of eletronegativity

.
Difference
13

--
- - lattice .
+)
+ ) + 1
&D
13

electron sea' Model

6x2 = 16
. .
-

the sea electron · 202

13

1 · calculate Ivalence
.
2 central atom (arrange)

:
16 .

.
3

Teamen excF) noble s .

17

17

17

(molecula)
CO2
+ I formal charge =
0
. 18

[
H

I charge Lion)
I forma =

chargeation
4 4 0

o
- =

6 -
4 Ex4
-
= 0 .

18

00
o

13

000
repulsion
- -

polarpolar LP-LP > LP-BP >

BP-BP@ *
- -

19
18

19
 GROUP --

I -00))
1 .
18
1 Alkali Metals Non-metals 78 Atomic Number 2

1
H He
PERIOD

1
Pt
Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens
Symbol
Hydrogen
1.008 2 Transition Metals Noble Gases 13 14 15 16 17 Helium
4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Platinum Name

Li Be B C N O F Ne
Other Metals Lanthanides
195.1 Average Atomic Mass
2 Metalloids Actinides
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

3 Na Mg ->
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium
22.99
Magnesium
24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Aluminium
26.98
Silicon
28.09
Phosphorus
30.97
Sulfur
32.06
Chlorine
35.45
Argon
39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

4 K
Potassium
Ca
Calcium
Sc
Scandium
Ti
Titanium
V
Vanadium
Cr Mn Fe
Chromium Manganese Iron
CoCobalt
Ni
Nickel
Cu Zn Ga Ge As
Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic
Se
Selenium
Br
Bromine
Kr
Krypton
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

5 Rb
Rubidium
Sr
Strontium
Y
Yttrium
Zr
Zirconium
Nb Mo Tc
Niobium Molybdenum Technetium
Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium
In
Indium
Sn Tin
Sb
Antimony
Te
Tellurium
I
Iodine
Xe
Xenon
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

6 Cs Ba
Caesium Barium
57-71
Lanthanides
Hf
Hafnium
Ta
Tantalum
W
Tungsten
Re Os
Rhenium Osmium
Ir
Iridium
Pt
Platinum
Au Hg
Gold Mercury
Tl
Thallium
PbLead
Bi
Bismuth
Po
Polonium
At Rn
Astatine Radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.38 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

7 Fr
Francium
Ra
Radium
89-103
Actinides
Rf
Rutherfordium
Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh
Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium
Fl
Flerovium
Mc
Moscovium
Lv
Livermorium
Ts Og
Tennessine Oganesson
(223) (226) (265) (268) (271) (270) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

La
Lanthanum
Ce
Cerium
Pr
Praseodymium
Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho
Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium
Er Tm Yb
Erbium Thulium Ytterbium
Lu
Lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.2 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Ac Th
Actinium Thorium
Pa
Protactinium
U
Uranium
Np Pu Am Cm Bk
Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium
Cf
Californium
Es Fm Md No
Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium
Lr
Lawrencium
(227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

American Chemical Society www.acs.org/outreach

Name ___________________________ Date ____________ Period ___

Yet More Lewis Structures

For those of you that enjoy such things, some more Lewis structures to draw:

6) BSF

7) HBr

8) C2H5OH (ethanol)

9) N2F4
S03
(11) S04

s
202 0
:
2010
,

1 4
- 2
b
Spe
-

10)
i
10) SF6 : O :
=
4 .

Il (o)
: (2)

-S 1 -
b -
=

6-
6
6
-

Need help with your chemistry? Visit www.chemfiesta.com!

 ORBITAL PICTURE OF BONDING: ORBITAL COMBINATIONS,
HYBRIDIZATION THEORY, & MOLECULAR ORBITALS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To introduce the basic principles of molecular orbital theory and electronic geometry of molecules.

ORBITAL COMBINATIONS
Atomic orbitals can be combined and reshaped –much like dough– to make other orbitals of different shapes
and properties. There are two basic types of orbitals that can result from such processes. They are:

1. HYBRID ORBITALS. They result from combinations of orbitals within a given atom, either prior to or as
bonding with another atom takes place.

2. MOLECULAR ORBITALS. They result from combinations of orbitals between atoms as bonding takes
place to form molecules.

ORBITAL HYBRIDIZATION THEORY

.
If we look at the valence shell configuration of carbon, we find two paired electrons in the 2s orbital, and
two unpaired electrons in the 2pX and 2pY orbitals, one in each:

coracta
Potential
energy 2pX 2py 2pz
2s

2p2
25
~

In order to fulfill the octet rule, carbon must use its 4 valence electrons when bonding to other atoms.
However, only unpaired electrons can bond. That means that the two paired electrons occupying the 2s
orbital must become unpaired before they can bond. Since the energy gap between the 2s and 2p orbitals
is very small, one of the 2s electrons can be promoted to the empty 2p orbital, leading to the following
situation:

Potential
energy 2pX 2py 2pz
2s
45

Now the four electrons appear to be ready for bonding, but there is a problem. The 2p orbitals are known
to be at right angles to each other. If bonding occurs in this state, the 3 equivalent p electrons would form
3 equivalent bonds oriented at 90o to each other, and the s electron would form a bond of a different type
and orientation from the other three. No such compound exists. The simplest hydrocarbon –methane (CH4)–
is known to have tetrahedral geometry, where the four C–H bonds are all equivalent and positioned at 109.5o
angles to each other. In addition, there are some carbon compounds where the bond angles are 120o or
even 180o. The shapes and relative positions of the valence orbitals in atomic carbon do not explain the
shapes and relative positions of the bonds in carbon compounds.
 Summary of Hybrid Orbitals

Electron Hybridization of Number of Possible

Domain the Central Hybrid Molecular Examples
Geometry Atom Orbitals Geometries

Linear sp 2 linear BeH2, CO2

Trigonal trigonal planar, BF3, CO32−,

sp2 3
Planar bent O3

tetrahedral,
CH4, NH3,
Tetrahedral sp3 4 trigonal
H2O
pyramidal, bent

trigonal
Trigonal bipyramidal, PCl5, SF4,
sp3d 5
Bipyramidal seesaw, T- ClF3, I3−
shaped, linear

octahedral,
square SF6, BrF5,
Octahedral sp3d2 6
pyramidal, XeF4
square planar
 In atoms with n=3 or larger, the d orbitals can also be hybridized. In molecules
with five molecular orbitals, five atomic orbitals are mixed:

___ + ___ + ___ + ___ + ___

This will give trigonal bipyramidal geometry and is called dsp3 hybridization.

Finally, molecules with octahedral geometry, will have ____ molecular orbitals.
This hybridization is called ________ .

Shown below is a portion of the chart from Worksheet 14. Fill in the
hybridization for each of the compounds.

compound bonds lone geometry shape hybridization

pairs

SF6

NH3
6

3
0

1
octahedral

tetrahedral
octahedral

trigonal
pyramidal
e
vi
It 7 7x3
+ + 8

1 x4
ICl4o- 4 2 octahedral
& L
square
planar
=
36e
=>

CF4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral &

t SO3 3 0 trigonal trigonal
planar planar

SF4 4 1 trigonal seesaw

bipyramidal

CO2 2 0 linear linear

5

d's"p3 =
5 .

H2O 2 2 tetrahedral V-shaped

NO2- 2 1 trigonal V-shaped

planar