Start Smart 2

ALAWI, Obaidie M.
BSBA Marketing Management

MKT118 – Dd
SEMINAR PAPER (2nd Submission)
ENTREPRENEURSHIP: FROM MOTIVATION TO START-UP

By Estay, C., Durrieu, F., & Akhter, M. (2013)
Abstract
The goal of this article is to reveal the origins of entrepreneurial motivation and to
identify the logics of action (entrepreneurial projects) associated with each dimension of
this attitude. The study looks to answer the following questions: What needs are at the
beginning of a business, what are their intensities, and to what extent does
entrepreneurial motivation influence projects? Using questionnaires answered by
entrepreneurs who have just created their business, we evaluate the characteristics of
entrepreneurial motivation (needs and their intensities), identify the antecedents liked to
this attitude, and isolate the entrepreneur logics of action (imitation, innovation–
adventure, reproduction, and innovation–valorization). This study is supported by a
theoretical framework that is the result of research on motivation and entrepreneurship.
A series of causal relations are isolated and then tested. Analysis enables an ensemble
of conclusions to be drawn on entrepreneurial motivation. Pathways of motivation lead
to logics of action linked to innovative projects and explain the phenomenon of
reproduction (or imitation) found in some entrepreneurs. Development objectives and a
need for personal independence are identified at the beginning stages of
entrepreneurial planning. Creators hope that their business will bring tangible financial
and material results. Entrepreneurs are conscious that they must make a commitment
across a range of dimensions for their organization (managerial, commercial, etc.). In
their quest for valorization, entrepreneurs take risks, exploiting advantageous business
contexts, thanks to their competences, and show a need for creativity. These two
dimensions (competences and creativity) are associated with the objective of
independence. The logic of reproduction is characterized by self-confidence (locus of
control) and responds to the objective of business development.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
By Estay, C., Durrieu, F., & Akhter, M. (2013)
Abstract
Employer business startups contribute disproportionately to job creation,
innovation, and productivity growth. This contribution is dynamic and complex involving
much trial and error. Most startups fail or do not grow but a small fraction grow rapidly
contributing substantially to economic performance. In the USA, there has been a
decline in startup rate and the share of activity accounted for by young firms over the
last couple of decades. This decline has accelerated and become pervasive in the post-
2000 period even in innovative-intensive sectors. The flip side of this change is an
accompanying increase in the share of activity accounted for by mega (10,000 +) firms
in the post-2000 period. While both benign and adverse factors may underlie these
structural changes, the post-2000 period has also exhibited a decline in productivity
growth along with indicators of business dynamism. The global pandemic has had a
major adverse impact on health, morbidity, daily life, and economic activity. However,
there has been a surge in new business applications that may signal a turning point in
entrepreneurial activity.
Plain English Summary

In the twenty-first century, we have witnessed a sharp decline in the number of
new startups in the USA across all sectors, including those sectors considered high-
tech and innovative. The reason why this has occurred is still open for discussion and
debate. This development is worrying as new startups contribute disproportionately to
job creation, innovation, and productivity growth. Alongside this, the global pandemic
has brought about a massive reduction in economic activity and its restructuring. At the
same time, there has been a distinct increase in applications for new businesses,
especially in industries that facilitate remote interactions between businesses and
consumers and businesses and workers. It is an open question whether this reverses
the long-run trend of declining entrepreneurship that the USA has been experiencing or
if this has only brought about a temporary change. There will be plenty of opportunities
for future research to disentangle the reasons for and persistence in the business
dynamics seen in US data.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF START-UP FACTORS IN SMALL
BUSINESSES AND ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES IN SA
By J.J. Van Vuuren and D. Groenewald
Abstract
Purpose: This paper focuses on a critical analysis of the influence of start-up
factors in small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures in Gauteng, a province in
South Africa. Problem investigated: Owing to the low economic growth, high
unemployment, and an unsatisfactory level of poverty in South Africa, entrepreneurship
becomes a critical solution for the starting and developing of small businesses. Although
the South African Government are constantly improving in eliminating barriers to
potential start-ups, South Africa's TEA is not up to standard if it wants to sustain
economic growth rates that will create wealth for everybody. Various factors influence
and play a role in the establishment and operation of small businesses and
entrepreneurial ventures. Design / methodology / approach: An ex-post facto, formal
research design was used as respondents were requested to indicate on a four-point
scale how important they deemed 37 items in a structured personal interview. A sample
of 312 elements was included in the research. The data was analyzed through a factor
analysis and analysis of variance. Findings: Four factors were identified that influence
the start-up of small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures. They are: personal
management and involvement; role models; effective time management; and support
from partners and advisors. It is very clear that there is a definite difference in the needs
and factors influencing: women and male entrepreneurs; the age of entrepreneurs and
the stage of the business in its life cycle. Value of research: By analyzing the factors
that influence start-up, it can make potential entrepreneurs aware of the importance of
considering these factors in the start-up and growth of their businesses. Conclusion:
The findings of this research are in line with similar international research (Mazzarol et
al., 1999 and Deakins & Freel, 2003) on various aspects influencing the start-up of
businesses. Although a lot of support, education and training are given in South Africa,
policy makers and educational institutions should take note of the various differences in
needs and make provision in their support and training for these differences. It is also
recommended that existing small business owners and entrepreneurs must create their
own support structure specifically when they move from the start-up stage to the new
firm stage, as this is a stage where support and advice is much needed.
ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF‐EFFICACY AND BUSINESS START‐UP: DEVELOPING
A MULTI‐DIMENSIONAL DEFINITION
By Mateja Drnovšek, Joakim Wincent, Melissa S. Cardon
Abstract
Purpose
The aims of this paper are to: critically review and identify gaps in current
literature on entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, provide a definition of entrepreneurial self‐
efficacy that addresses some of those gaps, and explore the role of entrepreneurial self‐
efficacy during the phases of a business start‐up process. The research seeks to define
entrepreneurial self‐efficacy using three sources of dimensionality. The first includes the
particular aspect of entrepreneurship to which self‐efficacy is applied, whether to
business start‐up or business growth activities. The second sources of dimensionality
refer to the content of self‐efficacy beliefs (task or outcome goal beliefs), and the third
source to the valence of entrepreneurial self‐efficacy beliefs (positive or negative control
beliefs).
Design/methodology/approach
The authors build from the origins and mechanisms of the self‐efficacy construct in
social cognitive theory and a synthesis of that work with prior use of self‐efficacy in
entrepreneurship to propose a definition of entrepreneurial self‐efficacy that is context
specific and empirically testable.
Findings
Entrepreneurial self‐efficacy is best seen as a multidimensional construct made up of
goal and control beliefs, and propositions for how these two different dimensions will
play a role during phases in the process of starting‐up a new business are developed.
Research limitations/implications
A well‐defined entrepreneurial self‐efficacy construct has significant pedagogical payoffs
given that entrepreneurship education should also focus on social‐cognitive, psycho‐
cognitive and ethical perspectives of entrepreneurship.
Originality/value
The proposed multidimensional nature of self‐efficacy is original and unique in its
contribution, and provides a conceptual foundation to understand how capabilities along
different dimensions of entrepreneurial self‐efficacy are created and nurtured. This
knowledge is useful for potential entrepreneurs as well as those who support them in
the process.
REFERENCES;
Estay, C., Durrieu, F., & Akhter, M. (2013). Entrepreneurship: From
motivation to start-up. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 243–267.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-013-0109-x
Estay, C., Durrieu, F., & Akhter, M. (2013c). Entrepreneurship in the
twenty-first century 11(3), 243–267.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11187-021-00542-0
J.J. Van Vuuren and D. Groenewald (2013) A critical analysis of the
influence of start-up factors in small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures in
SA. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC16995
Drnovšek, M., Wincent, J., & Cardon, M. S. (2010, June 15).
Entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and business start‐up: developing a multi‐
dimensional definition. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour &
Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011054516

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ALAWI, Obaidie M.

BSBA Marketing Management

ENTREPRENEURSHIP: FROM MOTIVATION TO START-UP

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