Anthrop4ology exam review

Kinship:

Kinship refers to the relationships and connections between people who are considered family,

either through blood (biological), marriage, or other forms of social ties. It defines how people

are related to one another and the roles or responsibilities they have in each other's lives, like

being parents, siblings, cousins, or spouses.

Affinal bonds: are family relationships that are created through **marriage**, like the

connection between a person and their spouse, or with in-laws (e.g., your brother's wife or your

wife's parents).

Consanguineal bonds: are family relationships based on **blood** ties, meaning people who

are biologically related to you, like your parents, siblings, or children.

Lewis Henry Morgan was an American anthropologist and social scientist from the 1800s. He

is best known for studying how societies are organized, particularly focusing on family, kinship,

and social structures. Morgan is often called a pioneer in the field of anthropology. He

categorized human societies into stages like **savagery, barbarism,** and **civilization*t Kyle-*,

which was a popular theory at the time. He also studied the Iroquois people and their kinship

systems, influencing how later anthropologists understood family relationships across different

cultures.

The Eskimo kinship system is the one most familiar to Western societies, like those in the

U.S. or Europe. In this system:

You have specific terms for your **immediate family** members, like **mother, father, brother,

sister Everyone else (cousins, aunts, uncles) gets grouped more broadly. For example,

**cousins** are all called "cousin" regardless of whether they are on your mom's side or dad's
side. Similarly, **aunts and uncles** are grouped as "aunt" or "uncle," but there’s no distinction

for whether they are from your mother’s or father’s side.

This system focuses more on the **nuclear family** (parents and children) rather than extended

family.

The Hawaiian kinship system is a very simple and broad way of organizing family

relationships. In this system: All **male relatives** of your parents' generation (like your father

and uncles) are called **"father."**

- All **female relatives** of your parents' generation (like your mother and aunts) are called

**"mother."**

- Similarly, all of your **cousins** (whether from your mother's or father's side) are called

**"brother"** or **"sister."** This system doesn't make as many distinctions between close and

extended family. It treats your extended family, like cousins and aunts/uncles, as if they were

part of your immediate family.

The Iroquois kinship system is a way of naming family that focuses on two things: which side

of the family someone is from (mom’s side or dad’s side) and whether they are same-sex

siblings of your parents. Here’s a simpler breakdown:

Your mom’s sisters are also called "mom" and your dad’s brothers are also called "dad." But

your **mom’s brothers** and **dad’s sisters** are called **"uncle"** and **"aunt."**

For cousins Children of your **mom’s sisters** or **dad’s brothers** are treated like your

**brothers or sisters**.

- Children of your **mom’s brothers** or **dad’s sisters** are just called **"cousins"** and are

considered differently. It’s a way to organize a family so you know exactly who’s close and who’s

not, especially when thinking about things like marriage!

ross-cousin marriage is when you marry the child of your parent's opposite-sex sibling. In

simpler terms: You can marry your mother’s brother’s child or your father’s sister’s child.
The incest taboo is a social rule or belief that says certain family members should not marry or

have children together. In simple terms, it means: Close relatives like parents, siblings, or

children should not have romantic or sexual relationships with each other.

The Omaha kinship system is a way of organizing family relationships, mostly used by some

Native American tribes. It focuses a lot on which side of the family someone comes from and

their generation (how old they are compared to you). Here's a simple breakdown:

● On your father’s side, all of your male relatives in your generation (like cousins) are

called brothers, and all female relatives are called sisters.

● On your mother’s side, things are more specific. Your mother’s brother (uncle) and his

children are given special terms. For example, your mother’s brother’s children are

given different names based on their generation.

The Crow kinship system is a way of naming and organizing family relationships, commonly

used by some Native American tribes. Here’s a simple breakdown:

● On your mother’s side, all of your female relatives in your generation (like cousins) are

called sisters, and all the male relatives (like uncles) are called brothers.

● On your father’s side, it’s different. Your father’s siblings (like your uncles and aunts)

are given specific terms, but the children of your father’s brothers (your male cousins)

are called cousins, and the children of your father’s sisters (your female cousins) are

treated as cousins as well.

Descent It’s about figuring out who your ancestors are and how you are related to them. There

are two main types of descent: Patrilineal descent: You trace your family line through your

father. This means you inherit your family name and property from your dad. Matrilineal
descent: You trace your family line through your mother. This means you inherit your family

name and property from your mom.

Bilateral descent You recognize relatives from both sides, meaning you have ties to your

mom’s family and your dad’s family.

Lineage It’s about your family tree and how you are connected to your ancestors.

In the Malay culture, siblingship through shared substances means that people consider each

other as brothers or sisters if they share something significant, like: Food: Eating the same meal

or sharing food can create a bond similar to that of siblings. Cultural practices: Participating in

the same rituals or traditions can also establish a sense of sibling-like connection.

In the Ku Waru culture, the concept of “grease” (or kopong) Grease symbolizes the social

glue that keeps people together, similar to how oil helps things move smoothly.

Monogamy It means being married to or in a committed relationship with one person only.

Polygamy It means being married to or in a committed relationship with more than one person

simultaneously.

There are two main types of polygamy:

1. Polygyny: A man is married to multiple women.

2. Polyandry: A woman is married to multiple men.

Fraternal polyandry is a type of marriage where a woman is married to multiple brothers at the

same time.
Exogamous: This means marrying someone from outside your family or social group. For

example, if a person marries someone from a different tribe, community, or social class, that is

exogamous marriage. It helps create connections between different groups.

Endogamous: This means marrying someone from within your family or social group. For

instance, if a person marries someone from their own ethnic group, community, or even their

extended family, that is endogamous marriage. It helps maintain cultural identity and social ties

within the group.

Levirate marriage is a type of marriage where If a man’s brother dies and leaves a wife, the

brother may take her as his own wife to ensure she is taken care of and to keep the family

lineage going.

Culturally constructed means that something is formed by the values, norms, and

experiences of a particular society.

Social stratification means that society is divided into different layers or levels, where some

people have more resources or privileges than others.

class is about economic groups, status is about social rank, and caste is about fixed social

groups.

The Horatio Alger myth is the idea that anyone can become successful and wealthy if they

work hard enough, no matter where they start in life.

achieved status comes from your efforts, while ascribed status is something you inherit or are

assigned.

Dalits are people who belong to the lowest social group in the traditional caste hierarchy. They

often faced restrictions on where they could live, work, and socialize, and were subjected to
unfair treatment because of their caste. The term "Dalit" means "oppressed" or "broken," and

many Dalits have been fighting for their rights, equality, and social justice.

Race is about physical traits, while ethnicity is about cultural identity.

The chain typically goes like this:

1. God (at the top)

2. Angels

3. Humans

4. Animals

5. Plants

6. Inanimate objects (like rocks and water) p OP

Rebellion of 1676 Bacon and his followers were unhappy with the Virginia government because
they felt it wasn't doing enough to protect them from Native American attacks on the frontier.
They wanted more land and opportunities, but the government, led by Governor William
Berkeley, was more focused on maintaining peaceful relations with Native Americans and
protecting their trade interests.

Frustrated, Bacon and his supporters took matters into their own hands, attacking Native

American tribes and eventually marching on Jamestown, the colonial capital.

Hypo-descent, often called the “one-drop rule,” means that if a person has even one ancestor

from a particular minority group, they are considered part of that group, regardless of how they

look or identify.

Greek: anthropos = human being logia = science

Learned through active teaching" means you gain knowledge by being taught directly by

someone, like a teacher or a parent. "Through the process of enculturation" means you
learn about your culture just by living in it and experiencing it, like picking up traditions and

values from your family and community.

Ethnography involves researchers immersing themselves in a community or culture to observe

and interact with people in their everyday lives.

Participant-observation means the researcher not only watches but also takes part in activities

and experiences of the community they are studying.

Edward Tylor: He is known for defining culture and studying early beliefs, like animism, using

books and reports from others rather than observing people himself.

James Frazer: He wrote "The Golden Bough," which compares myths and rituals from

different cultures. He relied on existing literature instead of doing fieldwork.

Lewis Henry Morgan: He studied family and social structures, especially among Native

Americans, using historical documents and reports instead of directly observing the cultures.

B. Malinowski the guy who invented ethnographic fieldwork

Functionalism is a theory in anthropology and sociology that focuses on how social institutions

(like family, education, and religion) help meet the needs of individuals and society as a whole.

Mary Douglas was an anthropologist known for her work on how people use symbols and

categories her ideas about symbolic classification explain how different cultures People might

classify food as "clean" or "unclean" based on cultural beliefs, which influences what they eat

and how they view others.

Clifford Geertz was an influential American anthropologist known for his work in cultural

anthropology. Geertz is famous for his concept of "thick description," which means that
anthropologists should provide detailed descriptions of cultural practices and the meanings

behind them, rather than just basic observations.

ethos is about values and character, while worldview is about how people perceive and

understand the world around them.

emic is about insider perspectives, while etic is about outsider analysis.

the Nacirema represents Americans, and the article encourages people to think critically about

their own rituals and cultural norms.

Reflexivity means being aware of how your own background and perspective can influence

your understanding of another culture or situation.

Ethnocentrism is about believing your culture is better than others, while naïve realism is

about assuming everyone perceives the world exactly as you do.

phonemes are about sounds, while morphemes are about meaning.

Isolating: Words stand alone with little change.

Agglutinative: Words are built by adding clear, distinct parts.

Polysynthetic: Words are very complex, packing a lot of meaning into one word.

untussurqatarniksaitengqiggtuq is an example of a long word in the Inuktitut language,

which is known for its polysynthetic structure. This word can be broken down to mean

something like "the one who is not able to take a whole lot of things that are in the way."

Ethnography is not completely unbiased because it’s influenced by the researcher’s personal

views and their experiences with the people they are studying.