Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr.
Ammar Ghalib
Digital Signal and Systems
Discrete-Time Signals: In digital signal processing, signals are represented as sequence of numbers called “samples”. A sample value of a typical discrete-time signal or sequence is denoted as “x[n]” with the argument “n” being an integer in the range (-∞ and ∞). It should be noted that x[n] is defined only for integer values of “n” and undefined otherwise.
The most common basic sequences are described as follows:
delta function or unit-impulse (sample) sequence δ(n)
unit-step sequence U(n)
15 Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib
unit-ramp sequence r(n)
exponential sequence
x (n) Ae n
If β=0, x(n)=A If β<0, x(n) is exponential decay. If β˃0, x(n) is exponential growth.
Sinusoidal sequence
Note: x (n) x(t) t nT
s
For analog sine x(t)=sin(wt), the discrete sine x(n)=sin(wnTs)
w0=wTs where w=2πfm and Ts=1/fs
16 Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib
Example: Assuming a DSP system with a sampling time interval of 125 microseconds, convert each of the following analog signals x(t) to the digital signal x(n). 1. 10 e 5000t u(t) 2. 10 sin( 2000 t)u(t) sol.
1. x(n)= x(nTs)= 10 e 5000 0.000125n u(nTs ) 10e 0.625n u(n)
Periodic Sequences: A sequence x(n) is defined to be periodic with period N if
Where; N is an integer number.
Example: consider x(n) e jw0 n
x(n) e jw0 n = e jw0 (n N ) = e jw0 N e jw0 n = x(n N) w0 N 2 k N 2 k / w0 2 / w0 must be a rational number.
Example: Is the sequence x(n) cos( n / 4) periodic. If yes, find N.
sol. Suppose it is periodic sequence with period N x(n)=x(n+N) cos(πn/4)=cos(π(n+N)/4) πn/4+2πk= πn/4+πN/4 N=2πk/(π/4)= 2πk/w0=8k K: integer for k=1, N=8
Example: Is the sequence x(n) cos(3 n / 8) periodic. If yes, find N.
sol. Suppose it is periodic sequence with period N x(n)=x(n+N) cos(3πn/8)=cos(3π(n+N)/8) 3πn/8+2πk= 3πn/8+3πN/8 N=2πk/w0=2πk/(3π/8) K: integer for k=3, N=16
Example: Is the sequence x(n) cos( n) periodic. If yes, find N.
sol. Suppose it is periodic sequence with period N x(n)=x(n+N) cos(n)=cos(n+N) for n+2πk=n+N , K: integer There is no integer N Non-periodic sequence
17 Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib
Operations on Sequences: For input signal x(n) and output signal y(n) (i) Scaling: y(n)=α x(n) α is called gain or scale factor. If |α|˃1, called an amplification. If |α|<1, called an attenuating. If |α|<0, called inverting. Sometimes denoted by triangle or circle in block diagram:
(ii) Time shifting: y(n) = x(n – n0)
If n0˃0, called delay. If n0<0, called predictor.
(iii) Reflection (Time reversal) : y(n) = x(-n)
For multiple input signals x1(n) , x2(n) and output signal y(n) (i) Addition (summing): y(n)=x1+x2=x1(n)+x2(n)
18 Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib
(ii)Product (multiplier or modulation):
y(n)=x1.x2={x1(n) x2(n)}
Sequence Representation Using Delay Unit:
Any arbitrary sequence x(n) can be represented in terms of delayed and scaled impulse sequence δ[n] as shown in the figure
Example: Consider the following two sequences of length (5) defined for 0≤ n ≤4: x[n] = {3.5, 41, 36, -9.5, 0} y[n] = {1.7, -0.5, 0, 0.8, 1} Find: a) x[n].y[n] b) x[n]+y[n] c) 7/2 x[n] sol. a) x[n].y[n]= {5.44, -20.5, 0, -7.6, 0} b) x[n]+y[n]= {4.9, 40.5, 36, -8.7, 1} c) 7/2 x[n]= {11.2, 143.5, 126, -33.25, 0} 19 Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib
Energy and Power of a Sequence:
Energy of a sequence is defined by n E x ( n) 2 n Power of a sequence is defined by
1 n P x (n) 2 Nn A signal is called energy signal if E < ∞. A signal is called power signal if 0 < P < ∞. A signal can be an energy signal, a power signal or neither type. An energy signal has zero power. E < ∞; P = 0 A power signal has infinite energy. P < ∞; E = ∞
Discrete-Time Systems (Digital Processors):
A discrete-time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a discrete-time signal called the input or excitation (e.g. x(n)), according to some rule (e.g. T[.]) to produce another discrete-time signal called the output or response (e.g. y(n)). The transformation T[.], (also called operator or mapping) or processing performed by the system on x(n) to produce y(n).
Interconnections of Systems: 1. Series or cascade interconnection. The output of System 1 is the input to System 2.
2. Parallel interconnection. The same input signal is applied to Systems 1 and 2.
20 Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib
3. Combination of both cascade and parallel interconnection.
4. Feedback interconnection. The output of System 2 is fed back and added to the external input to produce the actual input to System 1.
Classification of Discrete-Time Systems:
Static (Memoryless) and Dynamic (Memory) Systems. Linear and Nonlinear Systems. Time-Invariant (TI) and Time-Varying Systems. Causal and Non-Causal Systems. Stable and Unstable Systems.
Static (Memoryless) and Dynamic (Memory) systems:
A discrete-time system is called static or memoryless if its output at any time instant n depends on the input sample at the same time, but not on the past or future samples of the input. For example y(n) =αx(n), y(n) =nx(n)+bx3(n). In the other case, the system is said to be dynamic or to have memory, if the output of a system at time n depends not only on the value of input at the same instant n, but also on past or future values of the input. For example N y[n] =αx[n]+ βx[n−1], y(n) h(k) x (n k) , y(n) h(k) x (n k) . k 0 k 0 Linear and Nonlinear Systems: A discrete-time system is called linear if only if it satisfies the linear superposition principle. In the other case, the system is called non-linear. If y1(n) and y2(n) are the responses to the inputs x1(n) and x2(n) respectively, then the input x(n)=ax1(n)+bx2(n) gives the output y(n)=ay1(n)+by2(n).
