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    04 Reactive Dye

    Uploaded by

    Abdur Rahman Zihad
    One kind of dyeing method

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    04 Reactive Dye

    Uploaded by

    Abdur Rahman Zihad
    3 views9 pages
    One kind of dyeing method

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    One kind of dyeing method

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views9 pages

    04 Reactive Dye

    Uploaded by

    Abdur Rahman Zihad
    One kind of dyeing method

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Reactive Dye

    Reactive dye can be applied to cotton , silk and polyamide fibres successfully. But
    we apply the reactive dye cotton substrate mainly.

    Reactive dye contains reactive group and this reactive group makes covalent bond
    with the fibres and becomes part of the fibre.
    General formula of reactive dye :
    The general structure of reactive dye is: D-B-G-X.
    Here,
    D= dye part or chromogen (color producing part)
    Dyes may be direct, acid, disperse dye etc.
    B = bridging part.
    Bridging part may be –NH- group or –NR- group.
    G = reactive group bearing part.
    X= reactive group.

    Worldwide dye consumption:

    Dye Consumption%
    Reactive 25
    Disperse 20
    Direct 10
    Vat 10
    Others 30

     Reactive dye is water soluble.


     A certain amount of dye (10-40%) may react with water i.e. hydrolysis is
    occurred during dyeing operation.

    REACTIVE DYE Page 1


    Properties of Reactive dyes:
     Water Soluble dyes.
     Makes covalent bonds with the fibres.
     A certain amount of dye is hydrolyzed during dyeing (10-60%)
     Dyeing is carried out in alkaline condition (PH =11).
     Huge electrolyte is necessary for dyeing with reactive dyes.
     Fastness (wash, light, Rubbing, perspiration) properties are generally good.
     Easy applicable to cellulosic as well as protein fibres. (Wool & Silk).
     Comparatively cheap.
     All kinds of shade is found.
     Dyeing method is easy.
     Reactive dyes are cationic dyes, which are used for dyeing cellulose, protein
    and polyamide fibres.
     Wide range of colors can be obtained and widely used in Bangladesh.

    Popularity of Reactive Dye:

    Reactive are mostly used for dyeing cellulosic fibres. At past cellulosic fibres were
    dyed with direct and vat dyes, but after the introduction of reactive dyes there
    utility has become limited. Reactive dyes are superior to direct dye in the following
    aspects:

    i) Ability to procedure bright shades of wide range.


    ii) High leveling quality.
    iii) Good washing fastness.
    iv) Good light fastness.

    Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye


    REACTIVE DYE Page 2
    The dyeing mechanism of material with reactive dye takes place in 3
    stages:-

    1. Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte or dye absorption.


    2. Fixation under the influence of alkali.
    3. wash-off the unfixed dye from material surface.

    Now they are mentioned below:

    1. Dye absorption:

    When fibre is immersed in dye liquor, an electrolyte is added to assist the


    exhaustion of dye. Here NaCl is used as the electrolyte. This electrolyte
    neutralize the negative charge formed in the fibre surface and puts extra
    energy to increase dye absorption. So when the textile material is
    introduces to dye liquor the dye is exhausted on to the fibre.

    2. Fixation:

    Fixation of dye means the reaction of reactive group of dye with


    terminal –OH or-NH2 group of fibre and thus forming strong covalent bond
    with the fibre and thus forming strong covalent bond with the fibre. This is
    an important phase, which is controlled by maintaining proper pH by adding
    alkali. The alkali used for this purpose depends on brand of dye and dyeing
    temperature. Here generally caustic soda, soda ash or NaHCO3 is used as
    alkali depending upon reactivity of dye. They create proper pH in dye bath
    and do as the dye-fixing agent.

    REACTIVE DYE Page 3


    The reaction takes place in this stage is shown below:

    3. Wash-off:

    As the dyeing is completed, a good wash must be applied to the material to


    remove extra and unfixed dyes from material surface. This is necessary for
    level dyeing and good wash-fastness. It is done by a series of hot wash,
    cold wash and soap solution wash.

    REACTIVE DYE Page 4


    Classification of Reactive Dye
    a) Classification on the basis of reactivity
    On the basis of reactivity reactive dyes are of three types. These are :

    i) Low reactive dye


    Reactivity of these dyes is low. So, highly alkaline environment is required for the
    fixation of these dyes with substrate. Here PH is maintained 12-12.5 by using
    NaOH in bath. Example : Cibacron T , Drimarene.

    2) Medium reactive dyes :


    These are medium reactive dyes. Here PH is maintained 11-12 by using Na2CO3
    (Soda ash) in dye bath. Example : Levafix E, Remazol.

    3) Higher reactive dye :


    These dyes are highly reactive. So, fixation of these dyes is easy and lower alkaline
    medium is kept. Here PH is maintained 10-11 by using NaHCO3 in dye
    bath.Exmaple: Procion Mx, Drimarene KLR.

    b) On the basis of Temperature and Method

    i) Cold Brand Dyes


    These types of dyes are highly reactive as they posses highly reactive group in
    their constituent. So dyeing of these dyes can be done in lower temperature i.e. 32-
    600C .Example : Procion Mx, Levafix E, etc.

    ii) Medium Brand


    These types of dye contain reactive group of moderate reactivity. So dyeing is
    done in higher temperature than that of cold brand. Here temperature is kept
    between 600C to 710C.

    iii) Hot Brand


    These types of dyes contain reactive groups of least reactivity. So high temperature
    is required for dyeing i.e. 72-900C temperature is kept for dyeing. Example :
    Procion H, Cibacron T, etc.

    REACTIVE DYE Page 5


    Modern classification of reactive dyes :

    Reactive dyes have recently been classified as

    1. Alkali-controllable reactive dyes :


     These dye have relatively high reactivity and only moderate substantivity.
     The reactive dyes are applied at relatively low temperatures and level dyeing
    requires careful control of the addition of the alkali to initiate the fixation
    stage.
     Examples include DCT, DFCP and VS reactive dyes.

    2. Salt-controllable dyes.
     These are dyes of relatively low reactivity towards cotton under alkaline
    conditions and therefore the dyeing temperature will be as high as 80°C.
     They have appreciable substantivity and level dyeing requires careful
    addition of salt to promote exhaustion.
     Examples in this class include TCP, MCT as well as MFT reactive dyes.

    3. Temperature-controllable dyes, which undergo fixation at high temperatures


    even under neutral conditions. The NT dyes are in this class.

    Hydrolysis
    Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is converted into two parts
    by the addition of molecule of water. One fragment of parent molecule gains a
    REACTIVE DYE Page 6
    hydrogen ion (H+) from the additional water molecule. The other group collects the
    remaining hydroxyl group (OH-).

    Hydrolysis of Reactive Dye/Technical defficiency of R.D:


    Under alkaline condition, Reactive dyes react with the terminal hydroxyl group
    of cellulose. But if the solution of the dye is kept for long time, its concentration
    drops. Then the dye reacts with the hydroxyl group of water. The reaction of dye
    with water is called Hydrolysis of reactive dye.
    After hydrolysis dye cannot react with fibre. So hydrolysis increases the loss of
    dyes.
    This hydrolysis occurs in two stages. At first the concentration of dye initially
    increases and then begins to decrease. Where as the concentration of hydroxyl
    compound increases continuously. Then the hydroxyl compound cannot react
    with dye.
    I) Incase of Triazinyl dyes:
    a)
    Cl O Cell

    N C N C

    Dye HN C N + Cell-OH Dye HN C N

    N C N C

    Cl O Cell

    Dichloro triazinyl

    b)

    REACTIVE DYE Page 7


    Cl OH

    N C N C

    Dye HN C N + H-OH Dye HN C N

    N C N C

    Cl OH

    Dihydroxy group

    II ) In case of Vinyl Sulphone Dyes:


    a) Dye-SO2CH = CH2 + HO – cellulose  Dye – SO2 CH2 -CH2 O – cellulose
    b) Dye-SO2CH = CH2 + H-OH  Dye-SO2 CH2 CH2 OH
    Mono hydroxy group

    For preventing hydrolysis the following precautions are taken—

    1. As hydrolysis increases with increasing temperature during dissolving and


    application temperature should not be more than 40°C.
    2. Dye and alkali solution are prepared separately and mixed just before using.
    3. Dye and alkali should not be kept for long time after mixing.

    Factors affecting Dye Hydrolysis

     Liquor Ratio: Longer liquor ratio increases hydrolysis and vice versa.
     Salt Concentration: Higher salt concentration increases hydrolysis and vice
    versa.
     PH : Higher PH increases hydrolysis and vice versa.
     Temperature : Higher temperature increases hydrolysis and vice versa,
     Dye reactivity: Increase both hydrolysis and fixation rate.
     Time : Higher dyeing time increases hydrolysis and vice versa.
     Type and number of reactive group : Vinyl Sulphone is more prone to
    hydrolysis than Triazinyl group.
     Types of bridging group: The oxide (O-) and sulphide bridges are less
    stable in alkaline hydrolysis. But more stable bridges decreases reaction rate
    along with the hydrolysis.
    Potential problems due to dye hydrolysis :

    REACTIVE DYE Page 8


    1) Hydrolysis accompanies fixation, resulting in incomplete utilization of dye.
    Hence dye wastage occurs. Up to 40-60% dyes (avg. 50%) are wasted in this case.
    2) Relatively large amount of electrolyte are required for exhaust, otherwise dye
    hydrolysis will occur greatly dye bath.
    3) Laborious removal of unreacted and hydrolyzed dye is required – often a longer
    operation than the dyeing step itself and not always entirely satisfactory.
    4) Longer washing operation for removal of unreacted and hydrolyzed dye often
    costs 50% of total dyeing cost.
    5) Hydrolyzed dye is discharged as colored effluent and effluent cost risen up.
    Moreover, color is not easily removed by effluent treatment processes and in many
    cases the dyes are not readily biodegradable.
    6) Unhydrolyzed , unfixed heterocyclic reactive dyes may pose in environment
    hazard.
    7) Despite reactive dyes being covalently bond with the substrate, fastness
    problems associated can occur due to hydrolysis.
    8) Less storage stability.
    9) Trailing problems for continuous dyeing.
    10) Running shade in batch process.

    REACTIVE DYE Page 9

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