SANATANA DHARMA VIDYASALA

ENGLISH MEDIUM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL

NEW GENERATION SCHOOL
ALAPPUZHA - 688001
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution
(Est. in 1972)

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2024-25)

Submitted by

NAME : SANATH.P.SHENOY
CLASS : XII
BOARD ROLL NO :

NAME & SIGNATURE OF PROJECT MENTOR: Ms. SARITHA SHANMUKHAN

NAME & SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

 SDV ENGLISH MEDIUM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,
ALAPPUZHA
2024- 2025

Chemistry Project Report on “ Determination of contents

of soft drinks ”

Submitted to central board of secondary education in partial fulfilment of

AISSCE by

Name of the Student : SANATH.P.SHENOY

Class : XII

Registration Number :

Signature of External Examiner :

 CERTIFICATE

This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine investigation work has
been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and
satisfactorily by SANATH.P.SHENOY student of CLASS XII, SDV English
Medium Higher Secondary School, Alappuzha regarding his project titled
“Determination of contents of soft drinks ”.

Mrs. SAVITHA.S.CHANDRAN Ms. SARITHA SHANMUKHAN

Principal Chemistry Teacher

SDVEMHSS SDVEMHSS

Alappuzha Alappuzha
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my chemistry

teacher Ms. SARITHA SHANMUKHAN for providing a helping hand in this
project. His valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this project are
responsible for attaining its present form. I would also like to thank my parents
as they encouraged me to put forward my project.

SANATH P SHENOY
 CHEMISTRY PROJECT

DETERMINATION OF CONTENTS OF SOFT DRINKS

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Theory

3. Aim

4. Apparatus and Chemicals Required

5. Detection of pH

6. Test for Carbon Dioxide

7. Test for Glucose

8. Test for Phosphate

9. Test for Alcohol

10. Test for Sucrose

11. Result

12. Precautions

13. Conclusion

14. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in India marked
its beginning with the launching of Limca and Goldspot by Parley Group of
companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring,
many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke.
Nowadays, it is observed in general that the majority of people viewed Sprite,
Fanta and Limca to give a feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up
activate pulse and brain.

THEORY
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates,
carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give a feeling of warmth,
lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is
responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas
is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy
taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are a
major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y.

On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:-

Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide
with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in the ripe grapes in bones and also
in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%.
Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely
distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main
source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contains 15-20 % sucrose and
sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of
sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is
non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in
nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values
also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
 AIM
Comparative Study and Qualitative Analysis of different brands of Cold Drinks
available in the market.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED

1. Test Tubes

2. Test Tube Holder

3. Test Tube Stand

4. Stop Watch

5. Beaker

6. Bunsen burner

7. pH Paper

8. Tripod Stand

9. China Dish

10. Wire Gauge

11. Water Bath

12. Iodine Solution

13. Potassium Iodide

14. Sodium Hydroxide

15. Lime Water

16. Fehling’s A & B Solution

17. Concentrated Nitric Acid

18. Benedict Solution

19. Ammonium Molybdate

 DETECTION OF pH

Experiment :

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on
the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with
standard pH scale.

Observation :

Sl. No. Name Of Colour pH Value

The Drink Change

1 Coca Cola Pinkish 2-3

2 Sprite Dark Orange 3

3 Limca Light Light Orange 4-5

4 Fanta Orange 3-4

Inference :

Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and
phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brands are different due to
the variation in amount of acidic content.
 TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

Experiment :

As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples were passed through
lime water. The lime water turned milky.

Observation :

Sl. No. Name Of The Time Taken Conclusion

Drink (sec)

1 Coca Cola 28 CO2 IS

PRESENT

2 Sprite 20 CO2 IS
PRESENT

3 Limca Light 38 CO2 IS

PRESENT

4 Fanta 36 CO2 IS
PRESENT

Inference :

All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide
(CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its
tangy taste.

Chemical Reaction :

Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)

 TEST FOR GLUCOSE

Experiment :

Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-

1.Benedict’s Reagent Test :

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few
drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for a few
seconds. Formation of reddish colour confirmed the presence of glucose in cold
drinks.

Observation:

Sl. No. Name Of The Observation Conclusion

Drink

1 Coca Cola Reddish Brown Glucose is

Precipitate Present

2 Sprite Reddish Brown Glucose is

Precipitate Present

3 Limca Light Reddish Brown Glucose is

Precipitate Present

4 Fanta Reddish Brown Glucose is

Precipitate Present

Inference :

All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all
the cold drinks contain glucose.
 TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

Experiment :

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes
and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was
added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate
confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.

Observation:

Sl. No. Name Of The Observation Conclusion

Drink

1 Coca Cola Yellow Phosphate is

Precipitate Present

2 Sprite Yellow Phosphate is

Precipitate Present

3 Limca Light Yellow Phosphate is

Precipitate Present

4 Fanta Yellow Phosphate is

Precipitate Present

Inference :

All the soft drink samples gave positive tests for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold
drinks contain phosphate.

Chemical Reaction :

NaHPO4 + 12(NH4 )2 MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ----------à (NH4 )3 PO4 .12MoO3 +

21HN4 NO3 + 12H2 O
 TEST FOR ALCOHOL

Experiment :

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes
and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution
was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for
30 minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of
alcohol in cold drinks.

Observation :

Sl. No. Name Of The Observation Conclusion

Drink

1 Coca Cola Yellow Alcohol is

Precipitate Present

2 Sprite Yellow Alcohol is

Precipitate Present

3 Limca Light Yellow Alcohol is

Precipitate Present

4 Fanta Yellow Alcohol is

Precipitate Present

Inference :

All the cold drinks samples gave positive tests for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks
contain alcohol.

Chemical Reaction :

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH → CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

 TEST FOR SUCROSE

Experiment :

5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and
were heated very strongly until changes occurred. Black coloured residue left
confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.

Observation :

Sl. No. Name Of The Observation Conclusion

Drink

1 Coca Cola Black Residue Sucrose is

Present

2 Sprite Black Residue Sucrose is

Present

3 Limca Light Black Residue Sucrose is

Present

4 Fanta Black Residue Sucrose is

Present

Inference :

All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But the amount of sucrose varies in
each brand of drink. Fanta contains the highest amount of sucrose.
 RESULT
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold
drinks namely: 1. Coca Cola 2. Sprite 3. Limca 4. Fanta

· All contain glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide.

· All cold drinks are acidic in nature.

· On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic
and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.

· Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount
of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved
carbon dioxide.

PRECAUTIONS
Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are –

1. Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care.car

2. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each experiment.

3. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent any possible damage.

4. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush immediately with
copious amounts of water.

5. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your
workstation.

6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your
neighbour.
 CONCLUSION

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS:

1. Soft drinks are a little more harmful than sugar solutions. As they contain sugar in
large amounts which cause problems in diabetes patients.

2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s natural ability
to suppress hunger.

3. Soft drinks have the ability to dissolve calcium so they are also harmful for our
bones.

4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve
a nail in about 4 days.

5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the
hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material.

6. Soft drinks also have the ability to remove blood so they are very harmful to our
body.

USES OF COLD DRINKS:

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.

2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.

3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.

4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease from clothes.

5. They can lose a rusted bolt.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Following books and websites were a source for my project .

1. Comprehensive Chemistry Lab Manual - Dr. N. K. Verma

2. www.Google.com
3. www.Wikipedia.com
4. www.Icbse.com
5. www.Unoregon.edu