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I.

Basic Environmental Concepts


1. Ecosystem
o Definition: A community of living organisms interacting with each
other and their physical environment.
o Types: Terrestrial (e.g., forests, deserts) and Aquatic (e.g., oceans,
rivers).
2. Biodiversity
o Importance: Increases ecosystem productivity, stability, and
resilience.
o Threats: Habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, and climate
change.
3. Natural Resources
o Types: Renewable (e.g., solar, wind, water) and Non-renewable
(e.g., coal, oil).
o Conservation: Sustainable practices like reforestation, energy
conservation, and recycling.
II. Environmental Issues
1. Climate Change
o Causes: Greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels,
deforestation, and industrial activities.
o Effects: Rising temperatures, melting polar ice, sea-level rise,
extreme weather.
2. Air Pollution
o Primary Pollutants: Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, particulate matter.
o Solutions: Reducing vehicle emissions, using renewable energy,
afforestation.
3. Water Pollution
o Causes: Industrial waste, plastic pollution, agricultural runoff,
sewage.
o Prevention: Proper waste disposal, water treatment facilities,
reducing plastic use.
4. Deforestation
o Impacts: Loss of biodiversity, increased CO₂, soil erosion, disruption
of water cycles.
o Prevention: Reforestation, sustainable logging, protected areas.
III. Key Environmental Laws and Agreements
1. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8749)
o Focus: Preventing and managing air pollution.

o Key Provisions: Limits on air emissions from industrial and vehicular


sources.
2. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act
9003)
o Focus: Proper solid waste management through segregation,
recycling, and composting.
o Key Provisions: Waste segregation at source, mandatory recycling
programs.
3. Paris Agreement
o Goal: Limit global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

o Commitments: Countries aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

IV. Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Practices


1. 3 Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
o Importance: Minimizes waste, conserves resources, reduces
pollution.
o Examples: Using reusable bags, composting organic waste,
recycling plastics.
2. Energy Conservation
o Benefits: Reduces greenhouse gas emissions, lowers energy costs,
conserves natural resources.
o Tips: Use energy-efficient appliances, unplug devices when not in
use, switch to renewable energy sources.
3. Wildlife Conservation
o Importance: Maintains biodiversity and ecosystem balance.

o Practices: Establishing protected areas, anti-poaching laws, wildlife


rehabilitation programs.
V. Sample Quiz Questions
1. What is the main cause of climate change?
o Answer: Greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Name one law that addresses air pollution in the Philippines.


o Answer: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8749).

3. What are the three R’s in waste management?


o Answer: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

4. Why is biodiversity important?


o Answer: It increases ecosystem productivity, stability, and
resilience.
5. What is the Paris Agreement's main goal?
o Answer: To limit global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial
levels.

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