Mechanical Maintenance Seals

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE
SEALS
TRAINING MANUAL
COURSE EXP-MN-SM090
Revision 0
MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN IMRAN

Field Operations Training
Mechanical Maintenance
Seals
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE
SEALS
CONTENTS
1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 4
2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 5
3. MECHANICAL SEALS ..................................................................................................... 8
3.1. FIELD OF USE .......................................................................................................... 9
3.2. MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS .................................................................................... 10
3.3. SEVERE OPERATING CONDITIONS .................................................................... 11
3.4. SEALS ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE INGENIOUS ................................... 12
3.5. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN .............................................................................. 12
3.5.1. During installation ............................................................................................ 12
3.5.2. When starting the installation .......................................................................... 13
3.6. INSTALLING A SEAL .............................................................................................. 14
4. SEALING RINGS ........................................................................................................... 17
4.1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................... 17
4.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE LIP RINGS ....................................................................... 19
4.2.1. Production materials ........................................................................................ 20
4.3. SHAFT RUNOUT AND WOBBLE ........................................................................... 21
4.3.1. Runout ............................................................................................................. 21
4.3.2. Shaft wobble .................................................................................................... 22
4.4. LUBRICATION AND FRICTION .............................................................................. 22
4.5. SEALING-RING CONFIGURATION........................................................................ 23
4.6. TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................ 25
5. PACKING GLAND ......................................................................................................... 28
5.1. DEFINITION ............................................................................................................ 28
5.2. ADVANTAGES OF PACKING GLANDS ................................................................. 29
5.3. BRAID STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 29
5.3.1. Dual diagonal-interlock braid ........................................................................... 29
5.3.2. Triple diagonal-interlock braid ......................................................................... 29
5.3.3. Quadruple diagonal-interlock braid .................................................................. 30
5.3.4. Braid-on-braid packing .................................................................................... 30
5.4. CHOICE OF BRAID ................................................................................................ 30
5.4.1. Packing ring specifications .............................................................................. 31
5.4.2. Different assembly configurations ................................................................... 31
5.5. TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................ 33
5.5.1. One or more rings missing from the housing. .................................................. 33
5.5.2. Pieces of packing protruding between the shaft and flange............................. 33
5.5.3. Smaller radial thickness than during assembly. ............................................... 33
5.5.4. Unequal ring radial thickness. ......................................................................... 34
5.5.5. Shrinkage of the axial faces. ........................................................................... 34
5.5.6. The bottom rings are OK but the top rings are damaged. ................................ 34
5.6. PACKING GLAND REPAIR .................................................................................... 35
5.6.1. Preparing the packing gland ............................................................................ 35
5.6.2. Installing the rings............................................................................................ 37
Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN
Last revised: 17/03/2008 Page 2 / 60
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5.7. PACKING GLAND INSPECTION ............................................................................ 39
5.7.1. On a valve ....................................................................................................... 39
5.7.2. On a pump ....................................................................................................... 39
5.8. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRAIDED PACKINGS ............................................. 40
5.8.1. Vegetable fibre braided packing impregnated with PTFE ................................ 40
5.8.2. Synthetic fibre braided packing impregnated with PTFE ................................. 42
5.8.3. Carbon fibre braided packing .......................................................................... 44
5.8.4. Pure PTFE braided packing ............................................................................ 46
5.8.5. Soft PTFE packing........................................................................................... 48
5.8.6. PTFE packing with graphite ............................................................................. 50
5.8.7. PTFE packing with Kevlar-reinforces corners .................................................. 52
5.8.8. Kevlar packing ................................................................................................. 54
5.8.9. Gland packing ................................................................................................. 56
6. FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... 58
7. TABLES ......................................................................................................................... 60

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1. OBJECTIVES
This course summarises the information which a technician must know to master the
various sealing processes used on an oil industry site.

Seals
2. INTRODUCTION
In engineering there are often clearances between the parts. These clearances generate
passages through which the drive fluid or lubricating fluid can escape.
A mechanical seal is a device which provides the sealing between a shaft's rotational or
translational movement and a stationary housing.
Figure 1: Seal on a moving shaft
The main function of a seal is to prevent the fluid escaping from its receptacle or housing,
or to prevent the ingress of contaminants.
When the seal consists of several elements with different functions, we call it a "sealing
system".
Many sealing applications involve systems in movement.
The seal must provide long-term efficiency and be adapted to the environment. The seal's
lifetime depends on a large number of parameters. It will only meet the requirements if
these parameters are taken into account during its design, assembly and operation.
There are several types of shaft seal available (and many variants of these different
types):
Mechanical seal
Braided packings
Sealing rings

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Figure 2: Conventional mechanical seal
Figure 3: Packing gland with braided packing
Figure 4: Packing gland with lip seal
There are a very large number of different sealing devices to meet the wide variety of
requirements in the best possible conditions. There are several dynamic sealing systems
available.

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They are designed to provide the sealing between a rotating shaft and a fixed housing
(pump, agitators, compressor, etc.)
rolled rings: it is used to control leaks according to the ring thickness and the
clearance between the fixed and rotating parts.
labyrinth seal: seal providing a greater control of the leak
segmented rings: with this system there is a leak rate of around one drip
(segmented busting).
lip seal: they are frequently used as bearing seals and can have single or multiple
lips.
gland with braided packing: one of the most common sealing systems but which
requires surveillance and interventions.
swivel couplings: seal for rotating fluid transfer systems
mechanical seal: mechanical seals are made from high-precision engineered

components and based on the manufacturers' expertise.
Sealing problems are complex. For example, a rotating shaft transmits power to a
propeller, a wheel, etc. by passing through a wall designed to separate two fluids from
each other.
One of the fluids is generally the atmosphere, the other is the product to be sealed.
The pressures and/or temperatures of each fluid are different. There must therefore be a
dynamic sealing system between this shaft and the static part of the machine.

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3. MECHANICAL SEALS
A mechanical seal consists of two subassemblies:
A static part
A rotating part
Figure 5: Seals (static and rotating

components)
The components forming these seals are

made from high-precision engineered
components and based on the manufacturers' expertise.
Different materials are used for the design of the rings and O-rings of mechanical seals.
Figure 6: Rings and O-rings
The parts forming a mechanical seal can be classified into four groups:
Friction faces
Secondary seal (seals, diaphragms, bellows, etc.)
Elastic element (spring, bellows, etc.)
Other components combining the 2 subassemblies (sleeve, cover, etc.)
When static, these two subassemblies are maintained in contact by the action of the
elastic element.
This elastic element can be:
incorporated in the static subassembly or the rotating subassembly
immersed in the fluid to be sealed
protected from this fluid.

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Figure 7: Detail view of a mechanical seal
Whatever the forces acting on the seal and the rotation defects, the subassembly
containing the elastic element (spring) must be able to move into all directions so that the
faces are permanently in contact. It is said to be "semi-dynamic".
The secondary seal in this subassembly is subjected to the low or even very low amplitude
reciprocating axial movements and is therefore called a secondary semi-dynamic seal.
3.1. FIELD OF USE
Extraction, transfer, refining, onshore

and offshore:
Severe service conditions
Difficult maintenance
Marine environment and

small size are two important
criteria.
Figure 8: Seal in a hostile environment
Due to its technology, this type of seal can solve most problems. It provides an almost total
seal for both static and dynamic use.
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The mechanical seal is constantly

being developed due to the diverse
demands of the market.
Figure 9: Mechanical seals
The permanently changing

technological and economic
requirements of the industrial world
result in a more and more
generalised use of dynamic sealing
by mechanical seals.
Mechanical seal technology is continually improving and thus provides maximum sealing
reliability for the most diverse products in increasingly severe operating conditions.
3.2. MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS
The sealing systems meet the requirements of all sectors of activity in industries such as:
chemicals, automobile, petrochemicals, oil, paper, transformation, food, textiles,
pharmaceuticals, etc.
They are used in many industrial, scientific or domestic applications where rotating
components must be sealed.
A very wide range of products require seals:
clear or charged products
mixtures
syrups
bitumens
paper pulp
cements
powders
liquefied or non-liquefied gases, etc.
They can just as easily be used for water, wine, phosphoric acid, hydrocarbons,
automobile coolant and helium as for abrasive products.

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3.3. SEVERE OPERATING CONDITIONS
Two technologies have been developed which provide almost total sealing which is both
static and dynamic:
Contact mechanical seals
Contactless mechanical seals (called "gas seals").
Mechanical seals provide the sealing for rotating shafts. The increased operating
constraints has led to the development of gas seals operating without face contact,
separated by a very thin film of fluid.
The friction between the seal's rings and therefore the wear are prevented.
Figure 10: Gas seals
In the first case the sealing is between two faces moving relative to each other (rotation),
lubricated by a liquid film.
This film is provided either

from the fluid carried by the
machine, or by an auxiliary
fluid.
However, dry seals are

sometimes used where there
is an actual contact between
the faces.
Figure 11: Dry seal

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The wide variety of fluids and the specific requirements of the users have led the
manufacturers to develop components using an extremely wide range of materials.
Graphite, carbon, aluminium, stainless steel and ceramics are used, and also tungsten
carbide, nickel stainless steel alloys, molybdenum chrome, porous silicon carbide, various
types of elastomers as well as radiation-resistant materials, for example.
We can see that the applications require a very high level of competence in very varied
disciplines.
3.4. SEALS ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE INGENIOUS
Mechanical seal technology is continually improving and thus provides maximum sealing
reliability for the most diverse products in increasingly severe operating conditions.
The pressures exceed 450 bars, the temperatures are in excess of 400°C, the speeds
accelerate to over 10,000 rpm and the diameters can be greater than 500 mm.
The mechanical seal rings have to meet very specific criteria, in particular:
High hardness
High rigidity
Good sliding properties
High thermal conductivity
Low thermal expansion
The expected lifetimes can reach several thousands of hours of operation.
Therefore we must be very vigilant when installing mechanical seals.
3.5. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN
3.5.1. During installation
Incorrect storage can prevent the seal from functioning correctly.

Before using a mechanical seal we must check that non of its parts are missing and that it
is in good condition.

Seals
Carbon, silicon carbide or ceramic parts can break if dropped.
Seals can become fragile due to initial invisible cracking which breaks during the first few
hours of operation.
The rotating surfaces of the friction faces are flat due to the running in. This ground face
must not be laid down just any old how on any surface. (Important: the workstation surface
roughness can damage the ground face).
The assembly instructions must be strictly respected.
Before installation on the machine, the machine must be inspected:
Shaft surface roughness
Runout check where necessary
Clearance (axial and radial)
During installation, special care must be taken to:
Avoid impacts between the contact surface and the machine
The machine must be very clean (shaft part)
Do not twist the O-rings
Take care when installing the O-rings over splines or grooves (sharp edges)
Do not leave finger marks on the mating faces
Check that the oil supply ducts are facing the right way (fluid flow direction)
Lightly lubricating the seal may make it easier to install; in this case use a lubricant
compatible with the application concerned.
3.5.2. When starting the installation
Certain measures must be taken before starting an installation whose seal has been
changed.
By default, all the systems are removed (valves open), the machine will have been spun
by hand (to check that the shaft rotates freely) and no rough spots must have been
detected.

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Before entry into service and when a new seal has been fitted a leak rate of around
a drip is permissible. This leak must disappear after the contact face running in period.
Once the machine is running, check that there are no (major) leaks at the seal, no
vibrations or unusual noises, and that the seal does not heat up too quickly.
When the machine has been running for some time, check that the slight leak tolerated
when the systems were put into service has disappeared.
3.6. INSTALLING A SEAL
Before installing a mechanical seal, carefully read the installation instructions.
The following instructions must be strictly respected when installing a mechanical seal:
A mechanical seal is a fragile precision component. Keep the seal in its original
packaging until the moment of installation
Check that the seal has not been damaged during storage or transport
Never touch the sliding surfaces with your fingers
Be careful not to damage the seal during installation. Never lay down the rings on
their sliding contact surface
Work in a clean environment
Keep your hands and tools clean. Microscopic

particles left on the surfaces of seals can cause a
leak.
Figure 12: Wash your hands
If the seal has a lubrication system ensure that the lubrication ducts are
unobstructed
Clean the shaft and the seal housing,

check them for damage (can cause
leaks at the O-ring or incorrect ring
contact).
Figure 13: Clean the shaft and seal housing

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Teflon (PTFE) O-rings can be easily damaged during installation.
It may be necessary to lightly lubricate the parts (depending on the use of the seal >>
food products, etc.). If oil is unsuitable, use clean water.
Figure 14: Lubricate the O-ring and shaft
Special tools: it is easier to install a mechanical seal if a tapered guide bush is used
during assembly. This covers the sharp edges of the shaft and thus considerably reduces
the risk of damaging the seal during assembly.
Figure 15: Special tapered assembly guide bush
A mechanical seal does not normally require maintenance. If there are no problems, it
should not be removed (don't take it out just to have a look!!!).
When removed, it will almost always be necessary to replace the mechanical seal.
During normal running, if there a drip of pressurised liquid from the mechanical seal, this
indicates that it is damaged and must be replaced.
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Do not reinstall mechanical seals which have been removed.
The seal contact surfaces will wear creating matched grooves on each of
them. If the seal is reinstalled the grooves will no longer be matched.
Figure 16: Worn seal

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4. SEALING RINGS
4.1. GENERAL
Sealing rings are seals designed for rotating shafts. They are manufactured in a wide
variety of shapes and materials to adapt to the operating conditions.
They are commonly called "spi seals" by motor mechanics. The term designates a radial
sealing ring for rotating (crankshaft, etc.) or slidings parts (e.g. motorcycle forks).
This term comes from the German SPI company which was the first to manufacture this
type of seal.
These are some of the most commonly used seals, particularly for rotating shafts and
where there are low pressure differences.
The basic profile of the ring used today (fig.1) consists of the following: a metal
reinforcement (A) which gives it rigidity and facilitates its installation and attachment, a
seal lip (B), which is the only part subjected to the relative movement and therefore liable
to wear, a spring (C), which keeps the lip constantly in contact with the shaft, and finally, a
diaphragm (D), which is the main element of the assembly since the whole of the rotating
shaft is subject to small but constant vibrations.
Figure 17: Detail view of a conventional sealing ring
Once the contact pressure between the lip and shaft is obtained due to the spring which
allows the lubricant film to form, these vibrations can, from time to time, increase the
thickness of this film till it reaches values sufficient to create an oil leak.

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The only way of avoiding this leak is to maintain the film thickness more or less constant,
therefore the diaphragm must be sensitive enough to "follow" the shaft's vibrations.
For optimum sealing the sealing rings must meet certain criteria.
The dynamic sealing and the static sealing (when stopped) are obtained by a radial
pressure exerted by the seal lip. Two fundamental factors must be taken into account:
Seal lip diameter (it must be smaller than the nominal shaft diameter).
Spring force (different tensions can be obtained by modifying the spring length).
The shape and choice of the material are important. The bearings must be protected from
dust and external contamination, and the oils and greases used to lubricate the
mechanisms and bearings must be prevented from leaking.
A good lubricating oil forms a film which is difficult to eliminate and which adheres to the
gear wheels, bearings and shafts. The function of the sealing ring is to retain the oil or
grease and prevent the ingress of dust and contamination.
A lubricant film is formed under the sealing ring due to the rotation of the shaft. This film
forms during the first few moments of the ring's operation due to capillary effect. The
thickness of this film depends on the rotation speed, the oil temperature, the oil viscosity,
the contact pressure and the shaft roughness.
Figure 18: Formation of the lubricant film

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4.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE LIP RINGS
A lip ring is made up of three different parts:
A metal reinforcement (generally an L-shaped ring)
A rubber part, which itself consist of three elements
Cover
Diaphragm
Sealing lip
A helical spring
Figure 19: Detail view of a sealing ring

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4.2.1. Production materials
4.2.1.1. Nitrile
Nitrile rubber has good mechanical properties and a high wear resistance. It is the most
commonly used material for producing seals. It is chemically compatible with oils,
vegetable and mineral greases, water and most fluids.
Nitrile resists temperatures between -30 °C and 100 °C.
This material is mostly used when there are no specific requirements on the sealing ring.
4.2.1.2. Viton®
Viton® has an excellent resistance to high temperatures, mineral oils, fuels, synthetic
hydraulic fluids, oxygen, ozone, etc. It is resistant to most fluids and lubricants which
attack nitrile or silicone.
Viton® resists temperatures between -15 °C and 200 °C.
4.2.1.3. Silicone
Silicone has a very good resistance to high and low temperatures. It is a good insulator, it
resists bad weather and is nontoxic.
Silicone resists temperatures between -60 °C and 200 °C.
4.2.1.4. PTFE
Polytetrafluorethylene or PTFE has exceptional mechanical properties and exceptional

chemical resistance. It has a very low friction coefficient which means that it can be used
at high speeds.
PTFE resists temperatures between – 50 °C and 270 °C.
There are different international standards which form the basis of sealing ring design. See
the table of sealing ring equivalences (below) for the most common brands.

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ISO DIN
Description Most common equivalences
6194 3760
1 A Elastomer exterior R IE C BA WA SC CB
4 AS Elastomer exterior with dust lip RST IEL CP BASL WAS TC CC
2 B Metal exterior M EE M B1 WB SB2 BB
5 BS Metal exterior with dust lip MST EEL MP B1SL WBS TB2 BC
AB
3 C Double metal outer cage GV M2 B2 WC SA2
DB
GVS
6 CS Double metal outer cage with dust lip M2P B2SL WCS TA2 DC
T
Table 1: Lip ring production materials
4.3. SHAFT RUNOUT AND WOBBLE
4.3.1. Runout
The centreline of the shaft and the

centreline of the housing must perfectly
coincide.
The sealing ring diaphragm can only

compensate for a small misalignment.
Figure 20: Ring/shaft runout

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4.3.2. Shaft wobble
The wobble of the shaft with respect to the

sealing ring must not exceed a certain value.
The maximum deviation A, at the sealing lip, is
the difference between the shaft centreline and
the housing centreline.
Value A is determined by the rotation speed,

the elastomer used and the design of the
sealing ring.
Figure 21: Shaft wobble
4.4. LUBRICATION AND FRICTION
Sealing ring must never operate dry.
The lubrication must be continuous, not only during running, but right from the moment the
ring is fitted. Therefore the ring and shaft must be lubricated before assembly to simplify
installation and provide the initial lubrication.
For fluids with a low lubricating ability,

two rings may be used. The space
between the two rings will be filled with
lubricant.
Figure 22: Dual-ring configuration
If there is only space for one single

sealing ring, the space between the two
lips must be packed with grease.
The rings must be fitted so that adding grease does not create an overpressure.
Friction results in a power loss which is inevitable since this is linked with the sealing ring
operating principle.
This power loss is determined by the following elements:
Ring materials

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Shaft surface roughness
Formation if a lubricant film
Pressure
Sealing lip preload
Operating temperature
The oil used
Figure 23: Single-ring configuration
4.5. SEALING-RING CONFIGURATION
To ensure that the ring operates correctly, particular attention must be given to the
following points:
Examine the ring to ensure it is clean and has no irregularities.
Apply grease to the ring lip. If it has a scraper ring, pack the space between the
two lips with grease.
Check that the spring is correctly positioned in its housing.
Examine the shaft and eliminate all

roughness, machining deposits and
generally all impurities on its surface.
The edges must be rounded or
bevelled. If this is not the case, use
an assembly sleeve with rounded
edges which has an external
diameter slightly greater than the
shaft diameter.
Figure 24: Assembly sleeve
Special care must be taken to ensure the lip is not damaged during installation.
Any small cut in the lip during installation will inevitably result in a leak in service.

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The ring must be positioned without stress. It must be installed in its housing
using a uniform pressure around the whole circumference. Care must also be
taken to insert it perpendicular to the shaft.
Assembly tools are available and these must be used where possible to install
the rings. Otherwise a packing tool must be manufactured locally.
Figure 25: Installation tools
Figure 26: Assembly tools
Do not forget to lubricate the external diameter of the ring to make it easier to insert.
Sealing rings are generally available for shaft diameters from 4 mm to 560 mm.
Figure 27: Different ring profiles

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4.6. TROUBLESHOOTING
The sealing ring rotates at the same time as the shaft.
The sealing ring's external Ø is less than the internal Ø of the bore.
Choose a ring with the correct dimensions.
The sealing ring moves axially along the shaft.
The ring's external Ø is less than the internal Ø of the bore
The overpressure is causing the ring to move axially.
The sealing ring is distorted.
The internal Ø of the bore is too small.
Check the bore dimensions.
The ring housing is damaged.
Ill-adapted tools used during installation.
Use the correct tools
Take the necessary precautions during installation.
Sealing ring external Ø deteriorated.
Ring incorrectly installed.
Incorrect bore surface roughness.
Incorrect preparation of parts before installation.
Check that the parts are clean.
Check the bore surface roughness.

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Check the condition of the bevel.
High level of wear on the sealing lip.
Insufficient lubrication.
Excessive pressure.
Ensure that the lubrication is sufficient.
Check the runout.
Use a pressure-resistant ring.
Partial wear on the external Ø of the lip.
The sealing ring is not centred with respect to the shaft in the bore.
Centre the ring in the bore using a suitable tool.
Axial tears on the lip.
Excessive temperature, pressure, rotation speed.
Insufficient lubrication.
Chose a ring of the correct type.
Ensure that the lubrication is sufficient.
The sealing lip is swollen.
Incorrect elastomer.
Chose a ring of the correct type.
The sealing ring is scratched.
Rough shaft surface.
Incorrect tools used.

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Check the shaft surface roughness.
Use the correct tools.
Use the best installation method.
Sealing lip bent over.
Excessive fluid pressure.
Lubricate the sealing lip and the shaft before installation.
Choose a ring adapted to the overpressure.
Tears in the diaphragm.
Excessive fluid pressure.
Impacts on the flexible part.
Choose a ring adapted to the overpressure.
The spring has come out of its slot.
Spring slot not deep enough.
Choose a spring adapted to the ring.

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5. PACKING GLAND
5.1. DEFINITION
Packing is a nonwoven fibrous by-product from the hemp and flax industries.
This by-product has always had a variety of uses:
It was used In the construction of wooden boats to pack the seams between the planks to
make the vessel waterproof and prevent leaks (this operation is called caulking)
Packing was also used to fabricate gun "match cords", also known as "slow matches"
(impregnated wicks used for firing early matchlock muskets, cannons, etc.).
In a similar manner to shipbuilding, packing was used to seal the points where parts pass
through walls and housings.
The name "packing gland" (also known as "gland seal") is still used for a wide range of
sealing systems designed to provide a minimum of mechanical support to cables, tubes or
rods passing through a wall or bulkhead whether sealed or not.
Figure 28: Packing gland

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5.2. ADVANTAGES OF PACKING GLANDS
Sealing by gland packing is a very old principle which, however, is still used today due to
the continuous development of new high-quality materials for the sealing technology.
Gland packing is very widely used due to its multiple advantages over other types of seals.
Packing gland housing (also known as "stuffing box") is of simple construction

and does not require a high precision.
Relatively low price.
Easy to install and maintain.
Robust sealing material, even in severe operating conditions with abrasive and
contaminated fluids.
Easily adjustable leak.
Long lifetime with very low friction coefficients due to the modern composition of
the materials.
5.3. BRAID STRUCTURE
5.3.1. Dual diagonal-interlock braid
Twisted braiding.
Relatively rough surface.
For braid cross-sectional areas of 3-5 mm (with cores)
Figure 29: Dual diagonal-interlock braid
5.3.2. Triple diagonal-interlock braid
Uniform braiding with high volumetric stability.
For braid cross-sectional areas of 6-7 mm (with 12

cores) and 8 mm (with 15 cores).
Figure 30: Triple diagonal-interlock braid

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5.3.3. Quadruple diagonal-interlock braid
Uniform braiding with higher than average volumetric stability.
Wear resistant, smooth, high elasticity surface.
For braid cross-sectional areas of 10-16 mm (with 24 cores) and from 18 mm

(with 36 cores).
Figure 31: Quadruple diagonal-interlock braid
5.3.4. Braid-on-braid packing
Uniform core, wound or braided, covered with one or more braid-on-braid layer .
Very fine and uniform surfaces with excellent adaptation ability.
For cross-sectional areas of 3-16 mm (with 16 cores), and 16 mm and above

(with 36 cores).
5.4. CHOICE OF BRAID
If a packing's elasticity is highly affected by an imbalance, a misalignment or a high rpm, in

this case choose a braid with larger cross-sectional area.
For valves and fittings which are not affected by the problems mentioned above, a smaller
cross-sectional area can be used, i.e. in the lower range.
The choice of the packing's cross-

sectional area (h) and the number of
turns used (H) will depend on the size of
the packing housing.
Figure 32: Housing size

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5.4.1. Packing ring specifications
If a packing gland overheats, use a distance ring to reduce the number of packing rings.
The highest wear on the sealing rings and shaft is normally to be found just after the
packing gland follower.
The follower pressure can be evenly distributed by preloading each ring.
The preload values are values based on experience.
Figure 33: Number of turns (and compression)
5.4.2. Different assembly configurations
5.4.2.1. Standard configuration
The rings are stacked one after the other in the housing and then compressed by the
follower.
Figure 34: Standard configuration

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5.4.2.2. Configuration with anti-extrusion washers
The PTFE washers between the packing rings

prevent the packing or lubricant being forced
out.
Figure 35: Anti-extrusion washers
5.4.2.3. Configuration with top and bottom compression washers
The top and bottom compression washers

prevent the flexible sealing rings from being
forced out.
Figure 36: Top and bottom compression

washers
5.4.2.4. Configuration with flushing
Protection of the packing arrangements by

flushing.
Figure 37: Flushing
5.4.2.5. Cooling, control of leak rate, flushing, lubrication
Use of lantern ring for cooling, flushing and

lubrication. The compressibility of the packing
must be taken into consideration.
Figure 38: Cooling lantern ring

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5.5. TROUBLESHOOTING
Problems with a seal's operation are not always easy to understand. However, the reason
will often be obvious after a close examination of the rings.
The problems described below are especially concern pumps, etc. For valves, the
problems will be more easily corrected (tightening the follower or changing the packing).
5.5.1. One or more rings missing from the housing.
The clearance between the shaft and the packing gland housing is too great, thus
increasing the likelihood of the packing being forced out into the fluid circulation system.
Install top and bottom compression washers.
Figure 39: Excessive clearance between shaft and

housing
5.5.2. Pieces of packing protruding between the shaft and flange.
The clearance between the shaft and the follower is

too great.
Fit anti-extrusion washers to correct the problem.
Figure 40: Clearance between follower and shaft
5.5.3. Smaller radial thickness than during assembly.
The incorrect mechanical operation, particularly of a bearing, or a probable runout results

in a widening of the packing due to the shaft imbalance.
Check for probable shaft runout.
Check the bearings.
Figure 41: Shaft runout

Seals
5.5.4. Unequal ring radial thickness.
An axial misalignment between the shaft and the packing gland housing due to an irregular
oscillation causes high packing wear.
Correct the axial misalignment problem
Figure 42: Shaft axial misalignment
5.5.5. Shrinkage of the axial faces.
One or more rings have been cut too short. Therefore

the following ring is pressed into the space formed.
Cut the rings to the correct length.
Figure 43: Ring shrinkage
5.5.6. The bottom rings are OK but the top rings are damaged.
Due to the incorrect assembly of the bottom rings, the follower pressure necessary for the
sealing is not evenly distributed over all the rings.
Fit the bottom rings correctly during assembly.
Figure 44: Bad distribution of forces

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5.6. PACKING GLAND REPAIR
5.6.1. Preparing the packing gland
Before installing the new packing rings the old packing must first be removed from the
packing gland.
Remove the worn packing and clean the packing gland housing correctly (using
compressed air). An examination of the removed rings may allow you to determine the
cause of a possible problems (if the packing rings are not too damaged during removal).
To easily remove the rings, use an extractor designed for this purpose or a sharp scriber.
Figure 45: Packing extraction method
Figure 46: Extractors and scriber

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Recommendation: before fitting the new

packing rings, check that they have been
cut correctly and that they are the correct
size.
To obtain rings of the correct length with

matching ends you will find a ring cutter or
"guillotine" very useful.
Figure 47: Packing ring cutter
If there is no packing ring cutter available on the site, there is a manual cutting method.
Figure 48: Manual cut
Figure 49: Straight cut and bevelled cut
From experience, a bevelled cut should be used in preference to a straight cut. This will
make the ring easier to install.

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5.6.2. Installing the rings
Most existing packings are braided in such a way that the

pattern forms an arrow.
During assembly, ensure that the direction of the arrow on

the braid points anticlockwise to obtain a hydrodynamic
reflux effect.
Figure 50: Direction of assembly
Once cut (to the correct length), the rings must be

fitted on the shaft by a lateral twisting movement.
Figure 51: Fitting the rings
Figure 52: Method of twisting the rings
Each packing ring must be

separately pressed into the
bottom of the packing gland
housing using the follower or,
where necessary, a metal
sleeve.
Figure 53: Fitting the packing

rings (1)
If it is difficult to insert the

packing rings into the
housing, roll a metal tube on

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them using a certain amount of force to reduce their cross-sectional area by a few tenths
of a millimetre so that they can be inserted in the housing more easily.
Figure 54: Rolling the packing rings to reduce their diameter
The packing rings must be assembled so that the cuts are offset from each other.
This offset will be 90° or 180° depending on the number of rings.
Figure 55: Offsetting the cuts
Figure 56: Bevelled cuts

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5.7. PACKING GLAND INSPECTION
5.7.1. On a valve
Tighten the follower until the packing exerts a slight resistance

to the spindle movement.
Figure 57: Valve packing gland
5.7.2. On a pump
When all the rings have been inserted in the housing the packing gland follower must be
tightened slightly using a spanner, then slackened again until the shaft moves freely.
The follower is then fully tightened manually. Start the pump (all the circuits correctly
configured). It is absolutely necessary that the seal leaks during this phase.
If this is not the case, the pump must be immediately stopped to prevent the packing
overheating.
When the packing gland has cooled down, restart

the pump, without slacking the packing gland
follower, until a slight leak appears. When the leak
appears, allow the pump to run for 10 minutes in
this condition.
The leak will be reduced by slowly tightening the

follower until the pump manufacturer's
recommended leak rate is obtained.
Figure 58: Pump packing gland

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5.8. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRAIDED PACKINGS
5.8.1. Vegetable fibre braided packing impregnated with PTFE
Figure 59: Vegetable fibre braided packing
5.8.1.1. Operating limits
P (bar) 25 130
T (°C) + 120
V (m/s) 10 2
Table 2: Vegetable fibre braided packing operating limits
5.8.1.2. Composition
Vegetable fibres impregnated fibre by fibre with pure PTFE dispersion and treated with a
special chemically neutral lubricant.
Highly elastic, flexible and with a very low friction coefficient.

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Braided packing resistant to most fluids (fuels, oils, water and seawater).
5.8.1.3. Fields of use
In the petrochemical industry, in marine technology, nuclear power stations, refineries,

paper industry and agricultural technology.
5.8.1.4. Dimensions and weights
Cross- Cross-
sectional sectional Weight
area area g/m
mm inches
1
4 /8 25
5 3/16 40
6 ¼ 60
8 5/16 100
3
10 /8 170
12 ½ 245
14 9/16 340
5
16 /8 460
11
18 /16 585
20 ¾ 720
7
22 /8 870
61
24 /64 1040
25 1 1130
Table 3: Dimensions and weights of vegetable fibre braided packing

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5.8.2. Synthetic fibre braided packing impregnated with PTFE
Figure 60: Synthetic fibre braided packing
P (bar) 20 60 80
T (°C) - 40 to + 260
V (m/s) 8 2
Table 4: Synthetic fibre braided packing operating limits
Universal interbraided packing with a combination of synthetic fibres impregnated with

PTFE.
Its advantages over standard braided packing are:
Higher durability
Constant elasticity
Protects the shafts

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This braided packing is used both for axial and radial movements, and for valves and
fittings.
It covers most of the uses for axial and radial movements in the paper, mining and
chemical industries and also in the petrochemical industry.
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
5 3/16 31
6 ¼ 67
8 5/16 86
3
10 /8 126
12 ½ 225
14 9/16 276
5
16 /8 347
11
18 /16 412
20 ¾ 481
7
22 /8 532
25 1 680
Table 5: Dimensions and weights of synthetic fibre braided packing

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5.8.3. Carbon fibre braided packing
Figure 61: Carbon fibre braided packing
P (bar) 20 60 100
T (°C) + 350
V (m/s) 15 1.5 2
Table 6: Carbon fibre braided packing operating limits
Carbon fibres treated fibre by fibre with pure graphite powder.
This braided packing is resistant to most fluids such as chemicals, hydrochloric acid and
heat transfer oils (except sulphurised oil, fuming nitric acid and fluorine).

Seals
Pumps, valves, agitators.
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
1
4 /8 15
5 3/16 25
6 ¼ 35
8 5/16 60
3
10 /8 110
12 ½ 160
14 9/16 215
5
16 /8 280
11
18 /16 355
20 ¾ 440
7
22 /8 540
61
24 /64 640
25 1 690
Table 7: Dimensions and weights of carbon fibre braided packing

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5.8.4. Pure PTFE braided packing
Figure 62: PTFE braided packing
P (bar) 15 200
T (°C) - 200 to + 280
V (m/s) 7 0.5
Table 8: Pure PTFE braided packing operating limits
Diagonally braided pure PTFE fibres treated fibre by fibre with PTFE dispersion, high
density for the cross-sectional area and compact structure, very reliable friction coefficient.
Good resistance to water, steam, alkaline liquors and highly concentrated acids, solvents,
oil, fatty acids, degreasing agents, corrosive products, hydrogen and heat transfer oil.

Seals
Valves, centrifugal pumps, piston pumps, mixers, agitators, in thermal power stations, and
in the food and chemical industries.
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
1
4 /8 25
5 3/16 40
6 ¼ 60
8 5/16 110
3
10 /8 170
12 ½ 245
14 9/16 315
5
16 /8 410
11
18 /16 520
20 ¾ 640
7
22 /8 775
61
24 /64 920
25 1 1000
Table 9: Dimensions and weights of pure PTFE braided packing

Seals
5.8.5. Soft PTFE packing
Figure 63: Soft PTFE packing
Soft PTFE with graphite (black packing) or without graphite (pure and white) with lubricant
material, very high density for the cross-sectional area and excellent sliding properties.
Resistant to water, process water, acids, solvents, oils, degreasing agents, adhesives and
lacquers.
Universal usage, excellent deformation ability, efficiently protects shafts, pumps, mixers,
kneading machines, valves (top and bottom compression washers are required).

Seals
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
1
4 /8 25
5 3/16 40
6 ¼ 70
8 5/16 100
3
10 /8 150
12 ½ 230
14 9/16 300
5
16 /8 400
11
18 /16 500
20 ¾ 600
7
22 /8 750
61
24 /64 870
25 1 940
Table 10: Dimensions and weights of soft PTFE packing

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5.8.6. PTFE packing with graphite
Figure 64: PTFE packing with graphite
P (bar) 25 250 250

T (°C) - 200 to + 280
V (m/s) 20 2 2
Table 11:Operating limits of PTFE packing with graphite
Made of PTFE with graphite and containing a lubricant material, very highly improved
thermal conductivity, volumetric stability, low friction coefficient and no fragilisation or
ageing.
Resistant to hot and cold water, oils, greases, gas, steam, acids, concentrated alkaline
liquors, solvents, hydrocarbons and heat transfer oils (unsuitable for highly oxidising fluids
such as oleum, fuming nitric acid, gaseous fluorine, etc.).
Seals
Also available with graphite PTFE fibres (high graphite content), diagonally braided,
without lubricant for use in the presence of oxygen.
Universal usage.
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
1
4 /8 25
5 3/16 40
6 ¼ 60
8 5/16 110
3
10 /8 160
12 ½ 230
14 9/16 310
5
16 /8 400
11
18 /16 490
20 ¾ 600
7
22 /8 730
61
24 /64 865
25 1 940
Table 12: Dimensions and weights of PTFE packing with graphite

Seals
5.8.7. PTFE packing with Kevlar-reinforces corners
Figure 65: Corners reinforced with Kevlar fibres
P (bar) 30 30 250
T (°C) - 100 to + 280
V (m/s) 2,0 2 2
Table 13: Operating limits of PTFE packing reinforced with Kevlar
Pure PTFE packing, corners reinforced with aramide (Kevlar) fibres, impregnated fibre by
fibre with a PTFE dispersion and with an added lubricant.
Resistant to practically all fluids. For universal usage (except for liquid metal alkalis or use
in the presence of oxygen).

Seals
5.8.7.3. Field of use
Specially for piston pumps in the high pressure domain.
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
5 3/16 40
6 ¼ 60
8 5/16 105
3
10 /8 160
12 ½ 230
14 9/16 315
5
16 /8 410
11
18 /16 520
20 ¾ 640
7
22 /8 780
61
24 /64 920
25 1 1000
Table 14: Dimensions and weights of PTFE packings reinforced with Kevlar

Seals
5.8.8. Kevlar packing
Figure 66: Kevlar packing
P (bar) 25 100 400

T (°C) - 100 to + 280
V (m/s) 2 2 2
Table 15: Kevlar packing operating limits
Diagonally braided aramide synthetic fibres (Kevlar) impregnated with PTFE.
Resistant to hot and cold water, wastewater, oils, grease, gas, acids, process water and
abrasive fluids.

Seals
Pumps and valve in the chemical and petrochemical fields, water treatment plants and the
paper industry.
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
1
4 /8 25
5 3/16 40
6 ¼ 55
8 5/16 95
3
10 /8 145
12 ½ 210
14 9/16 280
5
16 /8 360
11
18 /16 455
20 ¾ 560
7
22 /8 680
61
24 /64 810
25 1 875
Table 16: Dimensions and weights of Kevlar packing

Seals
5.8.9. Gland packing
Figure 67: Gland packings
P (bar) 290
+ 480
T (°C)
+ 650 (*)
V (m/s) 1
Table 17: Gland packing operating limits
(*): in steam
Braided packing with expanded pure graphite fibres, reinforced with a thin steel core.

Seals
5.8.9.3. Fields of operation
This packing combines the advantages of standard braided packing with the exceptional
sealing properties of pressed expanded pure graphite packing rings.
Cross- Cross-
area area g/m
mm inches
5 3/16 29
6 ¼ 65
8 5/16 83
3
10 /8 115
12 ½ 185
14 9/16 213
5
16 /8 370
11
18 /16 400
20 ¾ 417
7
22 /8 556
25 1 769
Table 18: Dimensions and weights of gland packing

Seals
6. FIGURES
Figure 1: Seal on a moving shaft ......................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Conventional mechanical seal .............................................................................. 6
Figure 3: Packing gland with braided packing...................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Packing gland with lip seal .................................................................................... 6
Figure 5: Seals (static and rotating components) ................................................................. 8
Figure 6: Rings and O-rings ................................................................................................. 8
Figure 7: Detail view of a mechanical seal ........................................................................... 9
Figure 8: Seal in a hostile environment ................................................................................ 9
Figure 9: Mechanical seals ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 10: Gas seals .......................................................................................................... 11
Figure 11: Dry seal............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 12: Wash your hands .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 13: Clean the shaft and seal housing...................................................................... 14
Figure 14: Lubricate the O-ring and shaft .......................................................................... 15
Figure 15: Special tapered assembly guide bush .............................................................. 15
Figure 16: Worn seal.......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 17: Detail view of a conventional sealing ring ......................................................... 17
Figure 18: Formation of the lubricant film........................................................................... 18
Figure 19: Detail view of a sealing ring .............................................................................. 19
Figure 20: Ring/shaft runout .............................................................................................. 21
Figure 21: Shaft wobble ..................................................................................................... 22
Figure 22: Dual-ring configuration ...................................................................................... 22
Figure 23: Single-ring configuration ................................................................................... 23
Figure 24: Assembly sleeve ............................................................................................... 23
Figure 25: Installation tools ................................................................................................ 24
Figure 26: Assembly tools.................................................................................................. 24
Figure 27: Different ring profiles ......................................................................................... 24
Figure 28: Packing gland ................................................................................................... 28
Figure 29: Dual diagonal-interlock braid ............................................................................ 29
Figure 30: Triple diagonal-interlock braid ........................................................................... 29
Figure 31: Quadruple diagonal-interlock braid ................................................................... 30
Figure 32: Housing size ..................................................................................................... 30
Figure 33: Number of turns (and compression) ................................................................. 31
Figure 34: Standard configuration ...................................................................................... 31
Figure 35: Anti-extrusion washers ..................................................................................... 32
Figure 36: Top and bottom compression washers ............................................................. 32
Figure 37: Flushing ............................................................................................................ 32
Figure 38: Cooling lantern ring........................................................................................... 32
Figure 39: Excessive clearance between shaft and housing ............................................. 33
Figure 40: Clearance between follower and shaft .............................................................. 33
Figure 41: Shaft runout ...................................................................................................... 33
Figure 42: Shaft axial misalignment ................................................................................... 34
Figure 43: Ring shrinkage .................................................................................................. 34
Figure 44: Bad distribution of forces .................................................................................. 34
Figure 45: Packing extraction method ............................................................................... 35

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Figure 46: Extractors and scriber ....................................................................................... 35

Figure 47: Packing ring cutter ............................................................................................ 36
Figure 48: Manual cut ........................................................................................................ 36
Figure 49: Straight cut and bevelled cut............................................................................. 36
Figure 50: Direction of assembly ....................................................................................... 37
Figure 51: Fitting the rings ................................................................................................. 37
Figure 52: Method of twisting the rings .............................................................................. 37
Figure 53: Fitting the packing rings (1)............................................................................... 37
Figure 54: Rolling the packing rings to reduce their diameter ............................................ 38
Figure 55: Offsetting the cuts ............................................................................................. 38
Figure 56: Bevelled cuts .................................................................................................... 38
Figure 57: Valve packing gland .......................................................................................... 39
Figure 58: Pump packing gland ......................................................................................... 39
Figure 59: Vegetable fibre braided packing ....................................................................... 40
Figure 60: Synthetic fibre braided packing ......................................................................... 42
Figure 61: Carbon fibre braided packing ............................................................................ 44
Figure 62: PTFE braided packing ...................................................................................... 46
Figure 63: Soft PTFE packing ............................................................................................ 48
Figure 64: PTFE packing with graphite .............................................................................. 50
Figure 65: Corners reinforced with Kevlar fibres ................................................................ 52
Figure 66: Kevlar packing .................................................................................................. 54
Figure 67: Gland packings ................................................................................................. 56

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7. TABLES
Table 1: Lip ring production materials ................................................................................ 21
Table 2: Vegetable fibre braided packing operating limits .................................................. 40
Table 3: Dimensions and weights of vegetable fibre braided packing ................................ 41
Table 4: Synthetic fibre braided packing operating limits ................................................... 42
Table 5: Dimensions and weights of synthetic fibre braided packing ................................. 43
Table 6: Carbon fibre braided packing operating limits ...................................................... 44
Table 7: Dimensions and weights of carbon fibre braided packing .................................... 45
Table 8: Pure PTFE braided packing operating limits ........................................................ 46
Table 9: Dimensions and weights of pure PTFE braided packing ...................................... 47
Table 10: Dimensions and weights of soft PTFE packing .................................................. 49
Table 11:Operating limits of PTFE packing with graphite ................................................... 50
Table 12: Dimensions and weights of PTFE packing with graphite .................................... 51
Table 13: Operating limits of PTFE packing reinforced with Kevlar .................................... 52
Table 14: Dimensions and weights of PTFE packings reinforced with Kevlar .................... 53
Table 15: Kevlar packing operating limits........................................................................... 54
Table 16: Dimensions and weights of Kevlar packing ........................................................ 55
Table 17: Gland packing operating limits ........................................................................... 56
Table 18: Dimensions and weights of gland packing ......................................................... 57


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MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE

MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN IMRAN

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

Figure 1: Seal on a moving shaft

Many sealing applications involve systems in movement.

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

Figure 2: Conventional mechanical seal

Figure 3: Packing gland with braided packing

Figure 4: Packing gland with lip seal

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

labyrinth seal: seal providing a greater control of the leak

swivel couplings: seal for rotating fluid transfer systems

mechanical seal: mechanical seals are made from high-precision engineered

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

Figure 5: Seals (static and rotating

The components forming these seals are

Figure 6: Rings and O-rings

Secondary seal (seals, diaphragms, bellows, etc.)

Elastic element (spring, bellows, etc.)

Other components combining the 2 subassemblies (sleeve, cover, etc.)

This elastic element can be:

incorporated in the static subassembly or the rotating subassembly

immersed in the fluid to be sealed

protected from this fluid.

Figure 7: Detail view of a mechanical seal

3.1. FIELD OF USE

Extraction, transfer, refining, onshore

Severe service conditions

Marine environment and

Figure 8: Seal in a hostile environment

The mechanical seal is constantly

Figure 9: Mechanical seals

The permanently changing

3.2. MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS

A very wide range of products require seals:

clear or charged products

liquefied or non-liquefied gases, etc.

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

3.3. SEVERE OPERATING CONDITIONS

Contact mechanical seals

Contactless mechanical seals (called "gas seals").

Figure 10: Gas seals

This film is provided either

However, dry seals are

Figure 11: Dry seal

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

3.4. SEALS ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE INGENIOUS

Good sliding properties

High thermal conductivity

Low thermal expansion

The expected lifetimes can reach several thousands of hours of operation.

Therefore we must be very vigilant when installing mechanical seals.

3.5. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN

3.5.1. During installation

Incorrect storage can prevent the seal from functioning correctly.

Training course: EXP-MN-SM090-EN

Carbon, silicon carbide or ceramic parts can break if dropped.

The assembly instructions must be strictly respected.

Before installation on the machine, the machine must be inspected: