REVIEW OF RELAT-WPS Office

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The study of Veloo (2015) showed that the most frequent errors made by students were
faulty conceptualization and these findings are consistent with findings by Ben-Chaim et al
(2005). Their study reported a reliability value within a range of 0.74 to 0.86. for symbols,
graphs, problem-solving and mathematics in the analysis of internal consistency. Based on the
analysis of errors, four types of errors have been identified as a whole. The errors included the
concept, value, problem-solving and carelessness. The findings. The calculated difficulty index
and discrimination coefficient values provide useful input for mathematics teachers to improve
their pedagogical practices. The difficulty index is of particular relevance because the more
difficult the item, the greater the tendency for the student to commit errors.The major reasons
they've come up upon given for errors made by student were a lack of understanding,
procedures being forgotten, negligence in transcribing information from the question,
carelessness and guesswork. Students are encouraged to consider the suggestions given to
improve their transformation of mathematical symbols, graphs and enhance problem-solving.
Also from the study of Chang (2010) identified nine types of errors related to the slope of a line,
namely, incomplete or no response, wrong value substitution, graph value, calculation, not
following instructions given/misinterpreting the requirement of the question, gradient
identification, addition of negative values indiscriminately, unacceptable form, and others.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A study of algebraic numbers includes studies of various number rings which generalize
the set of integers. It also offers a natural inspiration to reinterpret the results of classical
algebra and number theory and provides a scope of greater unity and generality. Algebraic
number theory provides important tools to solve many problems in mathematics. (Mahima
Adhikari, Avishek Adhikari, 2014) Here is the covered content about basic algebra; Sets, Cardinal
Numbers, Order Relations, Real Numbers, Fields, Number Systems, Prime Numbers, Bases,
Division Algorithm, Decimal Notations, Linear Congruences, Rational Functions, Irreducible
Polynomials, Functions, Limits, Continuity, Derivatives and many more.
Algebra as generalized arithmetic with the indicators(conceptually based computational
strategies and estimation). Algebra as the language of mathematics (meaning of variables,
variable expressions and meaning of solution). Algebra as a tool for functions and mathematical
modelling (representing mathematical ideas using equations, tables, or words and generalizing
patterns and rules in real-world contexts). The stage of cognitive development is between
concrete and abstract. (DM Nurhayati, T Herman and S Suhendra, 2017)

RESEARCH DESIGN
This research employs a descriptive research design, Descriptive research is a research
method used to try and determine the characteristics of a population or particular
phenomenon. Using descriptive research you can identify patterns in the characteristics of a
group to essentially establish everything you need to understand apart from why something has
happened. (Singh, 2023). It can help answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why
questions. In other words, it does not involve changing the study variables and does not seek to
establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing
the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. Descriptive research is often used as
a pre-cursor to quantitative research designs, the general overview giving some valuable
pointers as to what variables are worth testing quantitatively. (Whilst there are some valid
concerns about the statistical validity, as long as the limitations are understood by the
researcher, this type of study is an invaluable scientific tool (Shuttleworth, 2008)
A descriptive research design is highly appropriate in this study because it focuses on
documenting and analyzing the specific types of errors students commonly make. The design
allows for the identification of error patterns, detailed data collection, and the development of
informed educational interventions. Since the goal of the study is to describe what types of
errors occur rather than why they occur, descriptive research offers the most appropriate
methodology for achieving meaningful and practical results that can improve algebra education.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The descriptive definition is a group of philosophers who have been making termined
effort to divorce a truth reference from all definitions. Their argument is that this doctrine
makes for clarity and unambiguity by drawing a sharp distinction between propositions that are
expressions to which truth or falsity may be attributed, and definitions that are expressions
which ascribe meanings to symbols and to which truth or falsity may not be ascribed. A
descriptive definition can not be reduced to a combination of nominal definitions plus a
description. (Pepper, 2002)
Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation
or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
Descriptive research involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates,
depicts and describes the data collection.(Glass and Hopkins, 2022)
This design aims to systematically describe a phenomenon, providing a clear picture of the
subject in focus without influencing it. The design is valuable in quantifying the prevalence of
errors, providing a baseline for future research, and offering flexible data collection methods. In
the case of identifying and analyzing mathematical errors in basic algebra, the study's primary
goal is to observe and document the types, frequency, and possible causes of these errors.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

procedures being forgotten, negligence in transcribing information from the question,

improve their transformation of mathematical symbols, graphs and enhance problem-solving.

following instructions given/misinterpreting the requirement of the question, gradient

identification, addition of negative values indiscriminately, unacceptable form, and others.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Division Algorithm, Decimal Notations, Linear Congruences, Rational Functions, Irreducible

Polynomials, Functions, Limits, Continuity, Derivatives and many more.

Algebra as generalized arithmetic with the indicators(conceptually based computational

strategies and estimation). Algebra as the language of mathematics (meaning of variables,

concrete and abstract. (DM Nurhayati, T Herman and S Suhendra, 2017)

This research employs a descriptive research design, Descriptive research is a research

method used to try and determine the characteristics of a population or particular

establish cause-and-effect relationships.

researcher, this type of study is an invaluable scientific tool (Shuttleworth, 2008)

A descriptive research design is highly appropriate in this study because it focuses on

descriptive definition can not be reduced to a combination of nominal definitions plus a

description. (Pepper, 2002)

Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation

depicts and describes the data collection.(Glass and Hopkins, 2022)

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