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    SAMUEL PROJECT-1 (Review Version

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    samueljegede232

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    SAMUEL PROJECT-1 (Review Version

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    samueljegede232
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    SAMUEL PROJECT-1 (Review version

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    SAMUEL PROJECT-1 (Review Version

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    samueljegede232

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    HEAVY METALS TOXICITY IN THE ENVIRONMEN(WATER)

    INTRODUCTION

    1.1 Background of the study

    Heavy metals are group of metals or metalloid with a high atomic mass, a relatively high atomic
    density of above 5gcm^-3 and they are toxic and dangerous even at low or ppb levels.
    Heavy metals had been a major concern in the modern society and also the major causes of
    some life-threatening disease which is because of their bioaccumulation, once accumulated in the
    system, they are not biodegradable and cannot undergo metabolism. Although the body requires
    low amounts of some heavy metal ions such as Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ for growth and body
    health, high levels of them are toxic (Valko et al., 2005). On the other hand, some of them
    including (Pb2+, Hg2+, As3+, Cd2+) have considered as contaminants and toxic substances even at
    very low concentrations, which can be regarded as a serious risk to the human health and
    environment as a whole (Bagal-Kestwal et al., 2008; Patrick, 2006) and therefore there are
    essential heavy metals needed by the body for growth and also non-essential heavy metals that
    the body should not be exposed to even at the slightest concentrations. Accumulation of heavy
    metal ions in the living organisms and soft tissues can affect the normal functioning of
    neurological, immune, and cardiovascular systems and so on (Gumpu et al., 2015; Mao et al.,
    2015). Therefore, the determination of the trace amounts of toxic heavy metals in the
    environment has become an important issue.
    Heavy toxic metals can be found in the plant, soil, food, air and water. Pollution of the
    environment increases their chances of occurring, heavy metal poisoning can be caused by
    industrial exposure, contaminated air, water, food cycles, medicines, etc. (Verma and Kaur,
    2016). Heavy metal pollution, encompassing a range of pollutants like As(III), Cr(VI), Ni(II),
    Zn(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), U(VI), Pu(IV), as well as metal-like elements such as As(III),
    Se(IV), and As(V), poses a significant and pressing environmental challenge (Liu et al., 2022).
    Heavy metals are released to the environment by both natural and anthropogenic sources like
    industrial discharge, automobiles exhaust, industry coal mining (Manavi Yadav et al., 2019;
    Rakesh Kumar., 2019). Industrialization and unplanned urbanization have introduced heavy
    metals into the environment through improper dumping of industrial wastes directly on land and
    into water bodies which contaminates the environment (soil, water and air) (Dixit et al.,
    2015). As a result of this ignorance, environmental contamination by heavy metals has emerged
    as a major issue (Hashem et al., 2017). Water is the most essential thing to man, it is used for
    drinking, watering the soil and plant, and also used in the manufacturing of edible products.
    Exposing through water drinking is one of the primary contributors of human heavy metals
    toxicity, research has showed that in the areas where groundwater is the main sources of drinking
    water such as Chile, USA, Bangladesh, Poland, Mexico, China, Taiwan, Nigeria, Argentina,
    India, etc. are all found to be affected by the toxicity of heavy metals in their water.
    Nigeria, like other sub-Saharan African countries are well vulnerable to the issues of
    environmental pollution due to poorly treatment of domestic, industrial, agricultural and mining
    waste products (Uzairu et al., 2014; Anifowose and Oyebode., 2019)

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