1

-2 2

80 % lookm
(km)
σ
100

D
100`km￣400`km

-3 3

(。C)
0 5 10 15 20 25

1000

2000

m 3000
( )

-4 4
120
> > 110
( )

km
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
99 % 30`km 10
0
80 60 40 20 0 20
(。C)

146
5 -5

D g II
6
-5, 6

150
( )

km
D D
A C
80
\ C \ E
50
B B
11 A
0
C O
A

Y
A
.
D
B
A
30km
! E O
B
020
~

U A
40`km￣50`km X X
C X
A￣D D C

D
B
. X
C
A D
O
O

147
 Q
2

( S)
O

922 .
%

N A

A￣E B
C
E D

D B

A B
N DC
XA ~
A OB C D
B C
C 99 %

OD A B C 9
A￣D E

148
 …
km :

PLF
A 0￣35
O
B 35￣2900
C 2900￣5100
D 5100￣6400 II

A B
2900`km -> ?

P
A￣D .
A
D

0.62 % 0.93 %
2.15 % 0.03 % 0.04 %
0.03 %
A
20.9 %

B
78.1 %
97.2 %
0
D

10~35 km) 10~100 km) ? A B

A
5~7 km)
X B

(km) 2900 6400 6400 5100 2900 400 (km)

O

④0
)
,
.
X
149
 O N S (。C)
A 60æ 30æ 0æ 30æ 60æ 0 5 10 15 20 25
0
B
500

m 1000

( )
C
1500

O 2

9.
B A C
D B >

C ~

~C

A
O
~

D
1

15

0~20 m
10
(

。C 40 m
)

60 m
A￣C 100 m
5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

(。C)

0
0 5
A
10 15 20
B
25
C OO 2

5 40`m
500
8 5
m 1000
( )

8
1500
1 8
8 2

Q
A
C
B
.

O B C
A C

150
 II
100
D 0
km 80 a

( )
100
C
60 200 b
40 300
B
20 400 c
0 A
500
100 60 20 20

( )
150 m
( )

km (。C)
D

80
C
50
B
11 A A
0
a

2 A a

A
B b

A
B
B
A C
C B
C D

100
d
A A
( )

km 80
B
A c
60
C
40 D
a￣d b
20
a
a￣d 0
A

a A D
C
b d

151
 A B

A B
A B
A B

D
A B

E
C

A￣E

A
A A

C B C B C
B

B
B C
A B C

152
 A B

C D
II
E

A C
D A
B
E
C
U D
B E

A￣E
2

A
B
C

D
E

A￣D
￣

C D

B C

A￣C
A
`A` `B` `C` B C
A D

153
 30 %
1
17.3 1016 W
5.2 1016 W
-1
12.1 1016 W
2.7 1012 W
>
>
5.4 1012 W

17 3×1016`W

5 4×1012`W

2 7×1012`W

2
C
B

A>B>C

-2 2
=
-

=
< 380
96
> 320 60
= 284
+ 284+36=320
= 36
+ 96=60+36
=
+ + 60+320=96+284 ( 1000 km3)

154
1 -1

II

CO2
2-
CO3 CH4

A
B
A D C
C
D
B

155
 17.3 1016 W
5.2 1016 W

12.1 1016 W
2.7 1012 W

5.4 1012 W

30 %

A
B
C

A
B
C

156
 380
W
12
A 2 7×10
96 60 320
B 284
12
C 5 4×10
A II
( 1000 km3)
A
A
5 4×1012

A 60

C
B

320 284 A 96
A<B<C B

( 1000 km3)
A C
C A

A
B A

157
 1 100

A B
C
A 84 25 75

A
B
C
D

(0.013)
(29)
B 0.037
0.11

0.037 A 0.423
(0.13)
(1370)
(9.5)

( ) ( 106 km3)

A B
0 11-A 0 037
80 %

A B C

A
B
C

158
 A
B A

E CO™ CO™
C D

II
CO™

CO™
B
CaCO£
C
A B
D C
E A B C

A
720

4130
2000
60000000
( 1012 kg) a￣d
37400

c
a
a
b
c
A b
d
d

159
 1

-2 2

SiO2

-3 3

P S P S
P S

-4 4

160
1 -1
100`km 0
100 II
200

(
300 km

)
400

100`km￣400`km

10

1`cm ￣10`cm

5.4

3.7 1.8
5.4 2.3
2.3
2.5
2.0 3.0
10.5 10.0 6.0 10.1
16.8
1.3 6.2 7.1
3.7 10.3 6.0
1.7 7.7 3.3 4.1
7.3 5.7
7.5 7.2

( cm/ )

161
 2

A
5% 5%
5%
C B

15 % 70 %

A
B
B
C

SiO2

162
 A B SiO2 2014

SiO2
A 49 %
B 72 %

A B
II

1991 8.7

0.4
0.2
0
(

℃
0.2
)

0.4
1990 1991 1992
( )

A B C

2010
A

1 12 2 17 B
70 88
C
15`km 115`km
316 000 521
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

A￣C
A C
B A
C B

163
 1978 52

B A
B A
60 B

0 250

10 200
150
20
100
30 50
( )

( )

km cm
40 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
1991 1992

164
 2

II

A
100
A B

200
( )

km
B
300

400

0
100
B
A
C
(

km
)

400

A+C B+C
C

165
 1

-2 2

-3 3

166
 K
B
C
D

G
￣
II
E
￣
A
F
H J
I

A B C D E F

G H I J K

< <

A C D

B A
B C D
E

G
F

\
\
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
D
C
E
A￣C
F
D
G

167
 ￣

A B C

`A` `B` `C`

A B C

A￣C

A￣D

2
D
B C
A

A￣D

A￣D

168
 A B

A B
A B
C
A B

D
cm
6
II

A B
A B
C
B A
D
6

C
1 2

A B

1 2 A B C

NW

SE

3.0 3.3
1000 km (g/cm#)

B
A C E
D

A￣E

169
 ￣ ￣

A C
B

A￣C

A
B
C

C
A D
B

￣
2

A
B
B
C
C
A D ￣
D C

170
 ￣

B
A C
D
F
E
II

A￣F

A D C E A C E
B D F C D E

A C D E
2
A B D C
A C
D E
E

A
B E C
B A
A
C
C D
D
B C D

A￣E

A
A B
C
B
C
D
E

A B
B C
A￣E

A B C
D E

171
 A
B
A B
E
C

D
C

A B
A￣E 2 C
A
B
C
C E
D E
A E
D

B
B D

B
A

B
A

A B A
A
A B
B B
C
C
A

172
 100
6

II

B
70 km
70~300 km
300~700 km A

A B
A B

A B

A￣C

B 0
100
C 200
300
( )

km 400
500
A B C
A B C
A C

A B A C B
C

173
 18 ~ 21

300 300 300

200 200 200 A

( )

km
100 80 100
B A
A 50
11
A
0 200400 600 800 0 200400 600 800 0 200400 600 800
(K) (K) (K) A

10
1
A A B
0.1
B 0.01
(

0.001
)

0.0001
40 30 20 10 0 C

40
A￣C
A
B A 20

C P S

174
 A C

%
A D A B C
0 011 0
0 004 A

0 194 B C
250
II

( )
B km
99 791
C 500

A C
A￣D D
B
A C
A B B C

A B

B
C
A
B
O
D

A B
B
A
A B
C D

175
 1

2 DNA

DNA 3

DNA

DNA
A B DNA

A B A A
DNA

-1 1 DNA RNA
DNA RNA
DNA DNA RNA

A G C T
RNA

DNA RNA RNA

A G C U RNA

RNA
-2 2
DNA
1
4 3 DNA 3 3
2 16 =42
RNA 3
64
64 =43 20

200
3 DNA
-3
DNA
DNA RNA DNA A G C T
DNA
RNA C G A
RNA A
G
T
C II
3
G T T A T T G G
C G T G
DNA
C A A T A A C C
G C A C
DNA
RNA
C G U U A U U G G RNA T -4
G G U U

RNA 3
1

1 2 3 4
DNA RNA
DNA T A
4 RNA
GAA GUA

DNA C T T C A T

RNA G AA G U A
RNA RNA

DNA
U
DNA

DNA RNA
DNA UUU
A A A G C T C G G G A A
DNA RNA GCT
T T T C G A G C C C T T
3 CGG

RNA U U U G C C C U U

1 2 3 4

201
 DNA

DNA A B

A B

DNA
DNA RNA
A B
A A

DNA

DNA
DNA

DNA

A G C
U

202
 A

DNA
RNA DNA

A
DNA RNA 3 II
3
DNA 2

DNA RNA

RNA

DNA

DNA RNA 3
DNA DNA
RNA 1 3
RNA

203
 25
DNA

DNA
RNA

G T T A T T
RNA C G T G G G

C A A T A A
G C A C C C

C G A G G
G G

3
12
12
RNA
C RNA G

DNA
DNA RNA
A
RNA
B
T T G C T A C C A T A C
DNA
C A A C G A T G G T A T G C G A

RNA
C U A C C A U A C G C U

A
B DNA A GCT

C 3 2 U
RNA 5
RNA DNA
RNA 5 5

204
 DNA ￣ RNA
RNA DNA

AAACCGAGT
DNA
TGGTTTGGC
RNA UGG GGCUCA

￣
T

A
G

C
G

C A A A
G

C
G

C
C

G
T

A
C

G
A

T
II
U G G U U U G G C U C A

RNA
2

DNA DNA
UUU
DNA
3
T A C G C C A A T G G C C A A G G C
DNA 3
RNA

RNA

T A C A A C C G T C A T
DNA
A T G T T G G C A G T A
DNA
T C T G T T G G C

RNA A U G U U G G C A G U A
RNA U C U G U U G G C

1 2 3 4

RNA
RNA
2 AAC AGACAACCG
DNA A RNA 2
U DNA

205
 DNA RNA 100 DNA
RNA

TATTTTGGATTGTCCTGGCGC
UUU UCU UAU UGU
A G T C U
UUC UCC UAC UGC
UUA UCA UAA UGA 23 33 17 0 100
UUG UCG UAG UGG 17 27 33 100
CUU CCU CAU CGU
33 0 17 100
CUC CCC CAC CGC
CUA CCA CAA CGA
CUG CCG CAG CGG
AUU ACU AAU AGU
AUC ACC AAC AGC DNA
AUA ACA AAA AGA
+ = +
AUG ACG AAG AGG
GUU GCU GAU GGU 0
GUC GCC GAC GGC
GUA GCA GAA GGA
GUG GCG GAG GGG

RNA

RNA

DNA RNA
RNA

DNA T AC C A A G T T ACA AUG

AUU AUC
RNA AUGGU U CAAUGU CAA CAG
GUU GUC
UGC UGU

DNA C GG T C A G T CG T T
A G T CAGCAAAC C CAG CAA
AGU AGC
RNA G C C AG U CA GCAAAC C ACC ACA
T
GCC GCG
CCA CCC
C

206
RNA RNA
￣

RNA AAGCCUGUAGAGCGA
- - - - II
RNA AAGCCUGAAGAGCGA
- - - -

GAA GAG
GUA GAA

DNA

DNA

C T T C A T

G A A G U A
RNA RNA

CTT CAT
DNA 1
DNA

207
 U RNA ￣
A B RNA
B RNA

A B
RNA
h AU II
AUA
h
AACG
0
t1 t2

AUA
AAU AAC
A B
RNA
A t1 t2
t2 A B

DNA 1 DNA
DNA RNA

DNA

UUUCGAGCCCUUGGU

A B

ADP Pi

ATP UUU, UUC CUU, CUC

GCA, GCC CGU, CGC,
GGC, GGU CGA, CGG
CCU, CCC UGG

DNA
A
B AAAGCTCGGGAAGCA
AAAGCTCGGGAAGCCA
AAAGCTCGTGGAACCA
UUUCGAGCACCUUGGU
UUUCGAGCCCUUCGGU

209
 1
H+
-1 C H2SO4 CH3COOH H2CO3 HNO3
-
OH
CH4 H
H +
NaOH KOH C OH 2 NH3

NH3
OH-
NH3+H2O NH4++OH-

CH3OH C2H5OH
H O
H+ OH-

-2

H+

+ H+

C H+ + C -
C 1 H+ 1 H2SO4 1 H+
2 1 H+ H2SO4
2
H2SO4 2H+ + SO4 - C 2
+ -
CH3COOH H + CH3COO

-3

- H+ -

- +

H+ K+ C -
NO3- H+

OH-

+ OH-
KNO3
+ -
K NO3
NaOH Na+ + OH- NaOH 1 OH- 1 C OH 2 1
OH- 2 1 OH-
2+
C OH 2 C + 2OH- C OH 2 NaOH 2

KOH K+ + OH-

226
 -4

+ OH-
+
- +

Na+ K+ OH- NO3- OH-

III
4
-5

BTB

-
H+

H+
HA HB
HA>HB
5 pH H+ 0￣14 pH HA<HB
H+
pH pH pH
pH<7 pH=7 pH>7

pH

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH

KNO3 \
NaOH
+

-
+

- +

227
 +
+

H+

OH-

H2O NH3 KOH

NaOH H2CO3

NH3 OH 2

C2H5OH CH3COOH

228
 2 ￣

C H++C -

H2SO4 H++SO4-
2 2+ 2+
H2CO3 2H++CO3 - H+ C Ba
C OH 2 C +
+OH
2- NO3- OH- OH-

C2H5OH C2H5++OH-
￣
CH3COOH CH3CO++OH-

1 2 III

pH

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH 7
AOH BOH

AOH BOH

A B

C2H5OH

229
 NaOH A￣C
NH3 A￣C HCl
NaOH H2O

A B C

Na+ Na+
OH- NH4+ OH-
OH- OH-
+
Na NH3 NH3
OH- Na+
Na+ NH3 NH3
OH-

BTB

A
B
C

HCl CH3COOH

CH3OH NH3 HNO3 H2CO3

C C 3

< 2 2 2
pH < 3 2 1
3 2 2
4 1 1
4 2 2

230
 ￣

H2SO4 , CH3COOH, C2H5OH, NaOH

KNO3
C

BTB

- +

III
H2SO4

C2H5OH

1
2
-
+

H2SO4 Zn

X2

HCl

KNO3
C

X
- +

X2 H2
pH <

231
 KNO3 A￣C
NaOH
A
A B C

A B
A

C pH 7
A B

KNO3
A B

A B BTB

,
,
A B
+ -

A BTB

232
 A B
H2O Ca OH 2

H2CO3
BTB
H2O
H2CO3 A B
Ca(OH)2

III

A B

A B
HCl 50 mL
Mg
2+
Mg

Mg2+

2 1 +2

pH

233
 1
H+ OH-

C H+ + C -

NaOH OH- + Na+

H++OH- H2O
C + NaOH H2O + C

Na+ C -

H+ OH-

H+ OH- H+ =OH- H+ OH-

H+ OH-

2
H+ OH-

C NaOH

-2
Na+OH- Na+ OH- Na+ OH-

￣ H2O Na+
H2O Na+ Na+ -
H2O Cl- OH H2O
- H2O
H Cl+
Na+ - H+ Cl-
Cl- -
Cl- Na+ Cl-
H+ Cl Na+ Cl

4 4 4 6
H+ 2 1 0 0
-
Cl 2 2 2 2
+
Na 0 1 2 3
-
OH 0 0 0 1
O NaOH

H+ H+ OH- OH-

0 1 2 2 Na+ H+ OH-
-
Cl
-
H+ C
OH- Na+
OH- H+
O NaOH
O NaOH

234
 -2

BTB

H+ III
-
OH

H+ OH-

O
HCl 10 20 30 40 50 (mL)
NaOH
50 40 30 20 10 (mL)

1 1 2 1
C NaOH

1 1 1 2
C NaOH

1 1
> <

HCl NaOH \

BTB
￣
O NaOH

235
 NaOH
HCl

NaOH+ C + C

H2O

Na++C -
C
+ -
H OH

BTB NaOH
H+ 30 HCl
CO2
OH- 60 NaOH

30
30
30
60 H2SO4 10 mL NaOH
60 10 mL

H+
?
H+ SO4
2-
OH- Na+

HCl NaOH

10 mL pH 7
C mL 10 20 30 40 50
NaOH
50 40 30 20 10 H 2 SO 4 NaOH
mL
NaSO4
￣

236
 HCl NaOH

A2+
-
Cl-
-
Cl
Na+ Cl- Na+ OH- Na+ Cl
Cl- H+ Cl- Na
+
Na+ Cl-

A
III
pH < < AOH

<

HCl NaOH

HCl 10 mL NaOH
10 mL
OH- OH- OH-
Na+ Na+ Na+ +
H2O Na
H2O Na+ Na+ - H O
H+ H2O Cl- H2O OH 2 ,
Cl- Cl- Na+ - H+ Cl- + Cl- Cl- + Cl-
H+ Cl Na Na
,

HCl NaOH

HCl 15 mL NaOH 10 mL
pH 7

=1 1
￣
BTB

237
 ￣ 15 mL HCl 20 mL NaOH
￣ 10 mL

: H+
: Na+
: Cl-

1
C NaOH

15 mL 15 mL 30 mL NaOH 20 mL

HA 20 mL BOH 10 mL
￣

BOH BOH
10 mL 10 mL

,
?

A B

1 1 2

238
 HCl 10 mL
NaOH X
NaOH
HCl
X

C
B

D 0 10 20 30
NaOH (mL)
A
O HCl

III
A￣D -
C
￣
X
C NaOH

NaOH 40 mL HCl

HCl NaOH

A
B
C

0 10 20 30 40 50
HCl (mL)
O NaOH

A B
C D
Na+ C -
2
-
C
pH <
C NaOH

239
 KOH HCl NaOH
HCl A￣D

Cl- H+
+ -
HCl +
HCl + -
HCl -
Na OH Na Na Cl Na+ Cl
OH-

A B C D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
A￣D

pH D
+
Na A D
-
C D B 3
￣
A￣C
C

NaOH HCl

HCl 10 mL
NaOH 10 mL C
(

C 35
)

30 B D

25 A E

Na+ NaOH (mL) 2 6 10 14 18

HCl(mL) 18 14 10 6 2

A
B Na+ H+
D

NaOH 20 mL D
Na + A￣E E
A￣E
C
A E

240
 HCl NaOH HCl 10 mL NaOH
10 mL

( C)
26 A NaOH NaOH
10 mL 10 mL
24 ?
22

HCl(mL) 10 20 30 40 50
NaOH (mL) 50 40 30 20 10

A
III
C
C NaOH

HCl NaOH

HNO3
C 40 60 80
Ba OH 2 H2O
mL NaOH 80 60 40 -
OH
°C 29 t1 29
2

: OH-
: H2O

t1 29
3 HNO3 Ba OH 2

C 10 mL H+ NaOH 10 mL
+
Na
HNO3
Ba OH 2

241
 25`°C NaOH 100 mL HCl 10 mL NaOH
+
HCl Na
Cl-

Na+ C
1.5
t Cl-
(

C 1.0
B
)

25 0.5 A
0 V 0 5 10 15
HCl NaOH mL

H2SO4

HCl H2SO4
A B
A￣C B
+
C Na
V
H2SO4
2

H2SO4
C

HCl NaOH
HCl NaOH

2N C a 2a
NaOH
3b b
mL

0 40
NaOH mL

Na+
NaOH 20 mL
N NaOH 2b mL
NaOH 40 mL C a mL
NaOH 20 mL 2

242
 HCl NaOH

C mL 20 80
NaOH mL 100 40

5N 12N

C NaOH
III
3 2
3 2
- -
C OH 3 2

HCl KOH
￣

mL
C KOH
5 15 x N
10 10 2N N
15 5 3N y
10 20 - z

z=2N ￣
x y 2
BTB

243
 26 ~ 29
A B
B

HCl Zn
B
0 4N
3N 5N
Cl-
H+ H+
-
Cl
A B
Zn2+

B
A B 1 2
B 6N
Cu
9N

A B
B
A B
XNO3 Y
6N
Z

0 2N Y Z
B

XNO3
A B

X￣Z
A B
1 A B =1 2 Z 1 +3
B 3N A Z
Y Y

244
 HCl NaOH
￣
C6H12O6+6O2 +6H2O

CH4+2O2 +2H2O NaOH 6

C 5
Fe2O3+3CO 2Fe+ 4
50 mL 10 mL 3
2
50 mL 30 mL 1
10 mL 50 mL 0

￣ 30 mL 50 mL
￣ III
￣
￣
￣ 1 2

HA BOH

KOH
H2SO4 2
- 2-
OH SO4
1 P

D
A
OH- SO42- 0
HA (mL) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
B BOH (mL) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

C
0 H2SO4 (mL)
BOH

HA
A C 4 3 1 4
+ +
D H K P
B 2 3 Q A- OH-

245
 1

-1

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46.00 5.41 2.52 0.66

> > >

-1 1

246
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2 -2

600

400 3
200

6 5 4 3 2 1 0
5

A
B

A B C D
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46.00 5.41 2.52 0.66
D
\

A D

247
 A B

C D

A￣D

A￣D

D
A

2
B A
A O
B A
A B C
B D
B
B A
B A

248
 2

III

A C

B D

A￣D D
B C
A B
B

90æ 60æ 30æ 0æ 30æ 60æ 90æ 90æ 60æ 30æ 0æ 30æ 60æ 90æ
N S N S

C D
B
A￣D

A
B A

C
D
C D

249
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A C D

A
B

C
D

40
30
(

4
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0
A B C D

A B C D
A
C

46 0 66

12

365

1 1 12 31 24

250
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III

251
 A B C

25

17

(
æC
10

)
5.41 2.52 0.66

A
A
B
C
C
C

A B C

40 30 20 10

A B C
B

A￣C

5.41 4.3 3.5 2.52 6 6

A B C
B A

252
 600

400
E
200 A B
D
C
0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0

A￣E

III

800

400

A B C
5.41 2.52 0.66 0

900

600

300
A B C
0
5.41 2.52 0.66 0

A
A
B
B
C
C

253