Khmer

1
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 PROFILE 5
INTRODUCTION 5
CLIMATE 5
TOPOGRAPHY 5
RIVERS AND LAKES 6
MEKONG RIVER 6
TONL SAP RIVER 6
TONL SAP LAKE 6
MAJOR CITIES 7
PHNOM PENH 7
BATTAMBANG 7
SIHANOUKVILLE 7
KAMPHONG CHAM 7
HISTORY 8
ANCIENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY 8
CAMBODIA GAINS INDEPENDENCE 8
POL POT AND THE KHMER ROUGE 9
VIETNAMESE OCCUPATION 10
THE ROADMAP TO DEMOCRACY 10
GOVERNMENT 11
ECONOMY 12
MEDIA 12
ETHNIC GROUPS 13
CHINESE 13
VIETNAMESE 13
CHAM 14
PHNONG 14
CHAPTER 2 RELIGION 15
INTRODUCTION 15
THERAVADA BUDDHISM 15
INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON DAILY LIFE 16
RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT 17
REBUILDING CAMBODIAS MONASTIC COMMUNITY 18
BEHAVIOR IN PLACES OF WORSHIP 18
RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS 20
MEAK BOCHEA DAY 20
BUDDHAS BIRTHDAY (VISAKA BOCHEA) 20
BUDDHIST LENT (CHOL VOSSA) 20
FESTIVAL OF THE ANCESTORS (PHCHUM BEN) 21
2
CHAPTER 3 TRADITIONS 22
INTRODUCTION 22
FORMULAIC CODES OF POLITENESS 22
DRESS CODES 24
HOSPITALITY 25
GIFT GIVING 26
WEDDINGS 27
FUNERALS 28
NON-RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS 29
KHMER NEW YEAR 29
ROYAL PLOUGHING DAY 30
WATER FESTIVAL 30
INDEPENDENCE DAY 30
DOS AND DONTS 31
CHAPTER 4 URBAN LIFE 32
INTRODUCTION 32
HOUSING 32
EDUCATION 33
HEALTH CARE 33
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 34
TRANSPORTATION 35
CURRENCY 37
RESTAURANTS AND DINING 37
THE MARKETPLACE 40
VENDORS AND BEGGARS 41
CHAPTER 5 RURAL LIFE 43
LAND ALLOCATION AND OWNERSHIP 43

RURAL ECONOMY 44
TRANSPORTATION AND LODGING 46
HEALTH CARE IN RURAL AREAS 47
EDUCATION IN RURAL AREAS 47
RURAL LEADERSHIP 48
LANDMINES 49
CHECKPOINTS 50
CHAPTER 6 FAMILY LIFE 52
TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD 52
GENDER ISSUES 53
MARRIAGE 53
DIVORCE 54
3
CHILDBIRTH 54
CHILDREN 55
ELDERLY 56
NAMING CONVENTIONS 56
4
Chapter 1 Profile
Introduction
A relatively flat and densely forested land, Cambodia
is a small nation whose size has been whittled down
by its more powerful neighborsa reversal of fortune
that is deeply felt by the Khmer people when
considering their glorious past. Angkor, in
northwestern Cambodia, was the capital of a Khmer
empire whose authority extended across much of
mainland Southeast Asia from the 9th to the 13th
century. After the empire crumbled, the following
centuries were marked by foreign invasion and occupation. In the modern era, Cambodia
is most known for the atrocities suffered under the Khmer Rouge, a brutal regime whose
vision of a socialist utopia resulted in the deaths of over one fifth of the nations
population.1 Three decades after the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime was removed from
power, Cambodia now enjoys relative stability under a democratically elected
government. However, as subsistence farming employs 75% of the workforce, many
Cambodians continue to live in poverty.
Climate
Cambodia has a tropical climate that is characterized by two distinct monsoons. From
mid May to mid September or early October, the southwest monsoon carries humid air
from the Indian Ocean into Cambodia. This period corresponds with the rainy season,
which brings heavy precipitation and thunderstorms. In the winter, the flow of air
reverses as the northeast monsoon dominates the country. Occurring from early
November to March, this flow brings drier and cooler air to Cambodia. During this time
conditions may vary according to region, as the dry season often lasts twice as long (four
months) in the northern two thirds of the country than in the south. The intervening
periods between the two monsoon seasons are brief and characterized predominantly by
changes in humidity, rather than temperature.2 In terms of the latter, the weather is
generally warm year-round, with temperatures ranging between 20C (68F) and 40C
(104F). January is the coolest month and April is the warmest.3
Topography
Cambodia is dominated by an expansive low-elevation plain consisting of the Tonl Sap
Basin and the Mekong Lowlands. In general, these rolling plains do not exceed elevations
of 100 m (328 ft). In the southeast lies the Mekong Delta, which extends into present-day
Vietnam. There are several mountainous regions that form both natural and territorial
borders. The Cardamom Range, which rises to 1,500 m (4921 ft), parallels the countrys
1
Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University. The CGP, 1994-2008. 2008. http://www.yale.edu/cgp/
2
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Cambodia: A Country Study. Ross, Russell R., ed.
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Environment: Climate. 1987. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-
bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kh0051)
3
Asia Web Direct. Cambodia Climate and Geography: Weather in Cambodia. c.2008. http://www.visit-
mekong.com/cambodia/geography.htm
5
sole expanse of coastline in the southwest, while the Dangrek range, which has a steep
escarpment, separates northern Cambodia from Thailand.4 The terrain also rises to higher
elevations in the east, in the countrys borderlands with Laos and Vietnam.
Rivers and Lakes
Mekong River
The twelfth longest river in the world, the Mekong originates in Tibet.5 After passing
through China, Burma, Thailand, and Laos, it enters northeastern Cambodia, where, for
most of its route, it is navigable. As the rainy season approaches, floating villages on the
river move inland in order to seek shelter along the banks. This is because the monsoon
rains add to the Mekongs size and cause its width to expand. Once the monsoon rains
recede in November, the Mekong returns to its normal size. At the southern Cambodian
border, the river flows out to the South China Sea through Vietnam.
Tonl Sap River

The Tonl Sap River connects Cambodias Tonl Sap Lake to the Mekong River. During
the monsoon period the Mekong River swells to such an extent that its overflow causes
the Tonl Sap River current to switch direction, thereby sending the overflow upriver into
the Tonl Sap Lake.
Tonl Sap Lake

Located in northwestern Cambodia, the Tonl Sap
Lake expands over five times in size during the
monsoon season. Affected communities view this as
desirable because the waters bring fertilizing nutrients
to the surrounding land and increased fish stock to the
lake.6 Fishing is exceptional during this period, and
nets are used to trap fish as the water recedes.7
The lakes expansion also enables it to supply fresh

water to downstream communities throughout the year. Poor drainage near the banks
transforms the surrounding area into marshlands, which are unusable for agricultural
purposes during the dry season. Protecting these marshlands is now recognized as an
environmental priority since they serve as a buffer against catastrophic flooding.8
4
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Environment: Topography. 1987.
http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/36.htm
5
ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation. Mekong River. c.2006.
http://www.arcbc.org.ph/wetlands/cambodia/khm_mekriv.htm
6
National Public Radio. Sullivan, Michael. Tonle Sap: The Flowing Heart of Cambodia. 6 December
2005. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5039980
7
Hawaii Geographic Alliance, University of Hawaii. Tracing the Mekong River. No date.
http://www.hawaii.edu/hga/gaw01/workshop/TracingMekongRiv.html
8
Program on Global Security and Sustainability, MacArthur Foundation. Geographic Priorities: Lower
Mekong. March 2007.
http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1013971/k.F121/International_Grantmaking__Conserva
tion__Geographic_Priorities__Asia_8211_Lower_Mekong.htm
6
Major Cities
Phnom Penh
While the city was designed by the French to include
broad boulevards, the capitals low-rise skyline
contains many architectural structures that were built
in the 1950s and 1960s during a post-independence
period known as the era of new Khmer architecture.
These structures represent the legacy of a group of
Khmer architects who, rather than mimicking
international styles, chose to reinterpret European
modernism in accordance with indigenous forms and
local conditions, chiefly flooding and high temperatures.9 However, today, the capitals
rich architectural landscape is increasingly overshadowed by high-rise development.10
Battambang
Battambang is the capital of the province known as Cambodias rice basket. For much
of the modern erafrom 17941904 and 19411946the city fell under the control of
Thailand.11 Noted for its proximity to ancient Khmer ruins, it is also close to the site of a
former Khmer Rouge killing field.
Sihanoukville
Sihanoukville was historically a hard-to-reach outpost due to the thickly-forested,
mountainous terrain that separates the Cambodian coast from the interior. The coastal
city has the countrys only deep water port, which was built during the 1960s in order to
prevent Cambodia from being reliant on Vietnams port facilities for the shipment of
goods. It is now being developed as a beachfront resort.
Kamphong Cham
Having attracted very little foreign investment, Kamphong Cham retains a traditional
ambience. The citys historic temples and elements of French architecture are a draw for
visitors. Located northeast of Phnom Penh on the Mekong River, the city has a significant
ethnic Cham population.
9
International Herald Tribune. Turnbull, Robert. Building Phnom Penh: An Angkorian Heritage. 27
March 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/03/27/arts/cambarch.php
10
Asia Times Online. Symon, Andrew. Deconstructing Cambodia's Modernist Heritage. Review of
Building Cambodia: New Khmer Architecture: 1953-1970, by Helen Grant Ross and Darryl Leon Collins.
27 October 2007. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IJ27Ae01.html
11
Encyclopdia Britannica. Batdambang. 2008.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55811/Batdambang
7
History
Ancient and Colonial History

While the origin of the Khmer people is a matter of
debate, historians believe that they likely migrated
into the area from China before the first century C.E.
The first great expansion of Cambodian power
occurred during the reign of Suryavarman I (1002
1050), whose rule extended over the greater part of
present-day Thailand and Laos, as well as the
northern half of the Malay Peninsula. This period,
during which the temple complex of Angkor Wat was
constructed, is considered the crowning achievement of Khmer civilization. The temples
of Angkor are replete with detailed stone bas-reliefs of warriors and etchings of fish and
fishermen. The latter images attest to the long-standing importance of fish in the
Cambodian culture and diet.
In 1434, King Ponhea Yat made present-day Phnom Penh his capital due to the
difficulties in defending Angkor from the Siamese, as the Thais were then known. As a
result, Angkor was ultimately abandoned to the jungle.12 In the following centuries,
Khmer power waned. From the 17th through the mid 19th century, Khmer kings
continued to reign, but in reality, the country functioned as a vassal state to either
Vietnam or Siam. Due to repeated Siamese and Vietnamese incursions, the Khmer
monarchy ultimately appealed to France for protection, and the small kingdom became a
French protectorate in 1863. During the 1880s, Cambodia became part of the French
Indochinese Union, which also included southern Vietnam and Laos. In the following
decades, France pursued various political and commercial interests in the region.
Cambodia Gains Independence

In 1953, King Norodom Sihanouk successfully negotiated Cambodias independence
from the French. This came at a time when the political influence of communism was
growing throughout the region.13 In order to run for elective office, King Sihanouk
abdicated the throne and adopted the title of Prince. Over the course of his tenure as
head of state, he played off domestic adversaries but was unable to keep his country out
of the Vietnam conflict. During the war, the North Vietnamese made incursions into
Cambodia in order to transport supplies to Viet Cong troops who were operating in South
Vietnam. This precipitated a U.S. bombing campaign that was designed to disrupt these
12
The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Cds, George, et al. Chapter 16: The End of the Indian
Kingdoms [p. 237]. 1968. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
13
Chapter Six: Transition, Culture, and Language in Cambodia [p. 96]. Clayton, Thomas. In Language,
Culture, Policy, and Identity in Asian Contexts. Tsui, Amy B. M. and James W. Tollefson, eds. 2007. New
York: Routledge.
http://books.google.com/books?id=0iJD7lZR8WYC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=cambodia+ethnic+groups
&source=web&ots=v8GS6w0a_Z&sig=MadhL2wRM6bWajavcJ4HGiQXxN0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_re
sult&resnum=4&ct=result
8
supply routes. In 1970, Prince Sihanouk was deposed in a coup led by General Lon Nol,
his Prime Minister, while he was out of the country.
The military-led government pledged to remove foreign communist fighters, an effort

that resulted in its own armys sound defeat. The Cambodian government appealed to
Washington for aid, which thereafter became its primary source of support. 14 Yet Lon
Nols government never controlled the whole country, and in reality, the states authority
did not extend beyond a few enclaves. He and high-ranking members of his government
fled in 1975 as the Khmer Rouge, who they had been fighting for several years, was
poised to take Phnom Penh.
Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge

The goal of the Khmer Rouge was to create a communist agrarian utopia. Toward this
end, all citizens were required to take up residence on self-contained communes where
they were forced to labor in the fields. All vestiges of modern life, such as markets and
money, were restricted or eliminated.15 As part of this program, people were prohibited
from practicing religion, singing traditional songs, or discussing their earlier lives in
public. Even private statements or references could draw scrutiny and punishment given
that informers were everywhere. Those from educated backgrounds were especially
desperate to conceal that information since it singled them out for particularly harsh
treatment.
As part of the Khmer Rouge program to remake the society along

rigidly egalitarian lines, the word comrade (mitt) replaced honorific
and familial terms, all of which reflect differences in social status.16
The value of a persons age was also reversed in terms of its
indication of status. Because they were considered pure and
impressionable, young children were removed from the care of their
families to prevent them from being instilled with a respect for
seniority. Housed in spartan, dormitory-like conditions, they were
denied affection and human warmth as part of their training to
become enforcers of the rules set forth by Angkar, or the
Organization, as the faceless government was known.17 This
training included clubbing animals to death. By contrast, the
14
Time. Lon Nol and Sihanouk Speak Out. 28 September 1970.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909625,00.html
15
Southeast Asian Blog Collection, Ohio University Libraries. New Title on the Cambodian Genocide.
31 October 2008. http://www.library.ohiou.edu/sea/blog/?p=170
16
Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Ledgerwood, Judy. Democratic
Kampuchea: Hierarchy/Egalitarianism and Pol Pot. No date.
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/Khmer_Rouge.htm
17
When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution. Becker, Elizabeth. Chapter Six:
Cambodias Reign of Terror [p. 257]. 1998. Public Affairs.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3NHoI2HoFiQC&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=young+children+khme
r+rouge&source=web&ots=XMAFHGYhGF&sig=4Bpp1eJtk3LVL0Zo5vC2LYVYRK8&hl=en&sa=X&o
i=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
9
elderly, who were traditionally venerated as a source of wisdom, were perceived as
worthless and expendable.18
Vietnamese Occupation
The Vietnamese launched their invasion of Cambodia in late December 1978 in response
to Khmer Rouge attacks on Vietnam. By the middle of January 1979 they controlled
Phnom Penh. Despite the historic enmity between the two neighbors, Cambodians
initially viewed them as liberators, as many were convinced that everyone would have
died had the Khmer Rouge regime remained in place. The Vietnamese sentenced Pol Pot,
whose siblings were reportedly shocked to discover his identity since the regimes
leadership had remained anonymous, to death in absentia. He was deemed responsible for
the deaths of nearly two million Cambodians from execution, starvation, exhaustion, and
disease over the course of his 44-month rule.
After the Vietnamese took power, the communes were disbanded and family farming was
reintroduced. Within six months, markets, hospitals, and schools had reopened. In the
following year, the use of money and the practice of Buddhism were reinstated.19 Hanois
plans for a long-term occupation were not embraced by the long suffering Khmer people,
however. Many Cambodians were disillusioned with communism and were not
enthusiastic about Vietnams intention to set up a Cambodian government similar to its
own. The majority of those who were recruited to work within the Vietnamese-
administered government were either former Khmer Rouge who had sought refuge in
Vietnam, or Cambodian exiles who had previously left the country. Approximately
200,000 Vietnamese soldiers remained in the country to defend the government against
various Cambodian insurgent groups, including the Khmer Rouge.
The Roadmap to Democracy

In 1989, the last Vietnamese troops departed. The roadmap for
Cambodias future was laid out two years later in the Paris Peace
Agreement, which all of the major Cambodian political factions
signed. The agreement provided for an economic development
program and competitive elections, with the costs to be
underwritten by the international community. The UN-organized
elections of 1993 provided the Cambodian people with the
opportunity to choose from among a range of political parties.
However, the results were not decisive as no party received the two-
thirds majority that was necessary to govern. Moreover, the
Cambodian Peoples Party (CPP) was unwilling to admit defeat and
18
Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Ledgerwood, Judy. The Khmer Rouge
Period in Cambodia. No date. http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/ledgerwood/khmer_rouge.htm
19
Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot. Chandler, David P. Chapter Nine: Grandfather
87, 1979-1988 [p. 158]. 1999. Boulder: Westview Press.
http://books.google.com/books?id=6s1OZI1kTPgC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=vietnamese+people's+re
public+of+kampuchea&source=web&ots=0kkK-
Yd1zP&sig=5mBrgzLxWOxQRTBssmzzVPlGwF8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result
#PPA158,M1
10
thus refused to turn over control of the government to FUNCINPEC, the winning,
royalist party. In the days after the election, the CPPs leader, Hun Sen, a former Khmer
Rouge leader who had been part of the Vietnamese-installed government, alleged fraud in
the election process. In protest, he threatened to secede and make the eastern provinces,
the CPPs stronghold, into an independent state. Ultimately, a coalition government was
formed in which there were two Co-Prime Ministers. Following this power-sharing
arrangement, both parties were represented in a similar fashion within each of the
governments ministries, a compromise that impeded the governments ability to function
efficiently.
In 1997, Hun Sen successfully staged a coup that ousted his coalition partners. As the
International Crisis Group observed in 2000, the legitimacy of the CPP and its leader,
Hun Sen, was achieved by marginalising [sic] political opposition, wearing down donors
and diplomats, and maintaining a lock on power through the military and local
government offices.20 To some extent, this still holds true, as Hun Sen and the CPP have
successfully maintained power through additional, often-flawed elections over the last
decademost recently in 2008.21 While previous elections (in 2002 and 2003) were
marred by violence, including such incidents as acid attacks, the 2008 elections
experienced less conflict. However, this drop in violence was less indicative of a peaceful
resolution of differences between parties than a result of the CPPs successful attempts to
undermine the campaign run by the opposition Sam Rainsy Party (SRP).22 In any case,
under Hun Sens leadership the country has achieved stability, which has, in turn,
resulted in unprecedented economic growth.
Government
Under Cambodias traditional monarchic system, the king was elected to a lifetime
appointment by a group of notables. Elections were held periodically throughout
modern Cambodian history, but their purpose was to
bolster the legitimacy of the incumbent regimenot to
offer citizens a choice of leadership.23 The UN-
brokered peace of 1991 was supposed to represent a
break from the past, as, ideally, elections held every
five years would serve as a means to select leadership.
Once the constitution was approved in 1993,
Cambodia officially became a multiparty democracy
under a constitutional monarchy.
20
International Crisis Group. Asia Report, No. 8. Cambodia: The Elusive Peace Dividend. 11 August
2000. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1425&l=1
21
The Henry Jackson Society, Project for Democratic Geopolitics. Tylecote, Radimir. Cambodias Nex
(sic) Election: Hun Sen Steals the Show (again). 16 October 2006.
http://www.henryjacksonsociety.org/stories.asp?id=124
22
Asia Times Online. Guthrie, Craig. Toward Hun Sens Cambodia. 23 July 2008.
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/JG23Ae01.html
23
Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Gallup, Jeffrey. Cambodias Electoral System: A Window of
Opportunity for Reform. 2002. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361003.pdf
11
Since then, Cambodias experience with voting has demonstrated that electoral violence
can diminish over time, even as the outcome remains the same. In this case, the CPP, the
governing party, has been able to maintain and solidify a strong hold on power. There has
been no parallel institutionalization of checks and balances within the current single-party
administration. Thus, balance of power is nonexistent and the judiciary has been
essentially hijacked by the ruling party. Neither the National Assembly, with 123
members, nor the Senate, with 54 members, possesses the authority to overrule an
executive who governs by edict.24
Economy
The Cambodian economy is heavily reliant on tourism and manufacturing, with garments
comprising the principal product of the latter industry. Foreign investment in other
sectors has not been forthcoming. This is primarily due to corruption and the low level of
education held by Cambodias citizenry, which, in turn, translates into limited buying
power. Most Cambodians are subsistence farmers who have few prospects for jobs in the
formal sector. The problem will only grow more pressing given that 50% of the
population is under the age of 20.25 Oil has been discovered off the Cambodian coast in
the Gulf of Thailand, but extraction will create few local jobs. Moreover, an influx of
energy revenues could produce a variety of consequences, both good and bad. While on
the one hand, increased wealth could be used to develop public infrastructure, it could
also fuel further corruption and produce a get-rich-quick mentality in the commercial
sector. Overall, whether the revenues are used to improve the quality of life for the
majority, or simply channeled to a well-connected minority is entirely dependent on the
quality and effectiveness of the Cambodian government and its rule of law.26
Media
Cambodia has a vibrant media, including both public
and private outlets and a thriving community of
bloggers. Yet private television stations, along with
the majority of Cambodias radio stations, are owned
by persons with close ties to the incumbent political
party. As a result, providing pro-government
coverage is seen as a means to elicit favor with the
ruling party.27
Journalists who have criticized the government may be subject to legal punishment or
violent retribution. In 2006, Prime Minister Hun Sens government arrested and detained
three newspaper reporters who had questioned the border treaty it had negotiated with
24
International Herald Tribune. Ear, Sophal and John A. Hall. Cambodias Free Press Under Fire. 27
July 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/07/27/opinion/edhall.php
25
Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Background Note: Cambodia.
November 2008. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm
26
My Tiny World. Philadelphia Inquirer. Graham, Troy. Oil Discovery Brings Caution for Cambodia. 15
November 2006. http://tinyworld.wordpress.com/2006/11/15/oil-discovery-brings-caution-for-cambodia/
27
Voice of America News. Byrne, Rory. Report Says Cambodia Media Subject to Political Pressures,
Bias. 27 May 2008. http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-05/2008-05-27-
voa7.cfm?CFID=66986815&CFTOKEN=71218323
12
Vietnam. The journalists were later released after they apologized, but in other cases,
which are common, the sentence has not been so lenient. Criminal defamation laws
remain active and serve to reinforce the need for journalists to self-censor their work.28 In
January 2008, the Cambodian government set up a quick response team to counter
stories that are critical of some aspect of official policy. Articles or reports disseminated
by international groups working within Cambodia often include such material.29
Ethnic Groups
Chinese
Many ethnic Chinese Cambodians are descendents of
Chinese who migrated to the kingdom several
centuries ago to work as merchants. Many of these
migrants were single men, and thus intermarriage
rates were high. As a result, many Cambodians,
whether they identify themselves as Chinese or
Khmer, have mixed ancestry. The Chinese Confucian
heritage emphasizes educational achievement.
Cambodian Chinese traditionally sent their children to
private schools to maintain this heritage.30
Vietnamese
The Vietnamese have a long history in Cambodia. Their presence in the country is partly
the result of the historical shifting of borders between the two countries, as well as a
longstanding trend of Vietnamese immigration, which was encouraged under French
colonial rule. While concentrated in the Mekong Delta border area, ethnic Vietnamese
have migrated elsewhere in search of opportunity. Khmer are distrustful of Vietnamese at
best.31 Anti-Vietnamese movements have occurred periodically, most notably during the
rule of the Khmer Rouge, when huge numbers of Vietnamese were either killed or
expelled. In recent years, anti-Vietnamese movements have been orchestrated by
politicians running for public office who seek to blame the Vietnamese for current ills.32
28
Committee to Protect Journalists. Cambodia: Hun Sen Drops Criminal Defamation Charges Against
Three Journalists. 24 January 2006. http://cpj.org/2006/01/cambodia-hun-sen-drops-criminal-defamation-
charges.php
29
Asian Human Rights Commission. CAMBODIA: The Cambodian Government Should Address
Problems Rather Than Attacking People or Organisations Which Have Identified Them. 27 February
2008.
http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:jj_Q8eK1Fc4J:www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2008statem
ents/1396/+cambodia+government&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=51&gl=us
30
Eng Marady Blog. Marady, Eng. Education in Cambodia. 31 October 2008.
http://engmaradypage.wordpress.com/2008/10/31/education-in-cambodia-2/
31
BBC News. Playing the Vietnamese Card. 25 July 1998.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/07/98/cambodia/139315.stm
32
Minorities at Risk Project, UNHCR Refworld. Assessment for Vietnamese in Cambodia. 31 December
2003. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,KHM,,469f3a64c,0.html
13
Cham
The Cham are descendants of the Kingdom of
Champa, whose capital was located in central
Vietnam for several centuries, before the empire was
defeated by the Vietnamese in 1471 C.E. While they
engage in the same agrarian livelihood as the Khmer,
they remain a separate community. As Muslims, most
Cham follow their own interpretation of Islam, which
only requires prayer once a week, rather than five
times a day.33 Intermarriage rates between Muslim
Cham and Buddhist Khmer are quite low due to their differences in faith. While most
Muslim societies are patrilineal, Cham society is matrilineal; upon marriage men take up
residence in the home of their wives, who inherit their parents property.34 Many are
poor, however, with little property to bequeath their children.
Phnong
Among the numerous Khmer Loeu, or highlander tribes, are the Phnong, a group of
hunters and gatherers who have long lived in harmony with nature. As animists, the
Phnong consider all things, such as trees and plants, to be embodied by spirits. According
to animist belief, these spirits make their feelings known by interfering in the lives of the
Phnong. These actions can either bring harm to the Phnong or protect them.35 To keep the
spirits happy, periodic sacrifices, which may involve animals, are offered to appease
them.
In recent years, the Phnongs traditional lifestyle has been affected by foreign investment
projects in Cambodia. Specifically, the Phnong have protested the impact of commercial
forestry operations on or near their lands. These operations have been conducted by a
Chinese firm that received land concessions from the Cambodian government.36 The
government did not consult the Phnong when negotiating the agreement, however. The
forestry operations have significantly affected the local environment and the Phnong
community, particularly through the destruction of farmlands and sacred sites.37
33
Tales of Asia. Graceffo, Antonio. Cham Muslims: A Look at Cambodias Muslim Minority.
http://www.talesofasia.com/rs-50-cham.htm
34
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Social Structure and Organization: Other Ethnic Groups: The
Cham. 1987. http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/43.htm
35
Elephants Livelihood Initiative Environment. About the Phnong. No date. http://elie-
cambodia.org/eliephnong.html
36
BBC News. Cambodia Police Ban Phnong March. 7 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-
pacific/4659615.stm
37
Amnesty International. Cambodia: Ignoring the Rights of Indigenous People. June 2008.
http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGASA230082008
14
Chapter 2 Religion
Introduction
Theravada Buddhism displaced Hinduism and
Mahayana Buddhism as the dominant belief system in
Cambodia in the 13th century.38 Today, it is the
countrys official religion. Buddhism has always been
much more than a faith, however. It is a philosophy
that governs all aspects of life, whether social or
metaphysical. The social value of the religion is
especially evident at the village level. Historically,
Buddhist monks were the only rural residents with an
education. Thus, in addition to providing a sacred space for religious practice, Buddhist
temples (wat) also provided schooling and other social services to the local community.
In this way, over time, Buddhism became intricately tied to daily Cambodian life and
Khmer identity and custom.39 At the same time, the ancient practice of animistic spirit
worship also remained prevalent; today it continues to play an important role in daily life.
Theravada Buddhism
All Buddhists accept Buddha as the founder of their religion; the Theravada school
practiced by the Khmer emphasizes his humanity. Buddha was a mortal human being
who found his way to enlightenment (nirvana), and due to his innate kindness and
compassion, he shared his insights with others. This knowledge is known as the dhamma,
or Buddhas teachings, which are embodied in the Eight-Fold Path. Through meditation
and the faithful observance of a set of ethical guidelines, the Buddhas path is meant to
help individuals transcend their attachments to ego and desire, which, for the Buddha, are
at the root of all suffering.
Many Buddhists accept that upon death, a persons soul returns in a different body
through the process of rebirth. Accrued during a persons present life, as well as his or
her past lives, a persons karma determines what position in the hierarchy of living
creatures she or he will occupy in the next incarnation. The only way to be released from
the cycle of death and rebirth is to achieve enlightenment. Toward this end, an
individuals karma can be improved through certain acts and abstentions. Specifically, by
practicing five noble precepts, a Buddhist can improve his or her karma. These precepts
prohibit lying, stealing, killing, illicit sexual relations, and intoxication.
38
Windows on Asia. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. Religion in Cambodia. No date.
http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html
39
Conciliation Resources. Khemacaro, Yos Hut . Steering theMiddle Path: Buddhism, Non-violence and
Political Change in Cambodia. November 1998. http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/cambodia/middle-
path.php
15
The best way to improve ones karma, however, is by
accruing merit. Any act of benevolence or generosity
can help a person gain merit. Contributions to the
monastic community (sangha), which can take the
form of money, goods, labor, or monastic-related
activities, offer the potential for the greatest return.
Children typically tend a temples vegetable garden
and fruit trees. A rite of passage for males is to enter
the monastery for some period during youth. In doing
so, a young man accrues merit not only for himself but for his parents as well,
particularly for his mother. This is seen as a way for young men to demonstrate gratitude
for all the sacrifices that their mothers have made on their behalf.40 Females can become
nuns, although their range of responsibilities is more limited and is reflected in a lower
social status.
Contributing food to a wat, where meals are taken only in the morning and at midday, is
another important method of gaining merit. This can be done by simply presenting
prepared food to a senior monk, or by placing offerings in the alms bowls of young
monks who silently make their rounds to beg for sustenance every morning.41
Influence of Religion on Daily Life

Daily life is deeply influenced by a belief in spirits. These spirits include both guardians
and kmoch (ghosts), who make their presence felt through inexplicable sounds or
events.42 Similarly, according to ancient animist beliefs, neak ta are earth spirits who
embody the spiritual connection between the local villagers, the fertility of their lands,
and the forebears who farmed the land before them.43 These spirits are thought to live in
objects like trees and mounds of soil. Khmer have developed a patron-client relationship
with the neak ta. For their part, Khmer give the spirits offerings of food and incense,
which are placed in spirit houses or huts. These special sites dot the landscape and may
be found inside wat as well.44 In return, the neak ta, who are believed to be endowed with
supernatural qualities, are said to protect them.45 Failure to placate the spirits is believed
to result in bad fortune.
40
All Academic. American Sociological Association. Lee, Susan H. Gender and Prestige in Khmer
Buddhism. 11 August 2007.
http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/3/2/3/pages183237/p183237-1.php
41
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Religion: Buddhism: Origins of Buddhism on the Indian
Subcontinent. 1987. http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/48.htm
42
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Religion: Buddhism: Role of Buddhism in Cambodian Life.
1987. http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/48.htm
43
Andys Cambodia. Brouwer, Andy. What is Neak Ta? 12 April 2008.
http://www.andybrouwer.co.uk/blog/2008/04/what-is-neak-ta.html
44
AsiaRooms.com. Travel Info Cambodia: Buddhism in Cambodian Life. December 2008.
http://www.asiarooms.com/cambodia-travel-guide/cambodia_buddhism.html
45
Why Did They Kill?: Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide. Hinton, Alexander Laban. Chapter Two:
Power, Patronage, and Suspicion [pp. 106107]. 2005. Berkeley: University of California Press.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3fTpplDUlA4C&pg=RA1-PA106&lpg=RA1-PA106&dq=neak-
16
The recuperative power that lay people ascribe to the dhamma if they run afoul of the
spirit world is reflected by the ability of monks to use magic and incantations to heal an
afflicted person or exorcise the spirits that have taken root in his or her body. As a result,
monks, who embody the meritorious life, are treated with great respect.
Religion and Government

In the past, Buddhism conferred legitimacy upon the Cambodian monarch. The king was
regarded as one who has merits (neak mean bon), a notion that reflects the importance
of karma. Once enthroned, however, his prerogatives were not easily challenged. In
effect, the sangha had to accommodate itself to the imperial court.46 In the absence of an
educated class, however, the monastic community was the sole organization in a position
to rally opposition to the government. For this reason,
the French colonial leadership was perceptive enough
to realize that cultivating the sangha was smarter than
alienating it.47 By contrast, the Khmer Rouge was
determined to obliterate the role of Buddhism in
Khmer society. Monks, who were viewed as leeches
living off the labor of others, were simply defrocked
and, most often, executed. The elimination of the
village wat was part of the Khmer Rouges plan to
remake peasant society into a rural utopia.
Buddhisms emphasis on karma, which encourages the acceptance of inequalities and the
hierarchical stratification of society, was also objectionable to the Khmer Rouge.48
Ironically, it was the radical regimes inability to stamp out this ingrained philosophy that
enabled many Cambodians who survived the regimes rule to move on without anger. As
a survivor and mother of twelve children, nine of whom died along with their father,
explained, I do not hate the Khmer Rouge. Such was our karma.49
ta&source=bl&ots=HWjlX0gAwY&sig=RiKhU70j6WyImbxiZf9HiqGQ_m8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_res
ult&resnum=5&ct=result
46
National Thai Studies Centre, Australian National University. Stuart-Fox, Martin. Buddhism and
Politics in Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand. 30 January 2006.
http://www.anu.edu.au/thaionline/BUDDHISM%20AND%20POLITICS%20IN%20SOUTHEAST%20AS
IA.pdf
47
History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia. Marston, John Amos and Elizabeth
Guthrie, eds. Hanson, Anne. Chapter Two: Khmer Identity and Theravada Buddhism [pp. 4852]. 2004.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii. http://books.google.com/books?id=o_rci-
bX5xcC&printsec=frontcover#PPA52,M1
48
Cambodia Buddhism: History and Practice. Harris, Ian. Chapter Seven: Liberation: The Religio-
Political Dimension [p. 163]. 2005. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
49
Cambodia, 1975-1978: Rendezvous with Death. Jackson, Karl D., ed. Ponchaud, Francois. Chapter
Five: Social Change in the Vortex of Revolution [p. 172]. 1992. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
http://books.google.com/books?id=h27D3EYGwzgC&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=karma+cambodia&so
urce=web&ots=Vde-1XNk0E&sig=7FeA9-UzVNykDXnv7YD-
cFccmRs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
17
Rebuilding Cambodias Monastic Community
The quality and standards of the Cambodian sangha remain low due to the loss of an
entire generation of senior monks under the Khmer Rouge; the monastic community was
reduced from an estimated 40,00060,000 to 8001,000 over a 44-month period.50 This
extensive purge of monks left few experienced teachers to train the next generation.
According to one source, In the 1990s, only some 20% of monks, the bulk of whom
[were] under 25 years of age, received formal religious training, mainly from lay teachers
whose qualifications tended to be rudimentary.51
The first secondary school for monks re-opened in

1993. In 1997, Preah Sihanouk Raj Buddhist
University also re-opened. The universitys
curriculum emphasizes meditative concentration and
intensive study of the Buddhist scriptures (sutras) as
part of its training program. Yet very few graduates of
Buddhist educational institutions opt to pursue a life
in the monastery. Instead, they often leave for further
study in cutting-edge fields such as information
technology, accounting, and English in order to prepare for employment in secular life.
The prevalence of recruits for whom the monastic life does not prove to be the path to
enlightenment is evident in frequent reports of poor discipline and criminal conduct
among the young brotherhood. Newspapers regularly carry stories of monks who have
been accused of sexual assault or other crimes.52
Behavior in Places of Worship

Buddha felt that it was difficult to avoid desire while leading the life of a lay person. To
forsake worldly goods, he took up residence in a monastery, which also serves as a
temple. Temples are easy to recognize, as they are characterized by pitched golden roofs
with pointed corners. Monks are identifiable by their shaved heads and orange robes.
They live in the outer buildings around the temple hall. Lay devotees often wear a white
sash or arm band.53
50
Death by Government. Rummel, R.J. 2,035,000 Murdered: The Hell State: Cambodia Under the Khmer
Rouge [p. 187]. 1997. New Jersey: Transaction Books.
http://books.google.com/books?id=N1j1QdPMockC&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=60,000+monks+died+k
hmer+rouge&source=web&ots=0od0xaM5ix&sig=oyvyuTq06zdPVKSdaEehQdl0bA0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=
book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
51
Khmer-Buddhist Educational Assistance Project. Buddhism in Cambodia. 24 February 2008.
http://www.keap-net.org/buddhism_cambodia.htm
52
Telegraph. Bell, Thomas. Buddhist Monk Confesses to Rape of British Tourist. 20 November 2008.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/cambodia/3482682/Buddhist-monk-confesses-to-rape-of-
British-tourist.html
53
Buddhist Studies. Buddha Dharma Education Association and BuddhaNet. Buddhism in Cambodia.
c.2008. http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/cambodia-txt.htm
18
Exchange 1: May I enter the temple?
Soldier: May I enter the temple? kinyom aach jol preaH wee hee a
baan dtay?
Local: Yes. baat, baan
The center of Buddhist life is the temple, and it is

treated as a place of reverence by Cambodians. All
wat are open to visitors, who must remove their shoes
before entering the temple hall. Visitors should also
avoid wearing dirty clothing, scanty attire, or
revealing outfits, as such types of dress are considered
profane and disrespectful.
Exchange 2: Must I take off my shoes inside the

temple?
Soldier: Must I take off my shoes inside the dtaW kinyom dtrov doH sbaay ek
temple? jUhng bayl jol pray aH wee hee a
dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
Monks, if not busy with other duties, will serve as tour guides, and they are often eager to
practice their English.54 They are also often amenable to providing visitors with the
traditional blessing for safe travel, and it is appropriate to make a donation to the temple
in exchange for such a blessing. Donation boxes are evident in prayer areas.
Exchange 3: When do you pray?

Soldier: When do you pray? bayl naa nay uk som sal?
Local: We pray at noon. yUhng som sal ma ona mooy
Inside the temple, monks sit on a platform or on a pillow or folded blanket to symbolize
their status in comparison to lay worshippers. Visitors who sit down in the lotus position
should take care that the soles of their feet, which should be tucked in, face away from
the monk, not toward him.
Exchange 4: Do I need to cover my head?

Soldier: Do I need to cover my head? taW Khignom trov grorp kbaal
kinyom dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
54
Jaunted. Patterson, Tim. Embedded Travel Guide Cambodia: Temple Time. 28 August 2008.
http://www.jaunted.com/story/2008/8/28/75852/2816/travel/Embedded+Travel+Guide+Cambodia:+Templ
e+Time
19
In the past, when a member of the sangha was seated, it was not
uncommon for a lay person to drop to a crouch when passing him
so that the monks head would be at a higher position. For
Buddhists, the head is the highest, most sacred part of the body and,
thus, it should not be touched. Conversely, as the feet are the lowest
part of the body, they should never be pointed toward a Buddhist
statue. Furthermore, women are not allowed to touch monks, as to
do so would harm their sanctity. If a female wants to make an
offering or contribution to a monk, they should place the gift within
the monks reach rather than passing it directly to him.55 This
protocol is so strictly observed that it even applies to the monks
mother.
Religious Holidays
Meak Bochea Day

This Buddhist ceremony is held on the day of the full moon of the third lunar month,
which generally occurs during the last week of February or in early March. The holiday
commemorates the historic, spontaneous gathering of 1,250 monks to listen to a speech
given by the Buddha. In honor of this event, monks from each Cambodian temple lead
hundreds of people in a candlelit procession throughout the compound.
Buddhas Birthday (Visaka Bochea)

Traditionally falling on a full moon in May, Buddhas birthday is a time of festive
celebration at every temple. Monks read sermons to commemorate Buddhas birth,
enlightenment, and death.
Buddhist Lent (Chol Vossa)

Not a publicly observed holiday, chol vossa begins in June or July, depending upon the
start of the rainy season, with which it corresponds.56 This day signals the beginning of a
period of spiritual reflection during which monks remain sequestered within their wat.
The kathen, usually occurring in September, signals the end of this season. At this time, it
is customary for lay people to offer gifts or contributionsespecially of new robesto
the monks.57
55
Ethnomed.org. Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington. Mony, Keo. General Etiquette
in Cambodian Society. January 2004. http://ethnomed.org/cultures/cambodian/etiquette.html
56
Windows on Asia, Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. Religion in Cambodia. No date.
http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html
57
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Ross, Russell R., ed. Cambodia: A Country Study.
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Religion: Buddhism: Role of Buddhism in Cambodian Life.
1987. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2136.html
20
Festival of the Ancestors (Phchum Ben)
This ancient, 15-day commemoration typically occurs in
September. The festival begins on the last day of the waning moon.
At this time, the spirits of the deceased who have not been
reincarnated are allowed out of the netherworld in order to seek
help from their living descendants. To respond to their requests, lay
people present monks with food and paper money as a means of
reducing the bad karma that has obstructed these souls and spirits
from being reborn. According to lore, the spirits will look in seven
different wat for offerings. If they fail to locate offerings made
specifically for them, they will curse their descendants since they
cannot eat food left for others. Failure to provide assistance would
be a sign of extreme disrespectone that would invite retribution.
On the final day, prayer is followed by a great feast.58
58
Chicago Reader. Sula, Mike. A Potluck with the Spirits. 25 September 2008.
http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/restaurants/080925/
21
Chapter 3 Traditions
Introduction
The Khmer are proud descendants of a people who
once ruled much of Southeast Asia. Their dominance
in the region came at a time when they claimed a
technologically advanced civilization. Evidence of
this past is found throughout the country, most
notably in the form of towering temples and majestic
statuesa legacy best represented by the impressive
temple complex at Angkor. Today, Cambodia
remains a predominantly agrarian society, as it has
been for centuries. In general, the rhythm of rural life determines the standards of good
social conduct. For example, in accordance with the agrarian lifestyle, one should wake
up to start the day before sunrise or risk being viewed as lazy. In addition, as most Khmer
are Theravada Buddhists, many of Cambodias social values and traditions are dictated
by religious belief.
Formulaic Codes of Politeness

Cambodians typically greet each other by pressing their hands together in a prayer
position and bowing their heads slightly, a routine known as som pas. The person of
lower social status customarily initiates the greeting.
Exchange 5: Good morning.

Soldier: Good morning. a'run soo a sday
Local: Good morning. a'run soo a sday
Cambodians demonstrate variations in the som pas routine depending upon the social
status of the person that they greet. As a general rule, people of higher social status
should be greeted with higher hand placement and a lower bow. Specifically, to greet the
average person or a person of the same social status, ones hands should be placed at
chest level; when greeting older or more revered people, ones hands should be placed at
nose level.59
Exchange 6: Good afternoon.

Soldier: Good afternoon. soo a sday
Local: Good afternoon. soo a sday
As they conduct the som pas, Khmer will say choum reap sur (Hello). They perform the
som pas again when departing, at which time they say choum reap lir (Goodbye).
59
Tippany Blog at Muliply.com. Review of Dos and Donts in Cambodia, by David Hill. 26 February
2008. http://tippiny.multiply.com/reviews/item/21
22
Exchange 7: Good evening!
Soldier: Good evening! saa yo un soo a sday!
Local: Good evening! saa yo un soo a sday!
Unless you are a monk, it is inappropriate to not reciprocate a som pas gesture, just as it
is rude to turn away from an extended hand in the West. Cambodian men may also shake
hands when greeting. Women, however, usually adhere to the traditional som pas
greeting. In general, they do so out of modesty, which also requires them to minimize eye
contact. Cambodians are not accustomed to social touching, especially with persons of
the opposite sex.60
Exchange 8: Good night!

Soldier: Good night! ree a dtray soo a sday!
Local: Good night! ree a dtray soo a sday!
The respective titles of Lok (Mr.) and Lok Srey (Mrs.) are used
when greeting Cambodians in formal situations; they may also be
used to demonstrate respect. The title precedes the persons given
name, not the family name. Cambodian names are rendered with the
surname, or family name, first, followed by the given name. Middle
names are not used. If the name is Kim Chenda, for example, Kim
is the family name and Chenda is the given name. Therefore, she
should be formally addressed as Lok Srey Chenda. Since the
surname belongs to an entire family, it is seldom used alone to
address an individual.
Exchange 9: Hi, Mr. Sok.

Soldier: Hello Mr. Sok. jum ree ap soo a lok sok
Local: Hello! jum ree ap soo a!
Soldier: Are you doing well? lok sok sob baay jee a dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
The Khmer language reflects the cultures highly refined set of social relations based on
kinship ties, age, and social status.61 In informal circumstances, Cambodians use specific
terms of address to speak to their elders. For example, the term Ta (grandfather) is used
by younger generations to address elderly men. Depending upon ones age, the terms Po
60
Ethnomed.org. Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Mony, Keo. General Etiquette
in Cambodian Society. January 2004. http://ethnomed.org/cultures/cambodian/etiquette.html
61
Culture and Development: A Critical Introduction. Schech, Susanne and Jane Haggis. Chapter Two:
Bringing Culture and Development Together: Third World Models of Development [p. 47]. 2000. New
York: Blackwell.
http://books.google.com/books?id=jbBJhKMKPagC&dq=Cultural+and+Development:+A+Critical+Introd
uction&pg=PP1&ots=FdCrowPi_p&source=bn&sig=r-
VPFd7sVNa0_t1bTklPwv8ZgRA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result
23
(uncle) or Bang (brother) are used to address elder men of other generations. Likewise,
elderly women are addressed as Yeay (grandmother), while the terms Ming (aunt) or
Bang Srey (sister) are used in other circumstances. For example, if Kim Chenda is in her
twenties or thirties, a teenage girl may refer to her as Bang Srey Chenda or Ming Chenda.
If Chenda is old, she will be addressed as Yeay Chenda. In cases in which a person is
unsure of another persons age, these terms are still used in order to respect the possibility
that that person may be older.
Exchange 10: How is your family?

Soldier: How is your family? groo a saa sok sob baay jee a dtay?
Local: They are doing fine, thank you. gay sok sob baay jee a dtay, or goon
It is considered rude for a younger person to address an elder person without using a title.
Given names can only be used alone when addressing someone who is the same age or
younger.
Exchange 11: How are you?

Soldier: How are you? sok sob baay jee a dtay?
Local: Fine, very well. baat, sok sob baay jee a dtay
Khmer frequently ask others, Where have you been? or Where are you going? While
such questions may seem overly invasive to Westerners, these queries are intended to
demonstrate concern for the other person. One can answer vaguely to avoid
embarrassment.
Dress Codes
In general, Khmer are a modest people who typically wear cotton-made clothing, except
for the wealthy, who can afford silk garments. In any case, the body should be covered
down to at least the knees. Men should never go bare-chested in public. Women should
not wear tank tops or other tight fitting or skimpy attire that leaves their arms bare.
Exchange 12: How should I dress?

Soldier: How should I dress? kinyom goo a slee uk pay uk yaang
mayeh?
Local: Wear loose fitting clothes which slee uk pay uk ka o aav dtoo lee ay
cover your body. dtoo lee ay dail grorp kloo an dtay
ung mool
A Khmer krama, a large checked scarf, can be tied around the neck or head as protection
from the sun or dust. Cambodians, who use the krama for many purposes, will see it as a
sign of respect for their culture.
Exchange 13: Is this acceptable to wear?

Soldier: Is this acceptable to wear? aa nih som room neung pee uk dtay?
Local: Yes. baan
24
Hospitality
Visitors must remove their shoes before entering a Khmer home. Guests are served a
drink no matter how brief their visit may be. Conversation should be kept social. Those
who arrive during a meal will receive an invitation to join the family.
Exchange 14: I really appreciate your hospitality.

Soldier: I really appreciate your hospitality. kinyom pen jet mairn tairn neung
son taa ra' kech ro boh nay uk
Local: It is nothing. min ay dtay
Food is served on a raised table or on a cloth on the floor. Family members, often attired
in sarongs, sit with their feet tucked to one side while eating. Visitors should wait to be
directed where to sit by the host.62 According to Khmer custom, the oldest person is
seated first and is the first to begin his or her meal. Visitors should use the communal
utensils, which usually consist of either a spoon or a fork, to serve themselves. To do
otherwise signifies that they do not consider themselves to be part of the group.
A standard meal in Cambodia consists of rice, a fish

entree, and a bowl of soup (samlor), all of which are
served together. Rice is a staple of the Khmer diet. As
a matter of longstanding cultural tradition,
Cambodians psychologically need to eat rice with
every meal, even though the carbohydrates that it
provides are available from other sources. In Khmer,
the words to eat (nam bai) literally mean to eat
rice.
Exchange 15: What is the name of this dish?

Soldier: What is the name of this dish? ma hop niH chmoo aH ay?
Local: This is somlor korko. niH jee a som lor gor go oo
Fresh water fish is the primary source of protein in the Cambodian diet. Giant catfish
come from the Mekong River, while smaller catch comes from Tonl Sap Lake. Most
Khmer generally eat fish at least once a day.63 Amoc, a signature fish dish, includes
coconut, lemongrass, and chili, all of which are wrapped up and steam cooked together in
a banana leaf.
62
Kwinessential Cross Cultural Solutions. Cambodia: Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette. No
date. http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/cambodia.html
63
Sihanoukville, Cambodia. Traditional Khmer Cuisine. c.2008. http://www.sihanoukville-
cambodia.com/about-sihanoukville/RestaurantsBars/traditionalkhmer.html
25
Exchange 16: What ingredients are used to make spiced beef on skewer?
Soldier: What ingredients are used to make sai go a jung guk duk ay ka laH?
spiced beef on skewer?
Local: Thinly sliced beef, marinated in the sai go han sdaWng sdaWng, pror luk
mixture of garlic, shallot, kafir kteum sor, kteum grorhorm, sleuk
leaves, fish sauce and sugar. groach saWch, dteuk dtray, sgor
Most Cambodian dishes are cooked in a wok

(chhnang khteak). Preparation is often labor intensive
because every ingredient needs to be fresh.64 As a
result, it is important to show appreciation for the
familys efforts.
Exchange 17: The food tastes so good.

Soldier: The food tastes so good. ma hop chngun mairn tairn
Local: Thank you. or goon
It is rude to refuse food. When finished, visitors should align their chopsticks across their
plate or bowl; they should never leave them sticking up out of the dish, as this is
reminiscent of the incense placed on ancestral altars to honor the dead.
Gift Giving
It is appropriate to bring a gift when invited to someones home. Objects are extended to
the recipient with the right hand. Those presenting a gift in formal situations should offer
it with both hands, using the right hand to pass the object and the left to slightly touch it.
The recipient will use both hands to receive it.65
Exchange 18: This gift is for you.

Soldier: This gift is for you. om na o ee niH joon lok
Local: I cannot accept this. o kon
Gifts should not be wrapped in white paper, since white is the color of mourning in
Cambodia; colored paper should be used instead. The recipient will not open a gift in the
presence of the person who offered it. Gratitude is typically conveyed non-verbally by
Cambodians; a smile is considered sufficient.
64
The Boston Globe. Arnett, Alison. The Blooming of Cambodian Cuisine. 12 November 2003.
http://www.boston.com/ae/food/articles/2003/11/12/the_blooming_of_cambodian_cuisine/
65
Angkor Hospital for Children. Volunteer > the Culture. 2007.
http://angkorhospital.org/help_vol_ahcculture.php
26
Weddings
Khmer weddings are generally held during the monsoon seasons, and they traditionally
last three days and three nights. Three is a lucky number since it is the sum of the three
major elements of Buddhism: the Buddha himself, the sangha (monastic community),
and the dhamma (Buddhas teachings). Over the course of the three days, the bride may
change into many different outfits.
The first day includes a private ceremony at a Buddhist temple. Only close family
members and friends are present for this event. On the second day, the festivities begin.
The groom, clad in traditional attire, walks to the brides home with a noisy entourage.
The group carries several trays of presents, including fruit platters, to give to the brides
family. Wealthy families may deliver as many as 200 trays; poorer ones generally
provide no more than ten.
The precise number is counted by the mai ba, who

represents the brides family. If found to be sufficient,
the mai ba and her counterpart, the ma ha, the
representative of the grooms party, lead the group
into the home, where the bride and her parents are
waiting to receive them.66 Everyone then enjoys a
breakfast, at which the bride and groom entertain the
guests by feeding each other.
Exchange 19: Congratulations on your wedding!

Soldier: Congratulations on your wedding! som orp or neung moo ung goo ul
kaa nay uk!
Local: We are honored you could attend. yUhng mee un ket tay yoo uh naH
dail nay uk mok baan
Afterwards, the hair cutting, or cleansing, ceremony takes place; it is accompanied by

music. In contrast to the past, the ritual of cutting the hair is now only done symbolically.
The couple change into traditional gold and yellow outfits and sit on decorated chairs.
Rings are placed in their hair. Members of the families are called upon, usually in order
of seniority, to take turns symbolically cutting the hair. In doing so, they retrieve the gold
rings, which symbolize prosperity.
Later in the day, the bride, clad in a traditional red dress, washes the feet of the groom.
Today, this rite is performed in a symbolic fashion in which she sprays cologne on the
feet, rather than washing them with water. Afterwards, in a pairing ceremony, the couple
places their hands on a pillow, and a sword is placed across their hands. The parents then
tie the couples left hands with red ribbon and sprinkle water over them. At this point, the
union is solemnized. Members of the party wish the couple well, and a monk lights three
candles to be passed between the married couples that are seated close to the bride and
66
Expat Advisory Services. Garnett, Justin. Khmer Wedding Protocol. c.20072008. http://www.expat-
advisory.com/cambodia/phnom-penh/khmer-wedding-protocol.php
27
groom. Each couple puts their hands through the flame as those who are seated farther
away cheer. This ceremony is concluded with the monk and the wedding guests
sprinkling flower petals over the newlyweds.
Exchange 20: I wish you both happiness.

Soldier: I wish you both happiness. kinyom som joon por nay uk dtay
ung pee a ee baan sai sak day sok
Local: We are honored. yUhng mee un ket tay yoo uh naH
After the ceremony, there is a big feast, which continues late into the night. On the third
day, the couple puts on their best clothes and has their pictures taken by a photographer.67
Funerals
Typically, a monk or several monks are called upon to bless persons who are gravely ill
or near death. Their prayers are intended to chase away whatever bad spirit has taken root
in the body, which would, in turn, enable the ailing person to recover. If recovery is not
possible, a monk remains close by in order to ready the dying person for his or her
journey into the next life. The monk must be present at the time and place of death, as he
needs to address the soul when it exits the body. At this time, Khmer believe that the soul
is in a state of agitation and uncertainty. The monks presence is thought to help calm the
soul before it departs.68
Exchange 21: I would like to give my condolences to you and your family.
Soldier: I would like to give my condolences kinyom som jol roo um mor runna'
to you and your family. dtook jee a moo ay nay uk neung
kroo a saa porng
Local: Thank you. or goon
Afterwards, the corpse is cleaned, dressed, and put into a coffin by

family members. Flowers and a photo of the person are placed on
top of it. Any dissections of the body, including the removal of
organs, are not allowed as such practices are thought to affect the
deceaseds rebirth. The body is traditionally kept in the house for
seven days prior to cremation, although a period of three days is
more common today. During this time, monks visit the home on a
nightly basis in order to say additional prayers for the deceased. On
the final day of this period, the body is carried to the temple by a
funeral procession, which includes monks, members of the family,
and other mourners. At the temple, the body is cremated. If the
deceased person was well-known or of high social status, the entire
community will be in attendance.
67
Things Asian. Cheong, Doreen. A Cambodian Wedding. 1 November 2002.
http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/2123
68
Ethnomed.org. Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Mony, Keo. Death in
Cambodian Buddhist Culture. 2004. http://ethnomed.org/cultures/cambodian/camb_death.htm
28
Exchange 22: Please be strong.
Soldier: Please be strong. som nou a ee mow um moo un
Local: We will try. yUhng neung kom preung
As part of the mourning process, it is customary for the spouse and the children of the
deceased to shave their heads and don white clothing, the color of bones. After the
cremation ceremony, the ashes and bone remnants are collected and either stored in the
temple or taken home by the family.69
Non-religious Holidays
Cambodia has approximately 25 yearly national holidays. Among the most important
non-religious ones are:
Khmer New Year

The Khmer New Year takes place for three days in mid April, near the end of the dry
season. The precise date and time of the event is determined by calculating when the new
astrological animal protector arrives. This is done in accordance with the same
astrological animal cycle that is used in other Asian countries that celebrate the lunar
New Year, even though the timing of the holiday is different in Cambodia.
Exchange 23: Will you be celebrating New Year?

Soldier: Will you be celebrating New Year? nay uk neung twUh bon joal chnum
mai dtay?
Local: Yes! baat!
Cambodians devote the first half of April to

preparation for the New Year. This process includes
cleaning and decorating their houses and preparing
fruit drinks for the angels that will act as guardians
for that year. Each of the holidays three days has
specific rituals. On the first day (moha sangkran),
people visit temples to offer food to the monks. On
the second day (wanabot), gifts are presented to older
family members. Clothes are also donated to the poor
as a method of gaining merit. The third day (leung sakk) is spent at the temple, asking for
forgiveness for sins committed during the previous year. Buddha statues are bathed in the
evening with scented water in a ceremony called Pithi Srang Preah.70 Once these rituals
have been completed, fun and merriment follows.
69
Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University. Cambodian Culture. 22 June 2007.
http://www.einaudi.cornell.edu/southeastasia/outreach/resources/cambodiawebunit/culture.html
70
Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India. New Year in Cambodia. No date.
http://www.newyearfestival.com/new-year-in-cambodia.html
29
Royal Ploughing Day
This celebration reflects the deep connection that Khmer have with the earth. The holiday
falls in May and marks the start of the rainy season. Although the event was originally
officiated by the King or Queen, a representative of the monarchy now conducts the
activities. He leads a pair of royal oxen three times around a square near the Royal Palace
in Phnom Penh. The purpose of this ancient rite is to demonstrate the Kings devotion to
both his subjects and the source of their livelihood, as well as to predict the size of the
coming years harvest. The latter is determined after the oxen are released from their
harnesses and allowed to amble over to seven golden trays. These trays are laden with
food and drink items and placed in the center of the square. If the oxen decide to eat a
harvested product, it is a sign that the harvest will be good. If their interest is in a
beverage product, however, it is an omen that the harvest may be poor.71
Water Festival
The Water Festival (Bonn Om Teuk) is a joyous,
three-day celebration that marks the beginning of the
dry season. It is held in mid November and always
starts on the day of the full moon. It was traditionally
organized by the king and held in front of the royal
palace.
As part of the festivities, up to several million people line the banks of the Tonl Sap
River in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap to watch dragon boat racing. (It is around this time
that the river nears the end of its annual reversal in direction.) Many villages enter these
competitions after their participants spend months in preparation; the winning team
receives the kings praise.
Independence Day
Cambodian National Day falls on November 9, the day the country received its
independence from France in 1953. To celebrate the event, Phnom Penh is widely
decorated with flags as a sign of national pride. A parade passes by the Royal Palace, and
in the evening there are fireworks.
71
Crienglish.com. Lee, Michael. Royal Ploughing Day. 6 May 2007.
http://english.cri.cn/4026/2007/05/06/[email protected]
30
Dos and Donts
Do remove your shoes before entering a temple or home.
Do return a smile with a smile.
Do ask permission before photographing people.
Do avoid touching a monk if you are female.
Do use your chin and not your finger to point.
Dont touch anyone on the head, as Buddhists consider it to be a

sacred part of the body.
Dont beckon Cambodians with a come here finger gesture; this is considered sexually
suggestive.
Dont engage in public displays of affection.
Dont sit in a position in which your feet could inadvertently point at someone.
Dont leave chopsticks sticking out of a bowl; lay them flat instead.
Dont initiate political discussions or bring up the Khmer Rouge.
31
Chapter 4 Urban Life
Introduction
In recent years, Cambodian cities have undergone a remarkable
transformation as the country has opened its doors to tourism and
foreign investment.72 High-rise office buildings and luxury housing
units are changing the skyline of Phnom Penh.73 Yet life remains
difficult for the majority of residents who struggle to make a living
in the informal economy. Forced evictions in poor communities are
increasingly commonplace as the value of real estate has
appreciated. This trend is indicative of the flaws in the countrys
land tenure system, which has failed to address the mass
displacement of the population that was brought about through war
and the disastrous governmental policies of the Khmer Rouge.74
Corruption is also a major problem. The legal system has failed to
remain a disinterested party in settling land disputes, as it is common for wealthy parties
to bribe government officials to pursue their interests.
Housing
The urban poor, many of whom migrated to the city to seek work, are often squatters who
hold no title to the land where they have built their homes. As a result, when the land
increases in value they are at risk of forcible eviction. This is the plight of approximately
4,000 families who live around Boeung Kak Lake in Phnom Penh. The lake has
traditionally served as the capitals catchment for monsoon rains, but there are plans to
fill most of it in to make room for an upscale property development. The project would
require the current residents to relocate against their will.75 If the development proceeds,
some say it would be the largest displacement of Cambodians since the era of the Khmer
Rouge, who forcibly evicted all city residents when they came to power in 1975.76
A World Bank-sponsored project to give urban squatters titles to their land failed to
enable them to create a stable community where residents could take advantage of
opportunities in Phnom Penhs booming economy. Instead, a series of fires and evictions
resulted in their mass relocation. In exchange for signing over title to the land, residents
were relocated to the outskirts of town. The land that they were forced to vacate quickly
ended up in the hands of wealthy developers, while the daily cost of transportation to
72
The New York Times. Kinetz, Erika. 36 Hours in Phnom Penh. 21 September 2008.
http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/travel/21hours.html
73
International Herald Tribune. Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia. Openness to Trade is Transforming
Cambodias Capital. 4 September 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/09/04/properties/rephnom.php
74
Inter Press Service. Nette, Andrew. Rights-Cambodia: Property Boom Forces Evictions of Urban Poor.
4 April 2008. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41856
75
Radio Free Asia. Lake Families Fear Eviction. 6 November 2008.
http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/Cambodia%20Lake%20Residents%20Protest%20Plans-
10012008161537.html
76
International Herald Tribune. Mydans, Seth. Progress for Some Means Eviction for Others in
Cambodia. 17 July 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/07/17/asia/cambo.php
32
Phnom Penh from their new settlement exceeded what the squatters could expect to earn
in the informal economy.77
Education
While education is nominally free, parents are expected to contribute to school
maintenance costs and pay for supplies, a burden that is too great for many families.
Exchange 24: Do your children go to school?

Soldier: Do your children go to school? go an nee uk mee un dtou saa laa
dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
For those of high school and college age, temples

offer lodging to poor male youths from the
countryside who are seeking an education. They are
referred to as pagoda boys. In order to receive
support, the young men simply require a letter from a
local monk that describes their needs and their
qualifications as students.78 International NGOs have
assisted in providing residential facilities for girls
who wish to continue their studies beyond primary
school.79
Higher education in Cambodia has been privatized. This has led to complaints that low-
quality instruction and widespread student cheating have made many programs into
diploma mills that place few students in good-paying jobs after graduation.80
Health Care
The Khmer Rouge regime killed most medical professionals who had not fled the
country. As a result, the health care system had to be completely rebuilt after the regime
was toppled in 1979.
Exchange 25: Is there a hospital nearby?

Soldier: Is there a hospital nearby? mee un mun dtee pairt nou jit niH
dtay?
Local: Yes, in the center of town. baat, nou gon daal grong
77
Slate. Gravois, John. The De Soto Delusion. 29 January 2005. http://www.slate.com/id/2112792/
78
The Chronicle of Higher Education. Overland, Martha Ann. The Pagoda Boys. 29 June 2007.
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i43/43a04801.htm
79
OneWorld.net. Asian Development Bank. Increasing Poor Girls access to Education in Cambodia
Using ICTs. 6 June 2008. http://us.oneworld.net/places/cambodia/-/article/increasing-poor-girls-access-
education-cambodia-using-icts
80
Agence France-Presse. Cambodias Higher Education Dreams Confront Reality. 5 October 2008.
http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5httnNxhB029mwA0vdmzEDUnjgDBA
33
Although health care is officially free to all Cambodian citizens, fees are charged for
services at all levels of the system, with money required before treatment. State salaries
are low, compelling some doctors to moonlight in order to make more money.81
Exchange 26: Is Dr. Inn in, sir?

Soldier: Is Dr. Inn in, sir? lok dok dto a in nou dtay lok?
Local: No. dtay
The publics confidence in the qualifications of medical professionals has been

undermined by the perception that they bought their diplomas.82 Preventive medicine
remains largely unpracticed, and Khmer often self-medicate, buying drugs of dubious
quality from unlicensed providers.
Exchange 27: Do you know what is wrong?

Soldier: Do you know what is wrong? nee uk deung taa gaa ut ay dtay?
Local: No. dtay
Telecommunications
There are more cell phone subscribers than landline telephone users in Cambodia.
Merchants, be they peddlers or taxi drivers, often require cell phones to conduct their
business. They will usually allow customers to use them for a small fee.
Exchange 28: May I use your phone?

Soldier: May I use your phone? kinyom pruH dtoo ra' sup nee uk
baan dtay?
Local: Sure. mee un ay
For those without cell phones, local pay phones can only be operated with phone cards,
which are purchased from shops advertising Telstra or Camintel cards.
Exchange 29: What is your telephone number?

Soldier: What is your telephone number? dtoo ra' sup lok layk pon maan?
Local: My phone number is 016 123 456 dtoo ra' sup kinyom layk so an, moo
ay, prum moo ay, moo ay, pee, baay,
boo un, prum, prum moo uy
The internet can be accessed through cell phones. However, internet usage has been
hampered by a dearth of infrastructure and information technology (IT) professionals, as
well as difficulties in creating a font for Khmer script.83 Many early internet users
81
Asian Development Bank. ADB Review. Van Zant, Eric. Healing Cambodias Health Care. MayJune
2004. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Periodicals/ADB_Review/2004/vol36_3/healing.asp
82
Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Ledgerwood, Judy. Essay 2:
Contemporary Cambodian Society. No date. http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/Ledgerwood/cs1.htm
83
Visiting Arts Cultural Profiles Project. Cambodia Cultural Profile: Development of the Internet in
Cambodia. 3 August 2005.
http://www.culturalprofiles.net/Cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-1818.html
34
accessed the web in English or French, rather than Khmer. Foreign aid and assistance
from international NGOs have been used to expand internet access to Khmer speakers.84
Transportation
Cambodia has no national airline, but a number of private carriers serve domestic routes
popular with tourists.85
Exchange 30: Which road leads to the airport?

Soldier: Which road leads to the airport? plou naa dtou pror lee un yoo un
hoH?
Local: The road heading east. plou dtou kaang gaWt
International driving licenses and permits are not recognized in Cambodia, so visitors
travelling by private vehicle must hire a driver as well.
Exchange 31: Where can I rent a car?

Soldier: Where can I rent a car? nou ay naa kinyom aach joo ul laan
moo ay baan?
Local: Downtown. nou psaa
Driving can be hazardous in Cambodia. Drivers do not always use their headlights after
dark, and cattle can stray on to rural roads. Most roadside villages have residents skilled
in auto repair.
Exchange 32: Is there a good auto mechanic nearby?

Soldier: Is there a good auto mee un jee ang laan poo gai nou jit
mechanic nearby? niH dtay?
Local: Yes. baat mee un
Gas is readily available, although stations may not

advertise prices.
Exchange 33: Is there a gas station nearby?

Soldier: Is there a gas station nearby? mee un haang sung nou jit niH dtay?
84
The Asia Foundation. Supporting Development in Cambodia Through Greater Access to Information.
April 2005. http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/CBCIC.pdf
85
The New York Times. Arnold, Wayne. Airline Start-up of Princely Origin; Wandering Cambodian Sees
Revenue Ahead in Tourism.18 May 2001.
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07EED9113AF93BA25756C0A9679C8B63
35
The U.S. State Department advises visitors to travel
in enclosed vehicles rather than on cyclos (pedicabs)
or moto-doob (motorbikes), which heighten
passengers vulnerability to robbery and injury.86
Exchange 34: Where can I get a cab?

Soldier: Where can I get a cab? kinyom rork dtuk see ay naa baan?
Local: Over there. nou ay nooH
There are no municipal bus services in cities. Residents either rely on their own
motorbikes or hire transportation on a per trip basis.
Exchange 35: Can you take me there?

Soldier: Can you take me there? nay uk joon kinyom tou ay nooH
baan dtay?
Local: Yes, I can. baat, baan
Buses do offer service to outlying areas, however, as well as between cities. The cost of
the ticket will be based on the level of comfort.
Exchange 36: Will the bus be here soon?

Soldier: Will the bus be here soon? laan chnoo ul mok dol chap chap
niH dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
Cambodia has only two train lines, one running from Phnom Penh to Battambang, and
the other from Phnom Penh to Sihanoukville. Neither train provides passenger service,
although it is possible to travel in a cargo car.
Exchange 37: Is there a train station nearby?

Soldier: Is there a train station nearby? mee an gaa ror dtayH pluHng nou jit
niH dtay?
Local: No. ot dtay
Boats are a popular form of transport, particularly along the Mekong River and across the
Tonl Sap Lake. Types of ship and class of service vary widely. On older boats,
breakdowns are frequent.
86
Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Cambodia: Country Specific Information. 5
June 2008. http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1080.html
36
Currency
The Khmer Rouge abolished money when it took
over the country; currency was later reintroduced by
the Vietnamese in 1980. By the end of the decade,
Cambodia was suffering from a high rate of inflation.
In such a situation, it is prudent to conduct
transactions in a stable currency.87 As a result, in the
early 1990s, U.S. dollars crowded out the Cambodian
currency (riel), which is named after a type of fish
that is a popular part of the Khmer diet.88
Exchange 38: Do you accept US currency?

Soldier: Do you accept US currency? nay uk yok dol laa aa may rik dtay?
Local: No we only accept Riel. dtay, yuHng yok dtai ree ul dtay
The economy remains heavily dollarized, meaning U.S. dollars (USD) are accepted and
preferred almost everywhere, including for official transactions. This reliance on USD
has been facilitated by the governments commitment to an open economy. There are
virtually no restrictions on capital transactions.
Restaurants and Dining

The cheapest cuisine is found at food stalls, which often specialize in one or two dishes.
In some cases, diners can customize their meal by pointing at the ingredients they want as
the dish is being prepared.89 Hygiene standards are low, so visitors should only consume
food that is fully cooked and freshly prepared in their presence.
Exchange 39: This food is very good.

Soldier: This food is very good. ma hop niH chngun naH
Local: Its Sah-ra-mann. aa neung saa ra' mun
The dominant flavorings of Khmer cuisine come from a fermented fish sauce known as
prahok, which is akin to anchovy paste, lemongrass (particularly in soup), coconut milk,
and tamarind.90 Cambodians start the day with steamed rice porridge (bobor) with fish
and fresh ginger.
87
Computer Science Undergraduate Association, University of California, Berkeley. The CICP Newsletter,
Nos. 15 & 16. Ear, Sophal. Dollarization, Monetary Independence and Inflation. JuneJuly 1996.
http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~sophal/cicp1a.htm
88
National Public Radio. Sullivan, Michael. Tonle Sap: The Flowing Heart of Cambodia. 6 December
2005. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5039980
89
Links2Asia. Cambodia: Food & Drink. c. 2004. http://www.links2asia.com/cambodia/food.htm
90
Salon.com. Fishbane, Matthew. Will Cambodian Food Ever Catch on in America? 26 June 2007.
http://www.salon.com/mwt/food/eat_drink/2007/06/26/khmer_food/print.html
37
Exchange 40: Are you still serving breakfast?
Soldier: Are you still serving breakfast? nay uk nou loo uk baa ee preuk
dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
Fresh water fish is the primary source of protein in the Cambodian diet. Trey angh
(grilled fish) is eaten in pieces wrapped in lettuce or spinach leaves and dipped into teuk
trey, a fish sauce that includes ground peanuts.
Exchange 41: What type of meat is this?

Soldier: What type of meat is this? sai ich ay niH?
Local: Lamb. sai jo roo
Soups are part of every Khmer meal. They may be

eaten as the main course, in which case they are
served with rice. Sweet and sour soups are the most
common; they can include fish, beef, or pork. Kuy
Tieu is also popular. This dish is prepared with rice
noodles, sliced pork, bean sprouts, and fried garlic; it
is garnished with cilantro, salted cabbage, and
scallions.
Exchange 42: Id like some hot soup.

Soldier: Id like some hot soup. kinyom jong baan soop gdao
Local: Sure. baat
Dessert often takes the form of fresh fruit, sticky rice cakes, or rice pudding.
Exchange 43: Do you have a dessert?

Soldier: Do you have a dessert? mee un bong aim dtay?
Local: Yes, we have Song-khyah baat yUhng mee un song kee yaa
Tea (tai) is usually provided free of charge in restaurants; a pot will be placed on the
table as soon as customers sit down. Coffee (kaa fey), iced or hot, is also readily
available; it is made with a drip filter set atop the cup or glass. This process produces
very strong coffee. The coffee drips onto a layer of sweetened condensed milk, which is
stirred before drinking.
Exchange 44: I would like coffee or tea.

Soldier: I would like coffee or tea. kinyom jong baan gaa fay r dtai
Local: Sure. baat
Freshly squeezed sugar-cane juice is a street stall favorite. Dteuk rolok, a sweet, milky
fruit shake, is also a popular beverage. Khmer often blend an egg into the shake in order
38
to add to its nutritional value; this gives it a frothy texture.91 It is only safe to drink
bottled water, and ice cubes should be avoided.
Exchange 45: May I have a glass of water?

Soldier: May I have a glass of water? kinyom som dteuk moo ay gai o
baan dtay?
Local: Yes, right away. baat, jam moo ay plairt
When dining in a group, it is extremely rare for people to pay for their meals individually.
In general, the person who arranged the meal pays for the group, particularly since dishes
are communally shared.
Exchange 46: Put this all in one bill.

Soldier: Put this all in one bill. geut loo ee bon jol kinee a dtay ung
oH naa
Local: Okay. o kay
If the menu does not list prices, visitors should ask

before ordering, as some restaurant owners may
decide to charge whatever price they think the
customer can afford to pay. Having a Cambodian in
your party will minimize this risk since the person
will likely know the typical price for such items.
Exchange 47: Can I have my total bill, please?

Soldier: Can I have my total bill, please? som geut loo ee sa' rop?
Local: Yes, of course. baat, mee un ay
Only more expensive restaurants have restroom facilities.
Exchange 48: Where is your restroom?

Soldier: Where is your restroom? bong goo un nou ay naa?
Local: That room to your left, over there. bon goo un kaang chwayng dai nou
nooH
91
Teen Life in Asia. Slater, Judith J., ed. Perez-Prado, Aixa. Chapter 1: Cambodia [p. 12]. 2004.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
http://books.google.com/books?id=7Oz5cvi3z3EC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=dteuk+rolok&source=bl&o
ts=ModmyuvRSb&sig=msaT6NRo13PQp8OWO0InNTK4a0A&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2
&ct=result#PPA12,M1
39
The Marketplace
There are many traditional markets (psah) and roadside stalls in Cambodia. A well-
known market is the Russian Market (Psar Tuol Tom Pong) in Phnom Penh.
Exchange 49: Is the market nearby?

Soldier: Is the market nearby? psaa nou jit niH dtay r?
Local: Yes, over there on the right. baat, nou kaang sdum ay nooH
Most goods are sold through such venues. Very few

of them have marked prices; this enables the
merchant to charge what he thinks the customer will
pay. This practice is especially directed toward
tourists.
Exchange 50: How much longer will you be here?

Soldier: How much longer will you be here? yoo bon naa dtee ut baan nay uk
mok dol niH?
Local: Three more hours. bay ee ma ong dtee ut
Visitors should not assume that they will be taken advantage of; instead, they should
maintain a friendly demeanor when haggling with merchants.
Exchange 51: Can you give me change for this?

Soldier: Can you give me change for this? nay uk bom baik aa niH baan dtay?
Local: No. ot dtay
Bargaining (tauh tlay) is the norm, but visitors should not make a counter offer unless
they intend to buy the item. Initiating a back and forth dialogue simply to see how far one
can negotiate the price down is considered rude and a waste of the merchants time.
Exchange 52: Can I buy a carpet with this much money?

Soldier: Can I buy a carpet with this much loo ee kinyom bon nayH dteun
money? proom moo ay baan dtay?
Local: No. ot dtay
In general, prices will be lower in market areas where there are large numbers of sellers.92
Some prior research into what is cheap (thaok) and what is expensive (thlai) will aid the
buyer in reaching a price that both parties will find satisfactory.
92
Computer Science Undergraduate Association, University of California, Berkeley. The CICP Newsletter,
Nos. 15 & 16. Ear, Sophal. Observation: Competition, Bargaining, Information, and Price Discrimination
in Cambodia's Psah. JuneJuly 1996. http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~sophal/cicp2.htm
40
Exchange 53: May I examine this close up?
Soldier: May I examine this close up? kinyom mUhl aa niH ao ee jit baan
dtay?
Local: Sure. mee un ay
There are some native crafts, but prior to purchase,

visitors should ascertain whether certain archeological
and ancient relics can be legally taken out of the
country. Objects of a certain age may require export
permits.93
Exchange 54: Do you sell scarves?

Soldier: Do you sell scarves? nay uk mee un gror maa loo uk
dtay?
However, many products for sale, including those passed off as locally made, have
probably been imported from China. Entertainment items such as movies are likely to be
unauthorized or pirated versions, also imported from China.94
Exchange 55: Do you have any more of these?

Soldier: Do you have any more of these? nay uk mee un poo uk niH dtee ut
dtay?
Local: No. ot dtay
Vendors and Beggars

Cambodia has a large number of beggars, particularly in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap,
which is a popular destination due to its proximity to Angkor Wat. As floating villages
near Siem Reap have begun to attract tourists, some local residents have abandoned
fishing for begging, which can be more lucrative.95
Exchange 56: Give me money

Local: Give me money som loo ee klaH mok
Soldier: I dont have any. kinyom kimee un dtay
Cambodian officials have made efforts to counteract this trend by collecting beggars from
the streets and relocating them. We need to protect our nations honor. Its shameful for
us to see beggars chasing tourists for money, said a member of the Siem Reap provincial
93
Voice of America News. Protecting Cambodias Treasures. 3 October 2008.
http://www.voanews.com/uspolicy/2008-10-03-voa9.cfm
94
justabackpack.com. Bazookas, Bones, and Bootleg DVDs. 6 July 2007.
http://www.justabackpack.com/2007/07/bazookas-bones-and-bootleg-dvds.html
95
News.com.au. Beggars in Plastic Buckets, Boats Harass Tourists. 22 April 2008.
http://www.news.com.au/travel/story/0,26058,23579032-5014090,00.html
41
government.96 Yet there are few job prospects for the unskilled and disabled, be they
children, or adults handicapped by injuries from landmines. In many cases, these persons
may be forced to hawk cheap items in order to survive.
Exchange 57: Please, buy something from me.

Local: Please, buy something from me. joo ee dtin ay pee kinyom klaH dtow
Soldier: Sorry, I have no money left. som dtoh, kinyom kimee un sol loo
ee dtay
It is a matter of some debate as to whether people should oblige

beggars and young, informal street vendors. Buying small items
from street children, or simply giving them money, may encourage
their families to keep them on the streets, rather than send them to
school. It also creates a profit motive for human traffickers, who
garner the vast majority of the proceeds earned by the children
under their control.97
96
Yahoo News. Cambodia to Remove Siem Reap Beggars. 25 October 2006.
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20061025/ap_tr_ge/travel_brief_cambodia_tourism_1&printer=1
97
An MSW in Cambodia. Giving money to beggars. 23 April 2007.
http://coming2cambodia.wordpress.com/2007/04/23/giving-money-to-beggars/
42
Chapter 5 Rural Life
Land Allocation and Ownership
Cambodia remains a predominantly agricultural country. Access to land is the most
important determinant of economic security for farmers. In the wake of the Vietnamese
departure in 1989, the nations land tenure system
shifted from a socialist policy of collective allocation
to a privatized form of individual ownership. Titles
issued by earlier governments were not recognized;
instead, deeds were only issued to cultivators who had
worked the land in question for at least one year prior
to its distribution.98 Furthermore, the amount of
distributed land was based on household size.
Exchange 58: How many people live in this house?

Soldier: How many people live in this house? mee un mee nooH pon maan nee uk
roo uH nou knong pdtay aH niH?
Local: Ten. dop nee uk
While this was theoretically an egalitarian way to divide up land, it did not account for
different stages in the generational life cycle. Those with married children received more
land than those whose dependents were not married but could be presumed to have
families when they came of age. This one-time distribution left younger members in line
to receive less than what was needed to support a family.
Exchange 59: Do you own this land?

Soldier: Do you own this land? nee uk jee a m jaH day niH r?
Local: Yes. baat
There are many additional causes for landlessness among rural Khmer. Economic
insecurity, often resulting from medical issues, has forced many Khmer to make distress
sales of their land. Furthermore, when Khmer settle in a village after the local land has
already been distributed, they often do not have the financial resources to purchase land
from the existing titleholders. Corruption, most notably in the form of land appropriation
by local officials, is also a major factor.99 Households, particularly those headed by
members who lack an education, may not have completed the bureaucratic procedures
necessary to confer title, thereby making them vulnerable to eviction.
98
Division for Sustainable Development, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Supreme
National Economic Council. The Report of Land and Human Development in Cambodia [p. 9]. 2007.
http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/cambodia/land.pdf
99
Department of Geography, University of Victoria. Henry, Emily Laura. Rural-urban Migration as a
Response to Vulnerability in Rural Cambodia (masters thesis. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
2004). P. 53. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca:8443/dspace/bitstream/1828/719/1/henry_2004.pdf
43
Exchange 60: Did these people threaten you?
Soldier: Did these people threaten you? poo uk niH mee un baan gum ree um
nee uk dtay?
Local: No. dtay
Land confiscation by powerful interests remains a serious issue in rural Cambodia, and
community activists, along with journalists reporting on the problem, have been
threatened or physically harmed for protesting or investigating such activity.100
Rural Economy
Rice was a major export during the period of political
stability that followed Cambodias independence
from France in 1953. By the mid 1960s, rice exports
exceeded 500,000 tons, making the small nation one
of Southeast Asias burgeoning rice producers. This
trend reversed when the country came under siege
from a communist insurgency, and the Vietnam War
extended into Cambodia. As a result of such conflict,
between 1970 and 1975, the nations rice-growing areas shrunk dramatically, causing
overall rice production to decline by 84%. The nations economic situation remained dire
for several years as the country suffered extreme hardships under the Khmer Rouge.101
Since the early 1990s, the reconstruction of the Cambodian agricultural sector has relied
on market forces. This means that Khmer farmers, in contrast to their counterparts in
many other developing countries, enjoy no domestic protection for their produce. Their
yields must compete in the local marketplace with imports from Thailand and Vietnam,
where farmers enjoy lower costs.
Exchange 61: Where do you work, sir?

Soldier: Where do you work, sir? lok twUh gaa nou aynaa, lok?
Local: I am a farmer, sir. kinyom twUh srai, lok
However, various agencies and NGOs (non-governmental organizations) involved in

agricultural production have made efforts to help Cambodian farmers improve
efficiency.102 Those unable to afford draught animals, for example, have been assisted in
purchasing animals in exchange for a contribution to a rice bank that supplies food to
100
Human Rights Watch. World Report, 2005. Cambodia: Conflicts over Land and Resource Rights. 12
January 2005. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2005/01/13/cambod9804.htm
101
Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. GAIN Report. Preechajarn, Sakchai.
Cambodia: Grain and Feed: Grain Industry in Cambodia 2006. 29 March 2006.
http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200603/146187256.doc
102
School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University. Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research. Partners in Research for Development. Cambodias Journey: Research Feeds a Nations
Future. September 2004.
http://www.environment.murdoch.edu.au/groups/aciar/images/CambodiasJourney.pdf
44
those unable to farm.103 The recent shift to mechanization, a more productive way to till
the soil, has rendered farmers vulnerable to increases in the global price of oil and made
them leery of giving up their animals.104
While they have registered substantial gains,

Cambodias rice yields remain significantly lower
than those of its Southeast Asian neighbors. This is in
part due to a lack of modern agricultural expertise and
infrastructure. With limited understanding of up-to-
date farming methods, a dearth of modern tools and
quality seed stock, and high energy and transportation
costs, Cambodian farmers have faced serious
obstacles over the last few decades. Most importantly,
limited irrigation capabilities have constrained crop production. For example, while
Vietnamese cultivators irrigate approximately 45% of their countrys arable land, only
7% of Cambodias agricultural land receives irrigation waters.105
As part of its sweeping agrarian program, the Khmer Rouge initiated the construction of
an extensive series of canals and dams in order to better regulate the flow of water. Such
an effort drew inspiration from the engineering feats that had enabled Angkor Wat to
support a large non-farm population. While much of this infrastructure fell into disrepair
after the Khmer Rouge regime was toppled, there has been a recent push to rehabilitate
these canals as a means to increase the amount of crop land under irrigation.106 Overall,
despite continuing challenges in the agricultural sector, the Cambodian rice industry
recently posted a surplus, making the country self-sufficient for the first time in over two
decades. The introduction of high-yield rice varieties and farming techniques has played
a major role in the industrys resurgence.107
103
Oxfam Australia. Banking on a Buffalo. No date.
http://www.oxfam.org.au/world/asia/cambodia/banking_on_buffalo.html
104
IRIN News, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Cambodia: Farmers Turn Back
to Oxen as Fuel Price Rises. 7 July 2008. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79123
105
Bridges Across Borders Southeast Asia. Cambodia Country Profile. No date.
http://www.babsea.org/programs/ccp/ccprofile.htm
106
International Herald Tribune. Fuller, Thomas. Cambodia Revives Pol Pots Deadly Canals. 4
December 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/12/04/asia/canal.php
107
The Christian Science Monitor. Montero, David. As World Grasps for Rice, Cambodias Success
Story. 1 May 2008. http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0501/p01s02-woap.html?page=1
45
Transportation and Lodging
Years of conflict decimated Cambodias
transportation network. Substantial funds have been
allocated for expanding and improving the nations
road network, as it is integral to the corresponding
development of the tourist industry and the promotion
of regional commerce.108 Most goods for the domestic
market are still transported on aging, overloaded
trucks. In isolated regions, motorcycle and animal-
drawn carts are the primary means of transport. Such
small-scale, antiquated practices limit the role of commerce in developing the local
economy.109
Accommodation is not difficult to find in rural Cambodia, where households are free to
take in foreign lodgers. In places where there is demand, family-run guesthouses are
plentiful.
Exchange 62: Is there lodging nearby?

Soldier: Is there lodging nearby? mee un pdtay aH som nak nou jit
niH dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
Given the possibility of landmines, it is not wise to wander off the beaten track without a
local guide.
Exchange 63: Do you know this area very well?

Soldier: Do you know this area very well? nee uk sgo a ul dom bon niH jbaH lo
a uH dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
Road accident fatalities are the second highest cause of death in Cambodia after
HIV/AIDS. Driving under the influence is a major culprit.110 Injuries tend to be more
severe on rural roads owing to faster driving speeds.
108
Vietnam News Agency. Cambodia Invests 2.5 Bln USD in Road Construction. 4 July 2008.
http://www.vnagency.com.vn/Home/EN/tabid/119/itemid/257073/Default.aspx
109
World Bank. Transport in Cambodia. 2008. http://go.worldbank.org/XUTCC2MWU0
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREG
TOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20458706~menuPK:2066305~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~the
SitePK:574066,00.html
110
The Phnom Penh Post. Rith, Sam. Traffic Accidents, Fatalities up in 2008: NGO. 4 November 2008.
http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2008110422465/National-news/Traffic-accidents-fatalities-up-
in-2008-NGO.html
46
Exchange 64: My arm is broken, can you help me?
Soldier: My arm is broken, can you help me? day kinyom buk, lok joo ee kinyom
porng baan dtay?
Local: Yes, I can help you. baat, kinyom joo ee lok baan
Motor vehicle-related injuries are so prevalent that in some hospitals a majority of

patients have been admitted as a result of traffic accidents.111
Health Care in Rural Areas

Health care in rural Cambodia is generally of poor quality.112 While primary health care
services are supposed to be free of charge, the unregulated fees charged by many
providers are prohibitive to poor patients and their families. Various international donors
are experimenting with new types of delivery services in an effort to boost access among
the poor.113
Exchange 65: Is there a medical clinic nearby?

Soldier: Is there a medical clinic nearby? mee un glee neek nou jit niH dtay?
Local: Yes, over there. baat nou ay nooH
There is also an emphasis on providing professional care to women during pregnancy and
childbirth. In Cambodia, maternal fatalities occur at a rate of one out of every 200 births.
These are often preventable deaths, if only a skilled practitioner were present during
delivery.114
Education in Rural Areas

While education is nominally free, corruption and
administrative shortcomings often result in students
paying informal fees. For example, as new teachers
typically do not receive their salaries for several
months, they often charge students ad hoc fees in
order to cover their living expenses in the interim.
Many poor families cannot afford to pay such fees.
111
World Health Organization. Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Information System. Annual Report
2004Executive Summary. 2004.
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/travis_annualreport_execsum.p
df
112
The Regional Institute. Rural and Remote Health. Grundy, J.J. The Impact of Health System Reform
on Remote Health in Cambodia and the Philippines. 26 March 2001.
http://www.regional.org.au/au/rrh/2001/010326_84.htm
113
BASIS Research Program on Poverty, Inequality and Development, University of Wisconsin. Micro
Health Insurance in Rural Cambodia: An Evaluation of the Impact on the Stabilization of Incomes and
Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity and Asset Accumulation. 31 December 2007.
http://www.basis.wisc.edu/documents/Final_Evaluation_Design_Cambodia.pdf
114
ActionAid. ActionAid Builds 30 Clinics in Cambodia for Women. 2008.
http://www.actionaidusa.org/what/emergencies/cambodia_healthcare/
47
Exchange 66: Is there a school nearby?
Soldier: Is there a school nearby? mee un saa laa ree un nou jit niH
dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
A study by a Cambodian non-governmental organization revealed that informal fees for

education averaged USD 108 annually, amounting to 9% of each familys annual income
per child.115 Ad hoc fees are the most commonly cited reason for withdrawing children
from school. Another common reason is that the childs labor is needed to sustain the
family.116To prevent attrition, some schools have created vegetable gardens, which
provide income for the school and food for the students.117
Rural Leadership
Commune councils, which administer an area
equivalent to an American municipality, are the
lowest level of public administration in Cambodia.
The law stipulates that a woman must serve on each
council.118 Because the positions have been filled by
election since 2002when governmental
administration was decentralizedone slot must be
reserved for female candidates.
Exchange 67: Does your leader live here?

Soldier: Does your leader live here? may poom nee uk roo uH nou dtee
niH dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
Commune councilors in turn select village chiefs, the traditional source of authority. In
other words, [t]he people would elect a council, and the council would choose new
village chiefs. The village chiefs would owe their positions to the commune council, and
the council members would owe their positions to the people.119 Despite this framework,
corruption and political domineering still operate on a local level, thereby allowing chiefs
aligned with the CPP, the countrys dominant party, to establish a firm grasp on power.
115
IRIN News, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Cambodia: Children Miss Out on
School because of Corruption. 5 December 2008. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81825
116
UNICEF. Maloney, Ticiana. Child-friendly Schools Support Girls Education in Cambodia. 12 April
2007. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_39364.html
117
CARE. It Takes a Village: Community-Based Education in Rural Cambodia. 2008.
http://www.care.org/getinvolved/girleffect/cambodia_story.asp
118
Southeast Asia Department, Asian Development Bank. SEAGEN Waves, Vol. 2, No. 1. Cambodia:
Empowering Female Commune Councilors. February 2008.
http://www.adb.org/Documents/Periodicals/SEA-GEN/vol02-01/empowering-female.asp
119
Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. Cambodia Daily. Acosta, Neric. Ministrys Broken Promise
Makes Mockery of Elections. 5 May 2003. http://www.cald.org/website/related_op2.htm
48
Exchange 68: Can you take me to your leader?
Soldier: Can you take me to your leader? nee uk joon kinyom dtou joo up may
poom nee uk baan dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
Commune councils are the primary vehicle for dispute resolution and are thus sought out
for mediation when the efforts of family elders and the village chief have failed. The
most common types of dispute concern acts of youth vandalism and the destruction of
property, inheritance issues, and disagreements over boundary demarcation.120
Exchange 69: Respected leader, we need your help / advice / opinion.

Soldier: Respected leader, we need your help aa o lok may poom, yUhng dtrov
/ advice / opinion. gaa jum noo ee / dom bon mee un /
yo a bol ro boH lok
Local: Yes. baat
The privatization of resources in Cambodia has given

government officials a much greater degree of control
over village life than was the case in the past.
Villagers must cultivate good relationships with their
leaders, particularly the village chief, in order to share
in the communitys resources, such as development
aid.121
In instances in which the village chief is perceived to

have acted improperly, villagers may take legal action. Specifically, in 2008, nearly 200
villagers sued their chief after he selected his relatives and friends to receive presents that
a foreign agency had donated specifically to the poor and infirm members of the
community.122
Landmines
Years of conflict have left Cambodia with one of the highest ratios of amputees (chon
pika) in the world: approximately one out of every 290 Cambodians has experienced the
loss of a limb.123 They are victims of landmines laid by successive governments and
opposition groups.
120
The Asia Foundation. Ninh, Kim and Roger Henke. Commune Councils in Cambodia: A National
Survey on their Functions and Performance, with a Special Focus on Conflict Resolution [p. 12]. May
2005. http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/CBCCSurvey.pdf
121
The Political Economy of Cambodias Transition, 1991-2001. Hughes, Caroline. Chapter Eight: Urban
Protest Movements: The Future of Cambodian Democracy? [p. 176] 2003. New York: Routledge.
http://books.google.com/books?id=iSE3S-
nJzMoC&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=village+life+authority+cambodia&source=web&ots=hqKuQeRxh
G&sig=anSNQUhRDwxvKXNySzXLXtKxdDI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result
122
KhmerNews.com. Poor Citizens Sue Their Village Chief. 5 November 2008.
http://www.khmernews.com/view/poor-citizens-sue-their-village/2382/
123
BBC News, International Version. Hughes, Stuart. Cambodias Landmine Victims. 11 November
2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3259891.stm
49
Exchange 70: Is this area mined?
Soldier: Is this area mined? dom bon niH mee un bong gob gro a
up meen dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
In 1993, the introduction of democratic elections, which ushered in

a period of unprecedented stability, prompted many displaced
citizens to return home from refugee camps in Thailand.
Unfortunately, this population movement brought another wave of
landmine casualties. Many returnees lost limbs trying to farm the
land from which they had previously been forced off by the Khmer
Rouge, who laid many landmines throughout various areas of the
country. The Khmer Rouge leader, Pol Pot, viewed landmines as
the perfect soldier.124
Checkpoints
During the many years of war, checkpoints were common on roads
throughout the country. In this era of stability, travelers encounter them less frequently.
Exchange 71: Where is the nearest checkpoint?

Soldier: Where is the nearest checkpoint? jom noch dtroo ut pee nit jit jee ung
gey nou ay naa?
Local: Its two kilometers. nou pee gee lo a mait pee niH
Nonetheless, most Khmer are familiar with the routine involved at checkpoints, including
ID verifications. Khmer identity cards are water and fire resistant, and contain a chip for
scanning.
Exchange 72: Is this all the ID you have?

Soldier: Is this all the ID you have? nee uk mee un adta' sanaan dtai pon
neung dtay r?
Local: Yes. baat
Asking the occupants to step out of the car so that it may be inspected is a common
request.
Exchange 73: Please get out of the car.

Soldier: Please get out of the car. som joH jen pee laan
Local: OK. o kay
Vehicle registrations are standardized documents.
124
AlertNet, Reuters. Sutton, Sean. Photo Gallery: Cambodian Women Clear Mines. 19 December 2003.
http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/photogallery/KHmag.htm
50
Exchange 74: Show us the car registration.
Soldier: Show us the car registration. som bong haan som bot laan
Local: OK. o kay
Sometimes spot checks are carried out to ascertain whether drivers have paid the road tax
and to verify that they are not in possession of illegal firearms.
Exchange 75: Are you carrying any guns?

Soldier: Are you carrying any guns? nee uk mee un da' gum plUhng
mok jee a moo ee dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
51
Chapter 6 Family Life
Typical Household
In Cambodia, the family is the primary unit of organization, and three or four generations
often live together under one roof.
Exchange 76: Is this your entire family?

Soldier: Is this your entire family? niH jee a groo a saa dtay ung mool
ro boH lok?
Local: Yes. baat
However, family genealogies often extend back only

two or three generations, thereby limiting the
historical importance of an extended kinship group.125
In addition, forced relocation from village to
commune, expropriation of land, and widespread
death under the Khmer Rouge during the 1970s
fragmented bonds between more distantly related
branches of a family.126
Exchange 77: Are these people part of your family?

Soldier: Are these people part of your poo uk niH jee a grom groo a saa lok
family? r?
Local: No. dtay
As a result, the strongest emotional ties are between those who will reliably respond to a
request for assistance in times of trouble.127
Exchange 78: Do you have any brothers?

Soldier: Do you have any brothers? lok mee un borng p'oan proH dtay?
Local: Yes. baat
125
World and Its Peoples, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Cambodia:
Daily Life [p. 778]. 2007. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish.
http://books.google.com/books?id=kte14XIoOCkC&pg=PA778&lpg=PA778&dq=kloeu+brother+cambodi
a&source=bl&ots=f1h-
94LRnF&sig=5Qtl8jJg7_UIpxEWF4Gra0Mmb3U&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
126
Office of Population Research, Princeton University. Demont, Floriane and Patrick Heuveline
(University of California, Los Angeles). The Cambodian Family after the Khmer Rouge Genocide:
Continuity and Change (extended abstract of paper presented at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the
Population Association of America, New Orleans, LA). 1719 April 2008.
http://paa2008.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=81554
127
Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Ross, Russell R., ed. Cambodia: A Country Study.
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Social Structure and Organization: The Khmer: Household
and Family Structure. 1987. http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/42.htm
52
Gender Issues
Both men and women work, but the household
division of labor remains pronounced, particularly in
rural areas. Males are mainly responsible for activities
carried out with draught animals, such as plowing in
preparation for planting, as well as collecting sugar
palm juice, which involves climbing trees. They may
migrate in search of work that requires physical
stamina, such as construction.
Exchange 79: Did you grow up here?

Soldier: Did you grow up here? lok tum nou dtee niH r?
Local: Yes. baat
In addition to cooking and cleaning, women are responsible for pulling and transplanting
rice seedlings, tending vegetable plots and small livestock, and managing the household
finances. They may also run market stalls and work as traders.128
Although traditionally sons have been favored over daughters, the need to support the
family has empowered its female members. Many unmarried teenage girls now work in
garment factories, a practice that forces them to live far away from their families.129
Exchange 80: Are you the only person in your family who has a job?
Soldier: Are you the only person in your lok mee un gaa twUh dtai mnay uk
family who has a job? aing knong groo a saa r?
Local: No. dtay
In any case, Cambodian women remain subject to a patriarchical double standardone

that is reflected in the common Khmer comparison of girls to a piece of white cotton
wool and boys to diamonds. The purity of cotton wool, after being dropped into mud, for
example, can never be restored, no matter how many times it is washed. By contrast, a
diamond that falls in a mud puddle can be retrieved, and after washing, will sparkle with
exactly the same luster as it did before it was dirtied.
Marriage
Marriages were traditionally arranged in Cambodia since they represent a union between
two families rather than individuals. A son will have more say in the selection of a spouse
than a daughter. He may ask his parents to make overtures to a particular family with a
child of marital age who has caught his eye. Daughters, by contrast, are not in a position
128
Sustainable Development Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Asias Women in Agriculture, Environment, and Rural Production: Cambodia. No date.
http://www.fao.org/sd/WPdirect/WPre0106.htm
129
Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University. Ledgerwood, Judy. Women in
Cambodian Society. No date. http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/Ledgerwood/women.htm
53
to make such a request. They are responsible for maintaining familial honor by refraining
from behavior that would bring shame on the entire household.
Exchange 81: Is this your wife?

Soldier: Is this your wife? niH jee a pror poo un lok r?
Local: Yes. baat
Women are expected to adhere to such norms even after marriage. Spousal abuse,
sometimes carried out in public, is common and something a wife is expected to endure.
In situations where the husband has taken a mistressa practice that drains money away
from the familywives may respond with acid attacks on the young objects of their
husbands affections. So common has this act of revenge become that the government has
outlawed the sale of acid, and radio shows implore women to cease this type of
behavior.130
Divorce
In terms of legal procedure, divorce in Cambodia has become a complicated, prolonged
process in which commune-level administrative mediation is often required. In these
situations, the couple is frequently pressured to stay together by governmental authorities.
In a well-publicized case, an unhappy husband and wife simply split their house in two to
avoid the informal costs associated with the drawn-out divorce process. The husband
moved his half elsewhere and they split their land into four parcels, two of which will go
to their children upon their own respective marriages. Because they lack a divorce decree,
however, future disagreements between the two cannot be taken to court.131
Exchange 82: Are you married?

Soldier: Are you married? lok ree up gaa haWee r?
Local: No. dtay
Childbirth
Childbirth is a female rite of passage known as crossing the river (claan tonle) in Khmer.
The Cambodian government recently began to heavily promote the expertise of
biomedical health personnel (peet) who supply drugs
that can regulate the birthing process. However,
women in labor have historically been attended to by
older women who rely on traditional beliefs rather
than midwifery training.132 For example, according to
such beliefs, drinking tea is supposed to speed the
130
Ethnomed.org. Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington. Mony, Keo. Marriage: Loyalty,
Divorce, Polygamy. September 2004. http://ethnomed.org/cultures/cambodian/camb_marriage.html
131
The Phnom Penh Post. Titthara, May. Arguing Couple Split Up By Sawing Their House in Half. 7
October 2008. http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2008100722000/National-news/Arguing-
couple-split-up-by-sawing-their-house-in-half.html
132
Chapter Six: Celebrating Safe Childbirth [pp. 102103]. Hoban, Elizabeth. In Reproduction,
Childbearing and Motherhood: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Pranee Liamputtong, ed. 2007. New York:
Nova Science Publishers.
54
delivery process. Other folk practices can have more serious ramifications. In a case in
which an expectant mother died from bleeding during delivery, the birthing attendants
attempted to stem the flow with unsterilized rag bandages. They also lit incense sticks to
chase away evil spirits, which they believed had caused her condition.133 It is also
assumed that women who do not survive the birthing process will become evil spirits
endowed with the ability to wreak havoc on their living kin.
After a successful delivery (claan haey), Khmer women follow a strict regimen based on
cultural taboos. Certain activities, such as eating particular foods, carrying heavy objects,
or resuming sexual intercourse too soon could result, it is believed, in illness or untimely
death. Should a woman be stricken by post-partum incapacitation, her family will likely
conclude that the cause lies in violating these taboos.134
Children
During a childs early years, he or she is lavished with
physical affection and indulged by elders. Spankings
are not considered an appropriate response to a
toddlers misconduct. Around the age of four,
children are expected to feed themselves and to be
self-sufficient in matters of personal hygiene. By five
years of age, they may be expected to help look after
younger siblings.135 As the children grow older,
parents will use corporal punishment in response to
misbehavior. Khmer believe that complimenting their children and offering positive
feedback will go to their heads.136
Exchange 83: Are these your children?

Soldier: Are these your children? dtee ung niH jee a go an lok r?
Local: Yes. baat
The socialization process for Cambodian children includes playing games that emphasize
conflict resolution and skill acquisition rather than winning and losing. Children are also
taught to avoid extremes as a method of maintaining good health. One should laugh, for
example, to moderate sad situations in order to restore emotional balance. Accordingly,
133
The Boston Globe. Nickerson, Colin. Lives Lost: Cambodia. 29 May 2003.
http://www.boston.com/news/specials/lives_lost/cambodia/
134
Tearfund International Learning Zone, Tearfund. Soung, Barbara and Hang Sorya. Traditional
Practices in Childbirth. 6 December 2005. http://tilz.tearfund.org/Publications/Footsteps+41-
50/Footsteps+48/Traditional+practices+in+childbirth.htm
135
Chapter 2: The Society and Its Environment: Social Structure and Organization: The Khmer: Families.
1987. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2124.html
136
Khmer American: Identity and Moral Education in a Diasporic Community. Smith-Hefner, Nancy Joan.
Chapter Five: Schooling in America [p. 131]. 1999. Berkeley: University of California Press.
55
tales of past sadness are typically punctuated with laughter. For Khmer, this is an
appropriate response to an unfortunate outcome or tragic event.137
The Elderly
Elderly Cambodians live with their adult children, who are expected to care and provide
for their parents. The elderly are respected by younger members. Before they can walk,
children are taught to greet senior members of the family politely.138 The elderly have
traditionally been called upon to resolve conflicts since they have a lifetime of
accumulated wisdom upon which to draw. Three decades of conflict reduced their
numbers, however, and forced survivors to assume unprecedented responsibilities due to
the absence of various family members or even entire generations.
Exchange 84: Does your family live here?

Soldier: Does your family live here? groo a saa nee uk roo uH nou dtee
niH r?
Local: Yes. baat
Naming Conventions
Baby girls are named for things of beauty, such as Chantrea
(moonlight) or Rasmey (ray of light), while boys are given names
of virtues, such as Pheakdei (loyalty) or Rithisak (greatness). The
correct way to pronounce Khmer names is to stress the last syllable.
Given names are further simplified among friends by using only the
last syllable.139
Surnames have relatively recent origins in Cambodia, where they

were introduced under French colonial rule for census purposes.
According to Khmer protocol, surnames precede given names.
Thus, King Norodom Sihanouks surname is Norodom, although he
is formally referred to by his given name, making him known as
King Sihanouk.
Inheritance of surnames remains somewhat flexible. Children, for example, may take the
surname of either parent or use a parents given name as their surname. Thus, a family in
which the father is named Chan Dara and the mother Heang Thida might have children
named Dara Sovan, Chan Serey, and Heang Sokha.140
137
ERICDigests.org. ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education. Anderson, Barbara Frye.
School Health Education in a Multicultural Society. September 2000. http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-
3/health.htm
138
Chapter Eighteen: Why Did You Kill?: The Cambodian Genocide and the Dark Side of Face and
Honor [p. 159]. Hinton, Alexander Laban. In Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology. Scheper-
Hughes, Nancy and Philippe I. Bourgois, eds. 2003. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
139
Kwintessential Cross Cultural Solutions. Cambodian Names. No date.
http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Cambodia/Cambodian-Names/1672
140
Asia Finest Discussion Forum. Cambodian Surnames. 2005.
http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t44912.html
56

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What are the major rivers in Cambodia?

What are the major rivers in Cambodia?

What was the brutal regime that caused many deaths in Cambodia in the modern era?

What was the brutal regime that caused many deaths in Cambodia in the modern era?

1

CHAPTER 4 URBAN LIFE 32

CHAPTER 5 RURAL LIFE 43

LAND ALLOCATION AND OWNERSHIP 43

CHAPTER 6 FAMILY LIFE 52

Rivers and Lakes

Tonl Sap River

Tonl Sap Lake

The lakes expansion also enables it to supply fresh

Ancient and Colonial History

Cambodia Gains Independence

The military-led government pledged to remove foreign communist fighters, an effort

Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge

As part of the Khmer Rouge program to remake the society along

The Roadmap to Democracy

Influence of Religion on Daily Life

Religion and Government

The first secondary school for monks re-opened in

Behavior in Places of Worship

The center of Buddhist life is the temple, and it is

Exchange 2: Must I take off my shoes inside the

Exchange 3: When do you pray?

Exchange 4: Do I need to cover my head?

Meak Bochea Day

Buddhas Birthday (Visaka Bochea)

Buddhist Lent (Chol Vossa)

Formulaic Codes of Politeness

Exchange 5: Good morning.

Exchange 6: Good afternoon.

Exchange 8: Good night!

Exchange 9: Hi, Mr. Sok.

Exchange 10: How is your family?

Exchange 11: How are you?

Exchange 12: How should I dress?

Exchange 13: Is this acceptable to wear?

Exchange 14: I really appreciate your hospitality.

A standard meal in Cambodia consists of rice, a fish

Exchange 15: What is the name of this dish?

Most Cambodian dishes are cooked in a wok

Exchange 17: The food tastes so good.

Exchange 18: This gift is for you.

The precise number is counted by the mai ba, who

Exchange 19: Congratulations on your wedding!

Afterwards, the hair cutting, or cleansing, ceremony takes place; it is accompanied by

Exchange 20: I wish you both happiness.

Afterwards, the corpse is cleaned, dressed, and put into a coffin by

Khmer New Year

Exchange 23: Will you be celebrating New Year?

Cambodians devote the first half of April to

Do return a smile with a smile.

Do ask permission before photographing people.

Do avoid touching a monk if you are female.

Do use your chin and not your finger to point.

Dont touch anyone on the head, as Buddhists consider it to be a

Dont engage in public displays of affection.

Dont initiate political discussions or bring up the Khmer Rouge.