15 - Modes in Hybrid Fuel Cell Evs

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
EXPERIMENT – 15
SIMULATION OF MODES IN HYBRID FUEL CELL EVS
15.1 AIM:
Simulate the various modes of operations in a Hybrid Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
15.2 SOFTWARE USED:
S. No SOFTWARE USED
1 MATLAB-2015a
15.3 THEORY
Hybrid Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) combine the advantages of both fuel cell
technology and electric propulsion systems, offering an efficient and environmentally
friendly means of transportation. These vehicles utilize a combination of power sources
and control strategies to optimize performance, efficiency, and range across different
driving conditions. The modes of operation in a Hybrid FCEV are designed to adapt to
varying power demands and energy availability, ensuring seamless operation while
maximizing overall efficiency. The key modes of operation in a Hybrid FCEV include:
1. Fuel Cell Mode (FC Mode):
 In this mode, the vehicle primarily relies on the fuel cell stack to generate
electricity through the electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and
oxygen.
 Hydrogen stored onboard is supplied to the fuel cell stack, where it
undergoes oxidation at the anode, releasing electrons. These electrons flow
through an external circuit, producing electrical power that drives the
electric motor(s) and propels the vehicle.
 Oxygen from the air reacts with hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons at the
cathode, forming water vapor as the main byproduct.
 FC mode is typically used during steady-state cruising or low to moderate
power demand conditions, where the fuel cell operates efficiently and can
sustain the vehicle's energy requirements.
2. Battery Electric Mode (BE Mode):
 In this mode, the vehicle operates solely on electricity stored in the onboard
battery pack.
 The electric motor(s) draw power directly from the battery to propel the
vehicle, bypassing the fuel cell stack.
 BE mode is often employed during low-speed driving, urban commuting, or
when the battery state of charge (SOC) is sufficiently high.
 It enables zero-emission driving and can be particularly efficient in stop-and-
go traffic conditions or during regenerative braking, where kinetic energy is
converted back into electrical energy and stored in the battery.
3. Hybrid Mode (Combined Mode):
 Hybrid mode utilizes both the fuel cell stack and the battery to power the
vehicle.
 The control system intelligently manages the power flow between the fuel
cell and the battery based on factors such as driving conditions, power
demand, and energy availability.
 During acceleration or high-power demand situations, both the fuel cell stack
and the battery contribute to supplying power to the electric motor(s),
enhancing performance and responsiveness.
Electric Vehicle Drive Train Systems Lab 75

 Hybrid mode optimizes overall energy efficiency by leveraging the strengths
of both the fuel cell and the battery, ensuring continuous operation even
under varying load conditions.
4. Regenerative Braking Mode:
 Similar to other electric vehicles, Hybrid FCEVs employ regenerative braking
to recapture kinetic energy during deceleration and braking.
 When the driver applies the brakes, the electric motor(s) operate in reverse
mode, acting as generators to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.
 This electrical energy is then used to charge the onboard battery,
replenishing its energy reserves and improving overall energy efficiency.
 Regenerative braking mode helps extend the vehicle's driving range and
reduces energy wastage during braking events.
5. Idle Stop-Start Mode:
 Idle stop-start functionality is integrated into Hybrid FCEVs to automatically
shut off the fuel cell or engine when the vehicle is stationary.
 By temporarily halting the operation of power sources during idling periods,
idle stop-start mode reduces fuel consumption, emissions, and noise levels.
 When the driver releases the brake pedal or activates other vehicle systems,
the fuel cell or engine restarts quickly and seamlessly, ensuring immediate
responsiveness and comfort for occupants.
15.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig. 15.2 block diagram of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

15.5 PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the programming environment and verify the functionality of the fuel cell
simulation code.
2. Generate sample input data representing different hydrogen flow rates to cover a
range of scenarios.
3. Run the simulation using the prepared input data and record the corresponding
power generation output.
15.6 CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
// Define constants for different operational modes
#define ELECTRIC_MODE 1
#define FUEL_CELL_MODE 2
#define HYBRID_MODE 3
// Function to simulate electric mode operation
void electricMode() {
printf("Operating in Electric Mode\n");
// Add code to simulate electric mode behavior
// Function to simulate fuel cell mode operation
void fuelCellMode() {
printf("Operating in Fuel Cell Mode\n");
// Add code to simulate fuel cell mode behavior
// Function to simulate hybrid mode operation
void hybridMode() {
printf("Operating in Hybrid Mode\n");
// Add code to simulate hybrid mode behavior

int main() {
// Variables to store user input
float vehicleSpeed, batterySOC, powerDemand;
// Prompt the user to enter vehicle parameters
printf("Enter vehicle speed (mph): ");
scanf("%f", &vehicleSpeed);
printf("Enter battery state of charge (%): ");
scanf("%f", &batterySOC);
printf("Enter power demand (kW): ");
scanf("%f", &powerDemand);
// Determine mode of operation based on user inputs
int mode;
if (vehicleSpeed <= 0) {
mode = ELECTRIC_MODE; // Vehicle is stationary, operate in Electric Mode
} else if (vehicleSpeed > 0 && batterySOC > 20 && powerDemand < 50) {
mode = ELECTRIC_MODE; // Low power demand and sufficient battery SOC, operate in Electric
Mode
} else if (powerDemand > 80) {
mode = FUEL_CELL_MODE; // High power demand, operate in Fuel Cell Mode
} else {
mode = HYBRID_MODE; // Default to Hybrid Mode for other scenarios
// Execute mode-specific function based on determined mode of operation
switch(mode) {
case ELECTRIC_MODE:
electricMode();
break;

case FUEL_CELL_MODE:
fuelCellMode();
break;
case HYBRID_MODE:
hybridMode();
break;
default:
printf("Invalid mode\n");
return 0;
15.7 RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:

RESULTS:
CONCLUSIONS:
15.8 LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Can you explain the principle behind the operation of hybrid fuel cell modes in an
electric vehicle?
2. What are the key advantages of employing hybrid fuel cell modes of operation in
electric vehicles compared to traditional powertrain systems?
3. Describe the role of the fuel cell mode in a hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
and its significance in power generation.
4. How does the battery electric mode contribute to the overall efficiency and
performance of a hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle?

5. Can you elaborate on the control strategies involved in managing the transition
between different modes of operation in a hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle?
6. Discuss the importance of regenerative braking mode in hybrid fuel cell electric
vehicles and its impact on energy recovery and efficiency.
7. What factors influence the selection of the appropriate mode of operation (e.g., fuel
cell mode, battery electric mode) in a hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle during different
driving conditions?
8. How does the hybrid mode optimize energy utilization and power distribution in a
hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle, particularly during acceleration and high-power
demand scenarios?
9. Explain the concept of idle stop-start mode in hybrid fuel cell electric vehicles and its
role in reducing fuel consumption and emissions during stationary periods.
10. Can you compare and contrast the modes of operation in hybrid fuel cell electric
vehicles with those in other types of electric vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles (PHEVs) or battery electric vehicles (BEVs)?

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Electric Vehicle Drive Train Systems Lab 75

15.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 15.2 block diagram of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicle Drive Train Systems Lab 76

// Define constants for different operational modes

// Function to simulate electric mode operation

printf("Operating in Electric Mode\n");

// Add code to simulate electric mode behavior

// Function to simulate fuel cell mode operation

printf("Operating in Fuel Cell Mode\n");

// Add code to simulate fuel cell mode behavior

// Function to simulate hybrid mode operation

printf("Operating in Hybrid Mode\n");

// Add code to simulate hybrid mode behavior

Electric Vehicle Drive Train Systems Lab 77

// Variables to store user input

float vehicleSpeed, batterySOC, powerDemand;

// Prompt the user to enter vehicle parameters

printf("Enter vehicle speed (mph): ");

printf("Enter battery state of charge (%): ");

printf("Enter power demand (kW): ");

// Determine mode of operation based on user inputs

mode = ELECTRIC_MODE; // Vehicle is stationary, operate in Electric Mode

} else if (powerDemand > 80) {

mode = FUEL_CELL_MODE; // High power demand, operate in Fuel Cell Mode

mode = HYBRID_MODE; // Default to Hybrid Mode for other scenarios

// Execute mode-specific function based on determined mode of operation

Electric Vehicle Drive Train Systems Lab 78

15.7 RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:

15.8 LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

Electric Vehicle Drive Train Systems Lab 79

Electric Vehicle Drive Train Systems Lab 80

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