Final Bio IP 12

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC- INVENTORY OF
BIRDS FOUND IN LOCALITY
AND THEIR
ROLES IN THE ECOSYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY: TANISHKA

NAKHAWA
CLASS: XI-H
ROLL NO:
29
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT TANISHKA NAKHAWA

OF CLASS XI HAVING CBSE ROLL NO.
_________HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
INVENTORY OF BIRDS FOUND IN LOCALITY AND
THEIR ROLES IN THE ECOSYSTEM,PRESCRIBED BY
ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION (AISSCE) FOR THE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, TANISHKA NAKHAWA WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS

MY SPECIAL THANKS TO MY BIOLOGY TEACHER AS
WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL FOR THEIR ABLE
GUIDANCE AND
SUPPORT IN COMPLETING MY PROJECT ON
INVENTORY OF BIRDS FOUND IN LOCALITY AND THEIR
ROLES IN THE ECOSYSTEM.
SECONDLY,I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND

CLASSMATES FOR THEIR VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS
AND GUIDANCE HAS BEEN HELPFUL IN COMPILATION
OF MY PROJECT.
NAME: Tanishka Nakhawa

CLASS: XI-H
INDEX
SR TOPIC PG NO.
.
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 INHERITANCE OF CHROMOSOMAL 2
DISORDERS
3 DOWN SYNDROME 4
4 KLINEFELTER SYNDROME 7
5 TURNER SYNDROME 9
6 GLOBAL DATA ON CHROMOSOMAL

DISORDERS
7 CONCLUSION
Introduction
Chromosomal disorders are genetic conditions caused by abnormalities in the
structure or number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures
found in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. In
humans,
chromosomes usually occur in pairs—one set inherited from each parent—totaling
46 chromosomes. Changes in this normal structure can result in chromosomal
disorders, affecting various aspects of development, growth, and overall health.
Inheritance of Chromosomal Disorders

Chromosomal disorders can be inherited from parents or can occur spontaneously
due to errors during cell division. The inheritance pattern depends on the specific
chromosomal abnormality:
• Autosomal disorders: These involve abnormalities in the non-sex

chromosomes (autosomes) and can be inherited from carrier parents.
• Sex chromosome disorders: These involve abnormalities in the X or Y
chromosomes and affect males and females differently.
1. Down Syndrome
Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is the most common chromosomal
disorder. It occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in a
total of three copies instead of the usual two. This extra genetic material
disrupts typical development and leads to a range of physical and intellectual
disabilities.
Symptoms of Down Syndrome:

• Physical: Distinctive facial features such as almond-shaped eyes, a flat facial
profile, and aprotruding tongue. Other physical traits include short stature,
small hands and feet, and poor muscle tone.
• Intellectual: Mild to moderate intellectual disability, delayed development of
speech and language skills, and difficulty with learning and memory.
• Health Issues: Increased susceptibility to certain medical conditions,
including congenital heart defects, respiratory problems (such as sleep apnea),
gastrointestinal issues (such as celiac disease), and hearing loss
2. Klinefelter Syndrome
• Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that affects males. It occurs
when there is at least one extra X chromosome (XXY), resulting in a
genotype of 47, XXY instead of the typical 46, XY. This condition
impacts testicular development and results in a variety of physical,
hormonal, and developmental symptoms.
Symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome:

• Physical: Small testes, which may not produce enough testosterone for
normal growth and development during puberty. This can lead to reduced
facial and body hair, gynecomastia (enlarged breasts), and long limbs relative
to torso length.
• Developmental: Delayed puberty or incomplete development of
secondary sexual characteristics such as a deeper voice and facial hair.
• Health Issues: Infertility due to reduced sperm production, increased risk of
osteoporosis, and potential language and learning difficulties.
3. Turner Syndrome
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that affects females. It occurs when
one of the X chromosomes is completely or partially missing, resulting in a
genotype of 45, X instead of the typical 46, XX. This condition leads to a range
of physical and developmental features.
Symptoms of Turner Syndrome:

• Physical: Short stature, with an average adult height of about 4 feet 8
inches (142 cm), due to slow growth during childhood and adolescence.
Other
physical traits include a webbed neck (extra folds of skin), low hairline at
the back of the neck, and swelling of the hands and feet in infancy.
• Reproductive: Ovarian insufficiency, which leads to infertility and absent or
delayed puberty. Many affected individuals require hormone replacement
therapy to induce puberty and maintain overall health.
• Health Issues: Increased risk of certain medical conditions, such as
cardiovascular anomalies (e.g., coarctation of the aorta), kidney
abnormalities, and thyroid problems.
Global Data on Chromosomal Disorders
Chromosomal disorders collectively affect a significant number of individuals
worldwide, highlighting their impact on global health. According to global health
statistics:
• Down syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 700 births worldwide.
• Klinefelter syndrome is estimated to occur in about 1 in 500 to 1 in

1,000 male births.
• Turner syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 2,500

female births.
These statistics underscore the prevalence and importance of

understanding chromosomal disorders in medical and scientific
communities.
Ongoing research continues to enhance our knowledge of these

conditions, leading to improved diagnostic techniques, therapeutic
interventions, and supportive care for affected individuals and their
families.
Conclusion
In conclusion, chromosomal disorders represent a complex group of
genetic conditions that significantly impact individuals'health and
development.
Understanding the genetic basis, inheritance patterns, and clinical manifestations of
disorders like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome is
crucial for effective diagnosis, management, and support.
Advances in genetic research and medical technology have transformed our ability
to diagnose chromosomal disorders earlier and provide tailored treatment and
supportive care. Genetic counseling plays a vital role in assisting families in
understanding the risks, implications, and available options for managing these
conditions.
By raising awareness, promoting research initiatives, and advocating for inclusive
policies and practices, we can create a more supportive environment for individuals
affected by chromosomal disorders. Every individual deserves access to quality
healthcare, education, and opportunities for full participation in society, regardless
of their genetic profile or medical condition.
Continued collaboration among healthcare professionals, researchers,
policymakers, and advocacy groups is essential in advancing our understanding and
improving outcomes for individuals living with chromosomal disorders globally.
Together, we can work towards a future where all individuals receive the support
and resources they need to thrive and lead fulfilling lives.

Final Bio IP 12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Bio IP 12

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Bio IP 12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

ROLES IN THE ECOSYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY: TANISHKA

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT TANISHKA NAKHAWA

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

I, TANISHKA NAKHAWA WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS

SECONDLY,I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND

NAME: Tanishka Nakhawa

6 GLOBAL DATA ON CHROMOSOMAL

Inheritance of Chromosomal Disorders

• Autosomal disorders: These involve abnormalities in the non-sex

Symptoms of Down Syndrome:

Symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome:

Symptoms of Turner Syndrome:

• Klinefelter syndrome is estimated to occur in about 1 in 500 to 1 in

• Turner syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 2,500

These statistics underscore the prevalence and importance of

Ongoing research continues to enhance our knowledge of these

You might also like