PE-8

Team
sports
BY
GROUP 4
 Team
sports
Team sports involve groups

01
working together to compete
against another team. Examples
include soccer, basketball,
volleyball, cricket, and hockey.

This can improve physical fitness and

02
promote teamwork, communication,
and leadership skills. They boost
confidence, reduce stress, and foster a
sense of belonging, contributing to both
physical and personal growth.
You will need:
ball
Basketball
playing area with a ring and
board Basketball is a fast-paced team sport where
a good pair of playing shoes two teams of five players score points by
shooting a ball through the opponent’s hoop.
It highlights skill, strategy, and teamwork.

Basic skills to be learned are:

shooting
dribbling
passing rebounding
running
History of Basketball
BASKETBALL WAS INVENTED IN 1891 BY DR. JAMES
NAISMITH AT A YMCA IN SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS.
HE CREATED THE GAME TO KEEP STUDENTS ACTIVE
INDOORS, USING A SOCCER BALL AND PEACH BASKETS AS
GOALS. THE GAME QUICKLY EVOLVED, WITH METAL HOOPS
REPLACING THE BASKETS AND TEAMS REDUCED TO FIVE
PLAYERS.

THE SPORT GREW IN POPULARITY, AND THE NBA WAS

FOUNDED IN 1946, BECOMING THE LEADING
PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL LEAGUE. BASKETBALL
BECAME AN OLYMPIC SPORT IN 1936, FURTHER SPREADING
ITS GLOBAL INFLUENCE.
Team composition
10 Players per team
5 Players to play per quarter
Ambay 🏀🏀
Regular
Goal-tending
Travelling violation
Backing violation
Biolatuons
Stepping on the line 🏀
Loose ball
Start of play Jump ball

Duration of the game 8 minute quarter (32 minutes per game) 3-second violation
5-second violation 🏀
Time Violations 8-second violation 🏀
Shot clock violation (24- 🏀
second violation)
2 time-outs per quarter except in the last
Time outs quarter which has 3 time-outs

Serious
Assault of an opposing 🏀
Substitutions 5 maximum substitutions per quarter
Offenses /
player 🏀
Misconducts
Disrespecting officials 🏀

Blocking foul

Regular fouls
Charging / Offensive Foul
🏀
Illegal use of hands
Overtime
In case of tie, 5-minute
🏀
Holding overtime is given
🏀
Referee hand signals
Officials of
the game
Referee
Umpire
Time keeper
Scorer
THE FIRST BASIC SKILL TO BE LEARNED
IS SHOOTING. EVERY BASKETBALL SHOOTING
PLAYER LOVES TO SHOOT THE BALL!
Remember BEEF (Balance, Elbow,
THE MOST PRACTICED SKILL IN THE
GAME IS SHOOTING. Elbow. FollowThrough) when shooting the ball.
Be relaxed and concentrate on the basket.
Know when you have a good shot and then take it.
Be in proper balance when shooting the ball.
Follow through on every shot you take.
Jump naturally.
"Up, hang, shoot!" is an easy way to remember this.
Make sure you have an arc on every shot you take.
Be relaxed when shooting free throws.
Practice all of your shots.

DARWIN 😈
DRIBBLING
Dribbling in basketball is a skill
that you should master. It allows 
you to move around the court Dribble the ball with hand and use only the
while you're in possession of the tips of your finger in dribbling it.
ball. Employ the wrist and the forearm to push
the ball while covering the court.
Don't involve the whole hand to avoid losing
control of the ball.
Don't keep your fingers in touch with each
other while dribbling.
Spread your fingers to allow full control of
the ball as it dribbles.
Dribble the ball in one side of your body
and not right in front.
While dribbling in one hand, use the other
hand to drive your defender away from the
ball.
You are my sunshine
 Passing
There are two main types of passes in basketball: air passes and
bounce passes.
Overhead pass
• Air passes travel directly between players without touching the
floor and include:
• Chest pass: originates from the chest and is aimed at the
receiver’s chest. bounce pass
• Overhead pass: thrown from the forehead, aimed at the
receiver’s chin, without bringing the ball behind the head to avoid
delays and risk of theft.
• Bounce passes hit the floor before reaching the receiver. The
hitting point should be about two-thirds of the way to the
receiver, but accuracy requires practice based on strength.

Key points: Chest pass

• A good pass is one the teammate can catch.
• Always step toward the receiver when passing, and step toward
the pass when catching.
• Follow through with backspin on the ball for better control.
Rebounding (jn kw kra sagad)
Practice good footwork and vertical leap or jumps.
Anticipate where the ball will land.
The longer the shot or the harder the rim, the farther
the bounces.
When a shooter is a soft shooter, this means he always
takes time to put an arc on his shots, the ball bounces
near the ring.
When a shooter is a hard shooter, this means there's a
little or no arc on his shots, then the ball bounces far
from the ring.
Leg power and strong body are needed in rebounding
that's why it is essential that strength and power
exercises should be considered to conditioning your body.
Dynamic Stretching
Toe Walk Running
Always have a good pair of playing shoes.
Shuffle
Always do a combination of dynamic stretching and warm-up
Heel Walk activities across the court before going out to play a game.
Back Pedal These exercises have already been introduced to you when
Inch Walk you were in Grade 7 but in case you have forgotten them
Jogging already, here they are:

High Knees
Carioca
Butt Kicks
Jumping Jacks
Court Dimensions
TEAM BONCY
AREA
The size of the court depends on the playing level. The size of the for high
school and junior high.
court for NBA and college games is 94 feet long and 50 feet wide. It is smaller
The Backboard and Rim
The regulation height above the ground for the rim (hoop) is 10 feet, and the rim
is 18 inches in diameter. Backboards are six feet wide (72 inches) by 42 inches
tall, with the inner square being 24 inches wide by 18 inches tall.
The Foul Line
For all size courts the 'foul line' is 15 feet in front of the backboard.
The Key
The key is 12 feet wide, and is the same for all basketball courts. The
backboard extends four feet out over the baseline into the key. A half circle of
Here’s a clear pic!
 Bounce pass
Glossary a kind of pass in basketball wherein the ball is thrown to the
floor so that it bounces to the intended receiver
Airpass
A pass that travels between the players
without hitting the floor
Carioca
dynamic stretching exercise which is the same with that of grapevine step
in dancing. It is executed through a step sideward followed by a cross-step

Assist
in front, step sideward, and cross-step in rear. It may be done repeatedly.

A pass that subsequently results in a goal being

scored Chest pass
Backcourt
pass that originates from the chest to the receiver's chest Level

the defensive zone for each team Defensive play

a type of play in team sports particularly in basketball wherein

Back pedal the team aims at preventing the opponents from shooting the
ball or gaining possession of the ball

a dynamic stretching exercise which is executed by running

backward wherein the heels are almost touching the buttocks
 foul
Glossary an infraction or violation of the rules of a game

Defensive rebound
rebound caught by defenders

Double team
when two defenders mark one attacker, usually their best
player

Drive
an attacking move at full speed

Dunk shot
a spectacular scoring maneuver when a player jumps high,
reaches above the ring, and stuffs the ball down through the
hoop
 Glossary
Goal-tending - an illegal play in which a player deflects a ball that is on the
downward path to the basket or that is already on the rim of the basket carrying
the penalty of an automatic score when committed by the defense or nullfying
the field goal when committed by the offense.

High knees - a dynamic stretching exercise which is executed by running forward,

lifting the knees until the upper leg is parallel to the ground, toes pointed
downward

Misconduct - an unbecoming behavior of a player contributing to the

disturbance or unusual flow of a game

Offensive play - a type of play in team sports particularly in basketball wherein

the team plays in possession of the ball aiming at earning points through shooting

Referee -refers to the officiating official in basketball

Shuffle - a dynamic stretching exercise which is also called gallop. A combination
of step and cut (displace) in one count. It may be done forward, backward, and
most commonly sideward with one foot always leading.

Warm-up exercises - are composed of static and dynamic movements intended

to gradually increase heart rate at the same time prepare and condition the body
to more strenuous physical activities thereby
baseball
and
softball
hisTory
Baseball started in the early 19th century, with the
first clubs forming around that time. In 1845,
Alexander Cartwright made the first set of rules,
many of which are still used.

In the early 20th century, focus shifted to hitting

home runs. Babe Ruth, known for his talent in
achieving home runs, helped increase the game’s
popularity and brought more money to the sport, as
fans came to watch him play.

Later in the 20th century, strategy and hitting

became central to the game. Today, strong pitching
and home run hitting define successful teams, though
ticket prices keep rising.
 The Game
A baseball / softball game is played by two teams who
alternate between offense and defense. There are nine
players in each side. The goal is to score more runs than the
opponent, which is achieved by one circuit of four bases that
are placed on the diamond.

The Equipment
The defense wears baseball/softball gloves, a leather contraption
that fits on the hand, to catch the ball. A baseball is a white ball
roughly three inches in diameter with red stitching. A softball is
roughly twice as big, sometimes yellow (but no softer). The
offense uses a bat , which is made of wood in the professional
ranks, and likely made of aluminum or a metal composite at
amateur levels. Almost all softball bats are aluminnum or metal
 The Field

The part of the field closest to the bases is called

the infield, and the grassy farther reaches are sofTball field
called the outfield. The bases are 90 feet apart
on the diamond, closer in children's leagues and
softball. Other fields are variable, and the
outfield fences or the amount of "foul territory" —
the amount of ground that borders the field
between the long white lines that connect first
base to home plate and third base to home plate
— varies from field to field.

baseball field
Skills in Baseball
Baseball requires a high degree of skill to play well. Athletic
ability will help a player compete with other top players, but
the specific skills of hitting, throwing, and catching the
baseball require significant work and practice to acquire.
Many of the top hitters in the game don't have tremendous
speed or strength, but they all have a high level of eye-hand
coordination.

Hitters who can drive the ball over the fence, such as Babe
Hitting

Ruth and Hank Aaron, are lionized, but many hitters who
don't hit frequent home runs can be just as important to their
teams. Hitting the ball consistently takes timing, hand-eye
coordination, and confidence. These skills are developed
through regular batting practice. Hitters must be balanced
when standing at the plate and drive their hands through the
ball with all their strength and momentum behind their
swings.
Catching
Catching and fielding the baseball takes athleticism,
aggressiveness, timing, and coordination. Fielding ground
balls requires the player to get to a spot on the field quickly,
to get his body in front of the ball, and to catch it out in front
of him. Catching fly balls takes speed, timing, anticipation,
and coordination. Fielders need to catch hundreds of ground
balls and fly balls in practice to learn how to field
consistently.

Throwing
Throwing the ball well requires arm strength, balance, and
timing. Baseball players must build the strength in their arm
by throwing regularly with the proper technique. That means
players must step toward the target when they throw and
must get their momentum traveling toward their target.
Base Running
Having speed alone does not make one a good base runner.
Speed helps, but understanding the route to run, the arm
strength of opposing outfielders, and the game situation are
more important skills than flat-out speed. A good base runner
will listen to advice from coaches on the base paths but will
make the final decisions whether to run or stop based on his
knowledge.

Equipment
Gloves: In the beginning, baseball players did not wear
gloves. Today there are several different kinds of gloves. The
catcher's mitt is big, round, and padded. The first baseman's
mitt is longer than the other fielders' gloves, and an
outfielder's glove is larger than an infielder's glove.
 Defense Positions
There's a pitcher in the middle of the mound
who initiates the action by throwing the ball
toward the home plate. The catcher catches
the ball if it's not hit. The infielders are the
first baseman, second baseman, shortstop
(between second and third base), and the
third baseman. There are three outfielders:
the left fielder, center fielder, and right
fielder.

The Games
There are nine innings in professional baseball games
(sometimes fewer in lower levels), and each inning is
divided in half to the top of the inning (when the
visiting team hits and the home team plays defense)
and the bottom of the inning (when the home team hits
and the visiting team plays defense). Each team gets
three outs in each half of the innings.
On Offense
Each team has nine players in its batting order, and they
must stick to that order throughout the game (players may
substitute in for other players). A play begins with a batter
waiting to hit a pitch from the pitcher. If the batter hits the
ball into the field of play, the batter runs to first base and
can run to as many bases as he or she deems fit without
getting "out." If a player hits the ball over the outfield fence
in fair territory (between the foul lines), it's a home run, and
the batter can circle all four bases.

On Defense
There are many ways that the team on defense can get an
offensive player out. Four common ways are: Strikeouts
(hitter misses three pitches) Force outs (when, after the ball
is hit, the defensive player with the ball reaches a base
before the runner) Fly outs (when a player hits the ball in the
air and it's caught by a defensive player before the ball hits
the ground) Tag outs (when a runner is touched with the ball
or a glove with the ball in it)
baseball Bats: In the major leagues, only wooden bats are
used. The rules say that the bat can only be 42
Bases: The first bases used in baseball were four- inches long, and can only be 2-3/4 inches in
diameter at the thickest point. White ash is the
foot high stakes. Too many players ran into them
best wood to use to make a bat. A bat made out of
and were hurt, so they tried big flat rocks. Players
white ash helps absorb some of the shock when
were still being injured, so they finally filled soft
hitting a 90 mile-per-hour pitch.
sacks with sand. The modern day bases are made
similar to the sand-filled bags. Baseballs: All baseballs are made the same size
Safety Gear: The first catchers in baseball did not and weight. They are 9 to 9-1/4 inches in
wear any gear for protection. Today's players wear circumference and weigh 5 to 5-1/4 ounces. The
a face-mask, helmet, chest protector, shin guards, center of the baseball is cork. The cork ball is
covered with rubber. Cotton and wool yarn are
and a cup. In 1952, the Pittsburgh Pirates were the
tightly wound around the cork and rubber center.
first team to wear helmets. They wore them when
150 yards of cotton yarn (450 feet) and 219 yards
they were batting and when they were playing in
of wool yarn (625 feet) are used to make a
the field.
baseball.
 Baseball Rules and Regulations
Former Chicago White Sox owner Bill Veeck famously said, “I try not to break the
rules but merely to test their elasticity.” A certain amount of rule bending is likely
to exist in any sport, but no game has a set of rules as well established as
baseball, where the regulations have been virtually unchanged for over a century.

For newcomers to baseball, the following is a brief overview of the game's

essential tenets: Each team in a baseball game starts nine players. The game is
broken up into innings, during which each team plays both offense and defense. A
regulation baseball game consists of nine innings (many levels of youth baseball,
including this school, play only six- or seven-inning games). An inning starts with
the home team on defense and the away team on offense.

The offensive team attempts to score runs, while the defensive team attempts to
record outs. One inning is completed after each team makes three outs. The team
that has the most total runs after nine innings are completed is the winner. If the
score is tied, play continues, with each extra inning functioning as sudden death.
Positions and Lineups
On defense, the players occupy nine positions.
There are five infield positions (pitcher, catcher,
first base, second base, third base, and shortstop),
and three outfield positions (left field, center field,
and right field).

On offense, the nine starters form a strategically arranged lineup, which

determines the order in which each player bats. Many baseball organizations
allow the use of a designated hitter. This means that one player who is not
among the defensive starters may bat in place of the pitcher. The players take
turns batting according to the lineup, and once every player has batted, the
order starts over from the top. It is against the rules to bat out of order.
Substitutions may be made at any time, but once a player has been removed
from the game, he cannot return (unless specific league rules allow it).
Pitching and Defense
In baseball, play starts when the pitcher delivers a pitch. There are two positions from which a pitcher
may start his delivery: the wind-up and the stretch. The wind-up is typically used with no runners on base,
while the stretch is utilized when there are base runners, because it is a quicker way to make a pitch. The
pitcher must be in contact with the pitcher's rubber when he throws the ball.
For every at-bat of a game, a “count” is kept in
There are several ways to record an out on defense:
order to keep track of how many balls and strikes
Strike out: After three strikes, the batter is out.
have been thrown (for example, one ball and two
However, a batter cannot strike out on a foul ball. If he
strikes, or 1-2). The strike zone is an area that
hits a foul ball with two strikes, the count remains the
reaches from the batter's knees to his chest, and
same. Tag out: When the ball is in play, any defensive
spans the width of the home plate. The home plate
player may tag a base runner when he is off the base to
umpire determines whether each pitch crossed
record an out. Catch: If the batter hits a pitched ball in
through the strike zone, and so strike zones tend
play, and any member of the defense catches it in the
to be somewhat subjective. If the pitcher throws a
air, then the batter is out. A runner on base may
pitch that misses the strike zone, it is called a ball.
attempt to advance to the next base once a catch has
If he throws a pitch inside the strike zone, or if the
been made by "tagging up." However, the runner does so
batter swings and misses, or if the batter hits the
at the risk of being tagged out.
ball into foul territory, it is called a strike.
In baseball, a force-out occurs when the defense
fields a ball hit in play and touches a base before
the runner reaches it. If the bases are occupied,
runners are forced to advance, allowing the
defense to tag a base for an out. Multiple force-
outs can result in a double play.

Scoring requires a player to safely touch all four

bases, including home plate, in a counter-
clockwise direction. Players can stay on a base
without being tagged out until advancing. Runs are
typically scored by advancing multiple players
around the bases.
There are several ways a additional ways a batter
batter can reach base safely: can reach base safely:
- Base on balls (walk): The batter is awarded first base
Single: The batter hits a ball into fair if the pitcher throws four pitches outside the strike
territory and reaches first base without zone without a hit or strikeout.
- Hit by pitch: The batter is awarded first base if hit
being tagged or forced out.
by a pitched ball, unless deemed intentional by the
Double: The batter reaches second base umpire.
under the same conditions. - Catcher's interference: The batter is awarded first
base if the catcher interferes with the batter’s swing.
Triple: The batter reaches third base
- Defensive error:The batter reaches base due to a
without being tagged or forced out. mistake by a defensive player, recorded as an error
Home run: The batter touches all bases and rather than a hit.
- Dropped third strike:The batter can run to first if the
reaches home plate safely. If the ball lands catcher drops the third strike, becoming safe if the
beyond the outfield fence, it's an automatic catcher fails to tag or force them out.
home run, allowing the batter and any on- - Fielder's choice: The batter reaches base when the
defense opts to make an out on another base runner
base runners to score. instead of the batter.
 softball
The name "softball" was coined in 1926 by Walter Hakanson of the YMCA and
became widespread in the U.S. by 1930. Before this, the sport was known by
various names like "indoor baseball," "kitten ball," and "mush ball." The Joint Rules
Committee on Softball standardized the rules and naming in 1934 across the U.S.

The first British women's softball league was founded in 1952. Women's fast-pitch
softball made its Olympic debut in 1996, alongside a biomechanical study on
pitching funded by the IOC. In 2002, sixteen-inch slow pitch was removed from ISF
official rules, though it continues under ASA guidelines in the U.S.

The 117th meeting of the International Olympic Committee, held in Singapore in

July 2005, voted to drop softball and baseball as Olympic sports for the 2012
Summer Olympic Games. Other sanctioning bodies of softball are AAU, NSA, PONY,
ASA, ISC, USSSA, and ISA.
 Equipment
Equipment required in softball includes a ball, a bat, gloves, uniforms, and protective gear; for
example, helmets for the offensive team and a helmet, shin guards, and chest protector for the
defensive catcher. Also cleats, sliding shorts, face masks, and knee sliders may be worn for softball.

Ball: Softballs aren't Bat: Softball bats can be made

Gloves: All defensive players wear
of wood, aluminum, or
soft despite the name. fielding gloves made of leather or
composite materials like
In fast pitch, they similar materials, with webbing
carbon fiber. They can be up
between the thumb and forefinger
measure 12.0-12.5 to 34 inches (86 cm) long, 2.25
called the "pocket." First basemen
inches (6 cm) in diameter, and
inches in circumference and catchers may wear mitts, which
weigh no more than 38 oz (1.2
and weigh 6.25-7.0 oz. kg). Wooden bats are not have extra padding and no fingers.
Slow pitch usually uses allowed in fast pitch. The Gloves cannot be the same color as
standard barrel diameter for the ball or its seams. Softball gloves
a 12-inch ball, but
both slow-pitch and fast pitch are generally larger than baseball
some leagues use a 14- is 2.25 inches, though some gloves, with a maximum size of 14
inch ball. players prefer smaller barrels inches (36 cm) allowed in ASA-
for faster swings. sanctioned play.