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    CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual - Dicot Seed

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    kavitasharmanews185

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    CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual - Dicot Seed

    Uploaded by

    kavitasharmanews185
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    CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual – Dicot Seed

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    22 views5 pages

    CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual - Dicot Seed

    Uploaded by

    kavitasharmanews185

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual – Dicot Seed

    Aim
    To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed.

    Materials Required
    Dicot seeds (gram, pea, rajma, etc), petri dish, forceps, needle, hand lens or
    dissecting microscope and cotton cloth/wool.

    Theory/Principle
    The Seed
    In plants, the process of fertilisation leads to formation of fruits which is the ripened
    ovary. It contains seed (one or many) which is a mature ovule.
    A seed has following parts, i.e. a hilum, seed coat, an embryo and an endosperm.
    Hilum is the scar present on the seed coat, found attached to the plant stalk. Seed
    coat is the outer covering of the plant, it protects and nourishes the embryo present
    within the seed.
    The embryo is formed by multiple divisions of the zygote. It is an immature plant
    which grows when appropriate conditions are present.
    An embryo contains following parts:

     A radicle It forms the root system of the developing embryo.


     A plumule It constitutes the embryonic shoot system, i.e. new shoots arise
    from the plumule.
     The cotyledons The green, fleshy leaves of the embryo which forms the
    storehouse of nutrients especially proteins and starch for providing nutrients to
    the developing embryo.

    Classification of Seed
    On the basis of number of cotyledons present in a seed, the angiosperm plants are
    classified into two types (as shown in Fig. 1).

    dicot seed is attached by a scar like structure called hilum, to the inner line of the
    fruit. A pore like structure, micropyle is present at one end of the hilum. Through this
    pore, the seeds take up the water and under other favourable conditions like air,
    temperature and light, the seedlings develop into a small, immature embryonic plant
    from the seed coat. This process is called as germination.
    The process of germination involves:
     Swelling of seeds and development of plumule into shoots.
     Roots start rising from the radicle of the seed.
     Cotyledons forms; one in case of monocots and two in case of dicots.

    In angiosperms, a tissue called endosperm is present which also contains nutrients


    for growing embryo. On the basis of endospermic tissue, seeds are classified as:

     Endospermic seeds The presence of endosperm in mature seeds. Monocots


    have these seeds, e.g. wheat and maize.
     Non-endospermic seeds The absence of endosperm in mature seeds
    (because endosperm has been used during seed development). Dicots have
    such kind of seeds, e.g. pea and gram.

    Procedure

    1. Take about 25-30 seeds of gram (Cicer arietinum).


    2. Soak these seeds in water for germination for 3-4 days by placing them on a
    moist cotton cloth.
    3. After 3-4 days, select a few well germinated seeds and place them in a petri
    dish.
    4. Swiftly select one seed and remove the seed coat using a forcep and a needle.
    5. Separate, very gently, the two parts of the seeds.
    6. Study the different parts of seeds, using a hand lens. In case of dissecting
    microscope, take the embryo out, place it in water and study its structure.
    7. Record your observations and make well labelled diagrams.

    Observation
    The germinating seeds when split open, showed following features:

    1. The gram seed has a brown coloured covering called seed coat (testa) which
    can be separated very easily from germinating seeds.
    2. A micropyle is found present at the grooved sides of the seeds. It is a pore,
    through which water enters the seed coat, thus starting the process of
    germination.
    3. Gently teased apart seeds will have an intact, small embryo, with sf radicle and
    a plumule emerging from it. A mature embryo appears as given in Fig. 2.

    4. The part present between the plumule and the radicle part of the embryo, i.e.
    the middle portion of the seed is called as embryonic axis or tigellum.
    5. The portion between plumule and the attachment point of cotyledons is known
    as epicotyl and the point between the radicle and the attachment point of
    cotyledons is called as hypocotyl. Thus the embryonic axis bears both epicotyl
    and hypocotyl.
    6. The cotyledons are broad, fleshy leaf-like structure of the seeds attached with
    embryonal axis, two in numbers (dicot). These are said to be the source of the
    reserve food materials necessary for the germination of seeds.
    7. The plumule and radicles form the shoot and root systems of the seed
    respectively, i.e. plumule give rise to shoots and radicle give rise to roots, thus
    developing into a new plant.

    Result
    On observation, two cotyledons were observed, hence the gram is a dicot seed. It is
    brown in
    colour and may be smooth or wrinkled in appearance.
    It contains a small embryonic plant within its seed coat. The embryo has plumule,
    radicle cotyledons (two in number) and tigellum.

    Precautions

    1. Choose healthy seeds for the experiment.


    2. Before placing the seeds for germination, ensure appropriate availability of
    necessary conditions/requirements.
    3. Cloth used should be clean and moist.
    4. Use only properly germinated seeds.
    5. While opening the seeds, be gentle otherwise the embryo can break.

    Viva-Voce

    Question 1.
    Clarify the meaning of a non-endospermic seed.
    Answer:
    Some seeds have special food laiden tissue in them called, endosperm. The seeds
    which do not possess them are called non-endospermic seeds.

    Question 2.
    Name of opening present in a seed through which seed absorbs water at the time of
    seed germination.
    Answer:
    The micropyle is a small opening of a seed through which water take entry into the
    seed at the time of seed germination.

    Question 3.
    Seed is a miniature plant. Comment.
    Answer:
    Seed is mature ovule, a unit containing an embryo plant, in which the primordia of
    future structure are already established and which is embedded with nutrients, all
    within a protective seed coat.

    Question 4.
    Suggest a reason for overnight soaking of the seeds before the start of the
    experiment.
    Answer:
    During soaking, the cotyledons absorb water from the container and becomes
    actively germinating.

    Question 5.
    In a germinating seed, the radicle emerges before the plumule, why?
    Answer:
    The radicle emerges before the plumule because it needs to penetrate into the soil to
    facilitate water absoption for the growing embryo.

    Question 6.
    An embryo contains a plumule and a radicle. What does these develop into?
    Answer:
    The plumule develops into the shoots and new roots develops from the radicle
    initiating the formation of a new plant.

    Question 7.
    A seed is covered by a hard coat on its outside surface, what purpose is served by
    this seed coat?
    Answer:

     Protection of embryo present inside the seed.


     Prevent any type of physical harm.
     Dehydration of embryo is prevented by the seed coat.
    Question 8.
    Give examples of two common seeds and their uses.
    Answer:
    Mustard seeds are used for making oil.
    Cotton seeds are used as cattle feed and for production of fertilisers.

    Question 9.
    Do you consider seed dead or alive? Explain.
    Answer:
    Freshly harvested seeds are alive. They respire, but do not show immediate growth
    because their metabolic activities get arrested for time being. They become active,
    when put for germination.

    Question 10.
    We split open the seed of gram when chana dal is made out of it. Write the fate of
    embryo, while performing the process of dal making out of gram seed.
    Answer:
    The chana dal is the broken seed of gram. They show the cotyledonous part. While
    making dal, the embryo gets destroyed and is unable to germinate.

    Question 11.
    Describe tigellum.
    Answer:
    It is the part of the embryonal axis which holds the cotyledons in such a way that
    these (cotyledons) open like a book.

    Question 12.
    What are different parts of tigellum?
    Answer:
    It is the central part of the seed, to which two cotyledons get attached. The upper
    part of it is called plumule and the lower end is called radicle.

    Question 13.
    Name few non-endospermic seeds.
    Answer:
    Non-endospermic seeds are Orchid, gram, rajma, pea, etc.

    Question 14.
    How many seed coats are generally present in a seed?
    Answer:
    Generally two seed coats are present in a seed, i.e. the outer one is testa anpl the
    inner one is tegmen.

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