with

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OPEN cursor_name(parameter_value1, parameter_value2, ...);

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