BEPA SRIA24 Final PN Web

STRATEGIC RESEARCH
& INNOVATION AGENDA

February 2024
European Partnership
BATT4EU SRIA 24 1
2 BATT4EU SRIA 24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is a co-creation by

the European Commission and the Batteries European Partnership
Association (BEPA). In the development of the SRIA, BEPA has
worked closely together with the Batteries Europe Secretariat. The
Batteries Europe Secretariat is a EU-funded project that has received
funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and
Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement N. 101069676. BEPA
and Batteries Europe have collected input from the wider European
Batteries R&I Community by organising six Working Groups and
several Task Forces, of which the total attendance figures reach in
the hundreds. BEPA and Batteries Europe thank all battery experts
who have voluntarily joined these Working Groups and Task Forces.
This SRIA would not be the same without your valuable input.
We would specifically want to thank the beneficiaries of the Battery
2030+ project for their input on the long-term research needs. Battery
2030+ has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon
Europe research and innovation programme under grant number
No. 101104022. The BATT4EU logo and visual identity are a product
of AdGrafics Design Studio. The final design of this document was
prepared by Nailea E. Gómez Estévez.
Contributing to
The European Batteries
R&I Community
BATT4EU SRIA 24 3
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 3
Executive Summary 6
List of Abbrevations 8
Introduction 10
1 OVERALL CONTEXT 15
1.1 EU Objectives 15
1.2 Implementation of the Integrated SET Plan 23
1.3 European R&I support landscape 23
2 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION PRIORITIES

ACROSS THE BATTERY VALUE CHAIN 27
2.1 Raw Materials 28

2.2 Advanced Materials 33
2.3 Design 43
2.4 Manufacturing 46
2.5 Application: Mobility 51
2.6 Application: Stationary storage 58
2.7 Dismantling and Recycling 62
2.8 Transversal topics 66
2.9 Coordination 69
3 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 75
4 ANNEX 79
4.1 Key Performance Indicators 79

4.2 BATT4EU Vision, Objectives and Expected Impact 80
4.3 BATT4EU Implementation 95
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BATT4EU SRIA 24 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Europe is at a crossroads to make good on its goal to establish a competitive European

value chain for batteries. Big strides have been made to encourage battery manufacturing
plants to be established in Europe. The first gigafactory has been brought online by
Northvolt in Sweden, with many more initiatives coming down the pipeline. Market
demand for batteries is also on the rise, not only from the EV market, but also for use in
other mobility applications and for stationary storage. Recent developments, both on
this continent and overseas, however, mean that Europe needs to realign its industrial
strategy to meet rising demand and achieve its objectives for the battery value chain
.
The European batteries R&I community has been dedicated to support the establishment
of this industrial value chain in Europe, aided by public funding, including by the
European Union. The establishment of the BATT4EU Partnership under Horizon Europe
in 2021 was a key milestone, but funding for battery R&I is also heavily supported by
national and regional governments, as well as individual research originations and private
industry, partially under the umbrella of the Important Projects of Common European
Interest (the IPCEIs). Given the global geopolitical developments, the potential that
batteries hold for reaching the Green Deal objectives, the strategic importance of the
battery sector, and the constantly changing nature of this rapidly developing technology,
strategic alignment between the actors in Europe is of the utmost importance to deliver
on the goals and avoid duplication of efforts or gaps in funding.
This document, which replaces the BATT4EU SRIA of 2021 and the Batteries Europe
SRA of 2020, lists the key strategic actions outline that the European Batteries R&I
Community that can benefit from collaborative research projects put forward by the
BATT4EU Partnership. The SRIA builds heavily on the Roadmaps which have been
published by Batteries Europe and Battery 2030+ and is the results of the combined
inputs of hundreds of European battery experts.
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WHILE BUILDING ON THE GENERAL DIRECTION AS LAID OUT IN THE PREVIOUS DOCUMENTS, THIS NEW
SRIA POINTS TO THE FOLLOWING SIX IMPERATIVES WHICH ARE NECESSARY TO HELP THE COMPETITIVE
BATTERY VALUE CHAIN IN EUROPE TAKE ROOT AND DELIVER ON ITS PROMISE:
Ensure that (BATT4EU) research results reach gigafactories and the markets, through pilots,
demonstrators and improved decision making aided by digital tools.
Increase the strategic autonomy of Europe by reducing the reliance on foreign critical raw
materials by supporting local and circular supply chains and support research into different battery
chemistries, including sodium-ion technologies.
Improve battery affordability to accelerate the green transition and keep the European industry
competitive by improving batteries based on materials that are more abundant and pushing for
better integration into end-use applications.
Improve the flexibility of battery manufacturing and recycling systems to reduce lock-in effects
and respond quickly to changes in a rapidly developing industry.
Implement a safe and sustainable by design framework for batteries, which plays to European
strengths, and which will help reduce emissions and use of substances of concern, improve safety
and allow for the integration of smart functionalities.
Support the continuity of excellent European battery research and academic-industrial

cooperation by improving access to research facilities and pilot lines, use research projects to build
up a skilled workface, and by avoiding gaps in research through continued funding, which will bind
talented researchers to Europe.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 7
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BEPA Batteries European Partnership association
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
BIG-MAP The Battery Interface Genome – Materials

Acceleration Platform
BMS Battery Management System
BTM Behind-the-Meter
C2A Cell-to-Airframe
C2C Cell-to-Chassis
C2V Cell-to-Vehicle
CRM Critical Raw Material
CRMA Critical Raw Materials Act
CSA Coordination and Support Action
EASE European Association of Storage of Energy
EBA European Battery Alliance
EERA European Energy Research Association
EMIRI Energy Materials Industrial Research Initiative
EMS Energy Management System
ETIP European Technology and Innovation Platform
FTM Front-the-Meter
HLM High-Lithium Manganese
IRA Inflation Reduction Act
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JRC Joint Research Centre
LCA Life Cycle Analysis
LCI Life-cycle Inventory
LFMP Lithium Iron Manganese Phosphate
LI-ION Lithium-Ion
LTMO Layered Transition Metal Oxides
NMC Mickel Manganese Cobalt
NRMM Non-Road Mobile Machinery
NZIA Net Zero Industry Act
PBAs Prussian Blue Analogues
PFAS Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
PWAs Prussian White Analogues
SET PLAN Strategic Energy Technology Plan
SIB Sodium-Ion Battery
SRA Strategic Research Agenda
SRIA Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda
SoC State of Charge
SOH State of Health
TRL Technology Readiness Level
VPP Virtual Power Plants
BATT4EU SRIA 24 9
INTRODUCTION
Over the past years, the European Union, European industry and researchers have
worked together to establish a competitive battery manufacturing chain in Europe. The
European Battery Alliance was launched in October 2017 with the aim to reduce the
EU’s dependency on battery imports and enhance its competitiveness in the global
battery market. The EBA aimed to bring together various stakeholders, including
industry, research institutions, and governments, to collaborate on research, innovation,
and policy initiatives related to batteries. The activities involving research and innovation
were channelled through various initiatives, including Battery 2030+ and the ETIP
Batteries Europe, and with support of the Horizon 2020 framework programme.
With the launch of Horizon Europe, the European Commission explored the possibility
of establishing a European partnership on batteries as part of Horizon Europe. To this
end, the European Commission worked together with a group of European associations
(EMIRI, RECHARGE, EUCAR, EASE and EERA) to develop the framework of the
Partnership. Individual members of these associations formed a Partnership Shadow
Group, which included industry and research actors representing different segments
of the battery value chain. Together with the European Commission, these actors
established a Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) over the course of
2020, which functions as a guideline for the R&I priorities for batteries under Horizon
Europe, and the battery calls for the ’21-‘22 Horizon Europe Work Programme. In June
2021, BATT4EU was officially launched as a co-programmed Partnership under Horizon
Europe and the Horizon Europe battery calls for ’21 and ’22 were published. The first
SRIA was officially adopted in September 20211.
1 https://bepassociation.eu/our-work/sria/
2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj
3 https://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-your-voice/news/fit-55-eu-reaches-new-milestone-make-all-new-cars-and-vans-zero-
emission-2035-2023-03-28_en
4 https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/industry/sustainability/net-zero-industry-act_en
10 BATT4EU SRIA 24
A lot has changed since 2021. There have been many changes in the policy landscape,
including the adoptions of the new Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and
waste batteries2 and the regulation allowing only zero-emission vehicles3, an increased
drive to achieve strategic autonomy on net-zero technologies, as enshrined in the Net-
Zero Industry Act (NZIA)4 and the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA)5. The invasion of
Ukraine and the following geopolitical changes have increased the importance of energy
independence and the need for the deployment of more stationary energy storage, both
focal points of the REPowerEU agenda6. While these regulations, acts and other policy
measures have a scope that is wider than research and innovation, they all need the
right accompanying research to achieve their goals. In addition, a 2023 special report
by the European Court of Auditors has concluded that there is a need to have a better
overview of EU funding for the battery value chain and that the coordination and targeting
of EU funding for the battery value chain needs to be improved. Both the changing policy
landscape and the recommendations of the Court of Auditors7 show the need for an
updated SRIA that both realigns the implementation strategy of the BATT4EU Partnership
and form a starting point for coordinating the funding provided for the European battery
value chain.
Another reason for an update of the SRIA is the rapid development of battery technology
and increased industrialisation of the battery industry in Europe and abroad. Spurred on
by the roadmap of the European Battery Alliance, European manufacturing capacity is
being developed with plans of many gigafactories being announced in the past years.
5 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_1661
6https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-
secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en
7 https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/publications?ref=SR-2023-15
BATT4EU SRIA 24 11
This wave of industrialisation in Europe is now being matched in North America by
the introduction of the Inflation Reduction Act, which has stimulated investment in the
battery value chain in the United States and its neighbouring countries.
Lastly, on the organisational side there have been many developments since the early
months of 2020. BEPA, the association gathering the European research and industry
actors that want to contribute to BATT4EU, has grown to a thriving organisation consisting
of over 220 members. Under BEPA, a system of expert of working groups has been set
up to channel inputs from the entire European value chain into the strategic documents
like the Horizon Work Programme. In addition, with the continuation of Batteries Europe
and Battery 2030+ as Coordination and Support Actions (CSAs) funded under Horizon
Europe, and sustained efforts to increase collaboration between these two initiatives
and BEPA, have streamlined the institutional landscape and reduced the amount of
overlap in activities. As a concrete result, the expert working groups of Batteries Europe
and BEPA have been replaced by a single set of joint working groups, the Batteries
Europe Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) and BATT4EU SRIA have been replaced by
a single SRIA (the document before you) and there are better agreements in place
how information from other documents such as the Roadmaps of Batteries Europe and
Battery 2030+ relate to each other and the SRIA. This SRIA reflects the new, more
inclusive, way of working and incorporates feedback from the actors along the value
chain more directly. The relation between the current set of documents are as follows:
The Battery 2030+ Roadmap provides an in-depth assessment of the research actions
that can be undertaken to radically change the way battery research is being conducted.
The Battery 2030+ Roadmap does not focus on specific chemistries but tries to harness
disruptive (digital) technologies to accelerate the research on the material science, the
manufacturing and the recycling of all the different chemistries which are on the horizon.
The Batteries Europe Roadmap provides a broad overview of research activities that
need to be addressed in Europe in the short, medium and long-term (the latter partially
building on the Battery 2030+ Roadmap). This overview is holistic and provides
recommendations that should be implemented not only on European level, but also in
national and regional programmes.
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THE BATT4EU SRIA COVERS THE FOLLOWING ASPECTS
An update on the current context that the European value chain has to
work with, including how new EU policy objectives and measures interplay
with the research needs outlined in the Batteries Europe roadmap.
An update of the identified R&I areas that are within scope of the
Partnership.
A multi-annual agenda and implementation plan and timeframe for each

R&I activity identified, which is an assessment on which research projects
will benefit from funding under the BATT4EU umbrella.
THE ANNEXES CONTAIN ADITIONAL INFORMATION ON:
A full set of Key Performance Indicators that quantify the current state-
of-art of battery research in Europe and that sets the targets for the short
and midterm.
The objectives the BATT4EU Partnership. Its strategic objectives and

expected impacts.
The operational aspects of the BATT4EU Partnership. The budget,

governance, openness and transparency of the partnership; synergies
with other initiatives.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 13
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OVERALL CONTEXT
1.1 EU OBJECTIVES
The EU aims to be a climate-neutral economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions

- by 2050. This objective is at the heart of the European Green Deal and in line with
the EU’s commitment to global climate action under the Paris Agreement. Under the
European Climate Law, the EU has further committed to reduce its net greenhouse gas
emissions by at least 55% by 2030.8
To achieve the Green Deal objectives, Europe has to implement an accelerated

transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Over three-quarters (76.7%)
of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are due to fuel combustion. This includes fuel
combustion to generate electricity and heat; produce goods; construct buildings and
infrastructure; and move freight and persons.
This transition towards a carbon neutral society relies on electrification of key industrial
sectors – transport and energy – and batteries are a key enabling technology for both
sectors.
While carbon-neutrality is a key driver for the large-scale adoption of battery technology,
it is not the only driver. In addition to the achievement of decarbonization targets, the
shift towards electrification also provides an opportunity for the European Union to
reduce its dependency on foreign fuels and be more strategically autonomous in the
field of its energy needs.
The following paragraphs will outline more specifically what the ambitions and challenges
are on a European level and how this will impact the development of the battery value
chain. Simultaneously, legislation is being developed on a European level that affects
(part of) the battery value chain to achieve other important goals like transparency,
circularity and the reduction of toxic materials. Lastly, there are policies pushing forward
technologies that will impact battery research and deployment, for example, policies to
advance digitalisation.
8 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/european-climate-law.html
BATT4EU SRIA 24 15
1.1.1
Decarbonisation and
zero-emissions: mobility
While the aforementioned European Climate Law set Other parts of interest of the Fit for 55 package of
the targets, the implementation of how to achieve this legislation are the ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation11
is put forward in a set of acts and regulations collectively and the FuelEU Maritime Regulation12. The aviation
known as the ‘Fit for 55’ legislative proposals. and maritime transport sectors account for 14.4%
and 13.5% of EU GHG emissions respectively. The
Passenger cars and light commercial vehicles contribute ReFuelEU Regulation aims to decarbonise the aviation
approximately 12% and 2.5% of the EU’s total carbon sector through the creation of a level playing field for
dioxide (CO2) emissions. Effective from January 1, 2020, sustainable air transport. While focusing on Sustainable
Regulation (EU) 2019/6319 set CO2 emission performance Aviation Fuels, the legislation also looks ahead at further
standards for new passenger cars and vans, superseding electrification, with the Commission expected to report
previous regulations. The legislation introduced EU-wide on the future use of electricity in the aviation fleet in
emission targets for 2020, 2025, and 2030, along with 2027. The FuelEU Maritime Regulation is aimed at
incentives for adopting low- and zero-emission vehicles. reducing the carbon intensity of large vessels (>5 000
gross Tonnes) by at least 80% by 2050. It also contains
Since the new targets took effect in 2020, the average an obligation for these vessels to connect to an onshore
CO2 emissions from new passenger cars registered in power supply when moored, unless they use another
Europe have declined by 12% compared to the previous zero-emission technology. Both options will drive a
year, with a notable increase in electric car adoption. future demand for storage solutions, either onboard or
To accelerate this trend, an update, Regulation (EU) on land.
2023/85110 was adopted by the European Parliament
and Council to further enhance CO2 emission standards The emission reduction targets outlined in the above-
for new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, mentioned regulations are supported by a fourth
aligning with the EU’s heightened climate goals. Notably, piece of legislation, the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure
this amendment strengthens the 2030 targets and Regulation (AFIR)13. While not directly pushing the drive
establishes a 100% reduction goal from 2035 onward. for electrification, AFIR contains mandatory targets for
the deployment of electric recharging infrastructure for
These changes aim to achieve a minimum 55% reduction the road sector, for shore-side electricity supply at ports
in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and eventual (both maritime and inland), and for electricity supply
climate neutrality by 2050, in line with the European to stationary aircraft. AFIR also intends to improve
Climate Law. The amended regulation is expected to the experience of end-users, by ensuring full price
promote the deployment of clean and affordable zero- transparency, common minimum payment options and
emission vehicles, stimulate innovation in emission- coherent customer information across the EU. In this
reduction technologies, and bolster employment within way, the AFIR intends to take away barriers that might
the EU’s automotive sector. impede the rapid electrification of the transport sector
and indirectly stimulate the demand for electric mobility
and therefore batteries.
The amended regulation is expected 9 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019R0631

to promote the deployment of clean 10 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/851
and affordable zero emission vehicles, 11 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2405
stimulate innovation in emission 12 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0562

13 Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation
reduction technologies, and bolster
employment within the EU’s automotive 14 COM/2022/230 final - ‘REPowerEU Plan’, EU Commission Communication
sector. to EU Institutions, 2022.

15 EU Proposal (COM/2023/148 final) for Amending Electricity Market
Design Regulations and Directives, 2023.
16 EU Commission Recommendation (2023/C 103/01) on Energy Storage
for a Decarbonised and Secure Energy System, 14 March 2023.
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1.1.2
Decarbonisation and
zero-emissions: energy supply
In 2019, the EU updated its energy policy to shift from fossil fuels to cleaner energy through the Clean Energy For All
European package, highlighting benefits and EU leadership against global warming. The challenge lies in maintaining
constant energy supply from intermittent renewables. Pumped hydro storage dominates now, but battery capacity is
expected to grow by 2030, along with importance of hydrogen and e-fuels. Of the mentioned storage solutions, Batteries
are unbeatable from the efficiency point of view and present key assets for energy storage such as cycle life and costs.
Following the global energy market disruption caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the European Commission
published the REPowerEU plan. This plan aims to end EU dependency on Russian fossil fuels while doubling down on
its commitment to decarbonize the energy system. This will take place through energy savings, diversification of energy
supplies, and an accelerated roll-out of renewable energy. This last point will have an impact on the demand for electricity
storage in the grid. As the REPowerEU communication acknowledges that energy storage plays a significant role in
ensuring flexibility and security of supply in the energy system. Concretely to promote the development of electricity
storage capacities, the Commission proposes to consider storage assets as being in the overriding public interest and
facilitate permitting for their deployment.14
In March 2023, as part of a bigger policy package called the Green Deal Industrial Plan, the European Commission
put forward a proposal for the reform of the EU electricity market design. The proposal aims, amongst other things, to
improve the flexibility of the power system. If the proposal gets accepted, Member States will have the possibility to
introduce new support schemes especially for demand response and storage. Batteries are a very promising solution to
complement existing ancillary services for grid stabilization and will receive a boost once the Member States accept and
act on this opportunity.15
The Commission also recommends that Member States continue to invest in research and innovation
on energy storage, specifically on topics like long-term energy storage, hybrid storage solutions,
behind-the-meter solutions for consumers and the utilisation of electricity stored in electric vehicle
batteries for grid purposes.16
BATT4EU SRIA 24 17
1.1.3
European competitiveness
and resilience
Driven by the ongoing clean energy transition and the Court of Auditors concluded in their 2023 special report
uptake of zero-emission mobility, demand for batteries that there are still risks that could stop the final production
is growing rapidly and the market for batteries and its capacity from meeting the rising demand and help
components has risen to be of strategic importance on achieve the targets of the European Union.21 The Court
a global level. The European Commission has proposed of Auditors concluded that the EU-wide industrial policy
that the European industry takes up the challenge of on batteries has been effective, despite shortcomings in
becoming a global leader in sustainable battery cell monitoring, coordination and targeting. The report also
and pack manufacturing, able to compete with current singles out the fact that access to raw materials remains a
manufacturing bases, mostly located in Asia. Thus, in major strategic challenge for the EU’s battery value chain.
October 2017 the European Commission launched the
European Battery Alliance17 as a cooperation platform As outlined in the reply of Commission to the special
and in May 2018 endorsed the Strategic Action Plan on report, part of the challenges will be tackled by the
Batteries18 as part of the “Europe on the Move” package. two acts that form the Green Deal Industrial Plan: The
The action plan aims to put Europe on a steady path European Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) and the
towards leadership in this key industry, supporting jobs Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA). These two acts aim to
and growth in a circular economy, while ensuring cleaner address these gaps as well as address the risk of planned
mobility and an improved environment and quality of life investments not materializing, due to better incentives
for EU citizens. Within this action plan, the Commission provided elsewhere, notably after the introduction of the
proposed to explore the feasibility of a public-private Inflation Reduction Act in the United States.
partnership to accelerate European battery R&I. In the
European Green Deal19, the Commission announced The Critical Raw Materials Act aims to provide support for
that it would “continue to implement the Strategic Action the extraction and processing of CRMs in Europe, which
Plan on Batteries” and thus continue with developing the can be an opportunity for the battery raw material sector.
Batteries European Partnership. The fast tracking of lengthy and costly permitting processes
and barriers can encourage more investment in exploiting
In line with the priorities of the New Industrial Strategy the raw materials available in Europe. Sustainability
for Europe, in May 2020, the industry proposed an and circularity are just as much of a focus however, with
Acceleration Plan set to create up to 1 million jobs in a emphasis given to recycling and reuse technologies. The
European battery ecosystem worth EUR 250 billion by regulation could help grow the market and technological
2022. The European Investment Bank has also supported maturity of battery recycling, as well as second life use,
battery projects along the entire value chain: loans in order to maximize the value and use of existing raw
amounting to EUR 1 billion having so far been allocated materials and reduce the need for new materials.
by the bank, leveraging EUR 4.7 billion in total.
The COVID-19 crisis has further highlighted the importance

of the rationale behind the European Partnership in R&I The CRM act and the NZIA go hand in
– to bolster Europe’s resilience and strategic autonomy hand to cover the value chain and contain
in critical industrial sectors and key, game-changing generally similar measures. Both are aimed
at streamlining permitting procedures
technologies. Moreover, the Commission’s Recovery and bypassing regulatory barriers, and
Plan published in May 2020 underlines the importance both leave a lot of the implementation up
of the battery value chain several times and states: “the to Member States. This is in contrast to
Commission will also focus on unlocking investment in the IRA in the US, which is more focused
clean technologies and value chains, notably through the on financial incentive through tax credits.
additional funding for Horizon Europe.”20
17 https://www.eba250.com/
While the above-mentioned policies, have pushed the 18 COM(2019) 176 final Strategic Action Plan on Batteries
European battery value chain forward and have led to 19 (COM(2019) 640 final)
20 https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-europe-
a growing European battery ecosystem, the European moment-repair-prepare-nextgeneration.pdf
21 The EU’s industrial policy on batteries New strategic impetus needed
18 BATT4EU SRIA 24
The focus is to increase strategic autonomy by boosting domestic production and reducing import dependence, rather
than funding the outright deployment of clean energy to meet goals. In other words, it aims to raise the floor rather
than the ceiling, by building up the domestic base of raw material production and manufacturing capacity.
Addressing the gap in skills and education of the workforce has also been taken seriously, as considerable parts of both
CRMA and NZIA cover this. Moreover, the accompanying texts of the NZIA in particular highlight the European Battery
Alliance, not only as a source for much of the input and information about the battery aspects of the regulation, but
also a success story of a European skills academy, which will act as the basis for similar academies that will be created
for other domains.
Other initiatives that were launched at the end of 2023 and early 2024 to boost competitiveness are the Innovation
Fund call that targets battery manufacturing and the creation of the EBA Raw Materials Fund, which will provide capital for
scoping and feasibility studies for strategic raw materials.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 19
1.1.4
The Batteries and Waste Batteries Regulation:

towards a circular economy
In July 2023, the European Union adopted a new Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries22 which will replace the
Batteries Directive from 2006 following an evaluation of the latter in 2019. The new Regulation aims to create a circular
economy for the batteries sector by targeting all stages of the life cycle of batteries, from design to waste treatment.
This initiative is of major importance, particularly in view of the massive deployment of electric vehicles, for which the
demand is projected to grow by more than 10-fold by 2030.
The Batteries Regulation lays down several targets, including for material recovery
and recycling efficiency. For the recovery of lithium, the targets are as follows:
50% lithium recovery from waste batteries by end of 2027.

80% lithium recovery from waste batteries by end of 2031
(amendable based on market/technological factors).
The following recycling efficiency targets are being mentioned in the Regulation:
80% recycling efficiency for nickel-cadmium batteries by end of 2025.

50% recycling efficiency for other waste batteries by end of 2025.
20 BATT4EU SRIA 24
The Battery regulation also provides mandatory minimum levels of recycled content for industrial, SLI batteries and EV
batteries. The initial Minimum Recycled Content levels for industrial and EV batteries are 16% for cobalt, 85% for lead,
6% for lithium and 6% for nickel.
The regulation further introduces an electronic “battery passport”, which allows for the digital storage of labelling and
other required information on the battery’s components and recycled content. The information stored in the battery
passport should be accessible through a simple QR code. In order to give the Member States and economic actors on
the market enough time to prepare, labelling requirements will apply by 2026 and the QR code by 2027. The improved
transparency aims to improve the functioning of the internal market for batteries and ensure fairer competition by
allowing easy access to information on safety, sustainability and other labelling requirements.
The drive for a circular battery economy in Europe is further strengthened by the European assessment framework
for ‘safe and sustainable by design’ chemicals and materials, as laid out in Commission recommendation in 2022.23
The recommendation states that the Commission will incentivize Member States, industry and other stakeholders to
prioritise innovation for substituting, as far as possible, substances of concern across sectors, including the battery
sector. The ‘safe and sustainable by design’ framework is a concrete implementation of the “Chemicals Strategy
for Sustainability” adopted in 2020. This strategy has announced a phase-out of the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFAS) in Europe “unless it is proven essential for society”. The use of PFAS in battery manufacturing will
therefore come under particular scrutiny in the review of REACH secondary legislation to happen by 2024. The battery
R&I community will play a crucial role in accompanying the industry with these possible regulatory evolutions. The
Commission has previously announced in the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (COM(2020) 667 final)24 that R&I
activities will be funded under Horizon Europe to develop innovation to substitute PFAS where needed.
1.1.5
Digitalisation
The transition to a carbon-neutral society is not the only transition that the world is facing. The rapid development of
digital development heralds new opportunities, but also new challenges as digital technologies can have substantial
environmental footprints that go against the targets of the green transition. A report from the JRC in 2022 warns that
the two simultaneous, or ‘twin’, transitions are not automatically aligned, but can reinforce each other in many areas, if
managed carefully. 25 The report argues for an integrative approach to managing the twin transitions is a key to ensure
the successful implementation of both. The Strategic Foresight Report, which was published in 2022 and is based on the
JRC’s twin transition report, identifies 10 key areas of action where the digital and green transitions intersect and can,
and should, reinforce each other: 26
1. Strengthening resilience and open strategic autonomy in sectors critical for the twin
transitions.
2. Stepping up green and digital diplomacy, by leveraging the EU’s regulatory and
standardisation power, while promoting EU values and fostering partnerships.
3. Strategic management of the supply of critical materials and commodities.
4. Strengthening economic and social cohesion through regional development strategies.
22 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj
23 EU Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/2510, ‘European Framework for Safe and Sustainable Chemicals and Materials’, C/2022/8854, 8 December 2022
24 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2020:667:FIN
25 Muench et al., ‘Towards a Green and Digital Future’, EU Publications Office, Luxembourg, 2022, doi:10.2760/54, JRC129319
26 EU Commission’s 2022 Strategic Foresight Report on Green and Digital Transitions in New Geopolitical Context (COM/2022/289 final)
BATT4EU SRIA 24 21
5. Adapting education and training systems to match a rapidly transforming technological
and socio-economic reality
6. Mobilising additional future-proof investment into new technologies and infrastructures
with cross-country projects key to pooling EU, national and private resources.
7. Developing monitoring frameworks for measuring wellbeing beyond gross domestic
product and assessing the footprints and enabling effects of digitalisation.
8. Ensuring a future-proof regulatory framework for the Single Market by constantly
reducing administrative burdens, updating our state aid policy toolbox or by applying artificial
intelligence to support policymaking and citizens’ engagement.
9. Stepping up a global approach to standard-setting and benefitting from the EU’s first
mover advantage in competitive sustainability.
10. Promoting robust cybersecurity and secure data sharing framework to ensure,
among other things, that critical entities can prevent, resists and recover from disruptions, and
ultimately, to build trust in technologies linked to the twin transitions.
The battery passport requirement as set out by the Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries will be a leading example
of how the battery value chain can pioneer the alignment of the twin transitions.
1.1.6
Socio-economic aspects
The transition to an electrified economy amounts to a societal transformation.
According to a report by the World Economic Forum, the battery value chain
will generate a total of 10 million jobs worldwide by 2030, mainly linked to the
emergence of electric vehicles.27
EIT Raw Materials and Fraunhofer estimate that around 10% of the total will be generated in the EU alone, estimating
that at least 100 direct and 300 indirect jobs will be created per GWh along the entire battery value chain.
Important work has already been done on this topic, existing education activities have been mapped and the European
needs, new job roles, learning objectives and education concepts for the sector have been examined and categorised.28
Updates are required, but there are many activities running in Europe to educate people and future workers. This
education, skilling and re-skilling of workers must consider all the levels, from blue-collars and vocational levels to
professionals to master and PhD students and post-doc.
27 World Economic Forum Report: A Vision for a Sustainable Battery Value Chain in 2030 Unlocking the Full Potential to Power Sustainable Development and
Climate Change Mitigation, 2019.
28 https://batterieseurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Batteries-Europe_Research-and-Innovation-Roadmap-2023_.pdf
22 BATT4EU SRIA 24
1.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE INTEGRATED SET PLAN
In 2023, the European Commission revised the Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan, aligning it with the European
Green Deal, focusing on the Net-Zero Industry Act and REPowerEU agenda.
The modifications encompass the incorporation into the European Research Area framework, the establishment
of fresh priorities addressing cross-cutting concerns, and a broader coverage extending to all key renewable energy
technologies. Additionally, the plan emphasizes hydrogen utilization, cooperation with industrial alliances, and specific
initiatives, including the promotion of onshore wind energy, advancements in geothermal technologies, energy storage
enhancement, building renovation projects, heat pump integration, battery manufacturing initiatives, carbon capture
strategies, and the development of small modular reactors.
Priority 4 of the SET Plan, addressing EU competitiveness in the global battery sector for e-mobility and stationary storage,
emphasizes achieving self-sufficiency by 2030. The overarching goal is to drive advancements in battery technologies,
support workforce development, and promote sustainable energy solutions. The 17th SET Plan Conference in November
2023 highlighted the need for diverse energy storage solutions, emphasizing regional variations.
1.3 EUROPEAN R&I SUPPORT LANDSCAPE
To support the implementation of the new regulatory framework and achieve the ambitions of the EBA, the policy
goals of the European Union and the goals of the SET-Plan, the European battery R&I community has organised itself
in various interlinking initiatives. These initiatives cover the entire battery R&I community ecosystem, with a wide
range of fields representing different R&I interests across the battery value chain. Over the past years, these initiatives
have intensified their cooperation to form a well-structured ecosystem of complementary organisations which are
summarised below.
Overview of the entire European battery R&I ecosystem, from Business to Education, developed by VDI-VDE-IT
BATT4EU SRIA 24 23
To support the establishment of a competitive battery value chain in Europe and to answer the demands of the
industry across this new value chain, several institutional initiatives have been set up, aiming to unite the involved
stakeholders and ensure a structured support from basic research to industry application. These organisations work
together towards a single goal and are aware that they represent and support a single community. To emphasise this,
the entities have united under the banner of the “European Batteries R&I Community” and have agreed on using a
common visual identity that is used to express this single objective.
Energising
The European Batteries
R&I Community
Below, a short overview of the different initiatives and their current roles are given.
Batteries Europe was launched as a European Technology and Innovation Platform (ETIP), established with support
of the European Commission in 2019. Since its inception it has evolved to be an open and inclusive think tank that
aims to represent the entire battery value chain by bringing together experts from research, industry and academia.
The aim of the think tank includes preparing KPI targets and roadmaps for battery R&I community and beyond, while
considering technology developments both inside and outside of Europe. BE also participates in the implementation
of the SET plan Action 7 on Batteries and works closely with BEPA to develop the Strategic Research and Innovation
Agenda for Europe. Batteries Europe also has a focus to develop and implement a uniform Reporting Methodology
across Europe and eventually globally so to support the definition of a unified language for researchers in the sector.
Battery 2030+ was set up in 2017 to provide a long-term perspective on the battery research needs in Europe, with a
focus on the digital technologies that will create smarter, better, and longer-lasting batteries and that will change the
way battery research is being done. Battery2030+ has been key in clustering innovative European projects to create a
European community of excellent scientists, who all agree on certain methodologies and the use of FAIR (Findability,
Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability) data. Battery 2030+ also provides a clear long-term perspective through a
roadmap of its own, which underpins some of the longer-term recommendations in this Roadmap and the SRIA.
IPCEI is the abbreviation of “Important Project of Common European Interest”. It’s a transnational project with an
important contribution to the growth, employment and competitiveness of the European Union industry and economy
funded by state aid. Part of the implementation programme to mark the kick-off for the development of the European
battery industry, are the two IPCEIs; the first one on Batteries and the second IPCEI on European Battery Innovation
(EuBatIn). They are designed to bring together the public and private sector and undertake large-scale projects that
provide significant benefits to the Union and its citizens. More than 50 companies from 12 EU Member States are
developing new technologies along the entire battery value chain and bringing them into first industrial deployment.
The participating EU Member States are providing up to 6.1 billion euros in funding. In addition, up to 14 billion euros
in private investments are being made available. To create a European battery ecosystem, the funded companies are
encouraged to establish European supply relationships and share knowledge in spill-over activities. The first IPCEI on
batteries is coordinated by the French government, while the second IPCEI on European Battery Innovation (EUBatIN)
is coordinated by the German government and its project management agency, VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik
GmbH. The IPCEI instrument gives EU Member States the opportunity to fund large-volume projects aimed at setting
up production facilities for innovative products. The EU Commission sets the framework conditions and monitors
compliance with these. The Member States are allowed to fund projects within this framework, but each project must
be notified individually by the EU Commission. This ensures compliance with international trade rules.
1.3.1
The BATT4EU Partnership
The initiatives under the partnership will support the European Union’s recovery, aimed at building a more sustainable,
competitive and resilient economy.
24 BATT4EU SRIA 24
As part of the Horizon Europe framework programme, the Commission and stakeholders from the battery value chain
launched BATT4EU in 2021. BATT4EU is a public-private partnership, whose main aim is to ensure that the up to 925
million earmarked in Horizon Europe for research on batteries is spent in the best way possible. To this end, specific
goals for the battery value chain have been set out in a Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA), which guides
the development of the calls in the Work Programmes under Horizon Europe. The partnership will also support other
activities, like standardisation efforts and the development of the battery regulation, ensuring a wide dissemination of the
research results and contributions to the education and upskilling of the workforce. The battery value chain is represented
by BEPA, an association of over 220 members as of July 2023, uniting industry and research actors across the value chain.
The BATT4EU Partnership cooperates with other partnerships to cover the whole value chain, such as raw materials
extraction and production with European Raw Materials Alliance or with application-oriented initiatives, namely 2Zero
(road transport), ZEWT (waterborne), Clean Aviation and Europe’s Rail. Other collaborations with more cross-cutting
topics like manufacturing, processing and digital technologies are also being explored.
To create a continuous workflow between the road mapping exercises by Batteries Europe and the preparation of the
Horizon Europe Work Programme by BATT4EU, the expert working groups of BEPA and Batteries Europe have been
integrated with a joint governance structure and shared strategy to gain efficiency and synergies among the initiatives.
For more information on the Partnership, see Annex 4.1 and 4.2.
1.3.2
Innovation Fund
In order to help BATT4EU scale-up, close cooperation is foreseen with the Innovation Fund. The Innovation Fund is
financed through the revenues of the European Emissions Trading System (ETS). As of the Work Programme ‘23-’24, the
projects developed under the BATT4EU Work Programmes are explicitly asked to take the Innovation Fund into account
for financing the scale-up and deployment phases in their exploitation plans. The Innovation Fund is establishing a
proven record on financing battery innovation. For example, in the third call for large projects saw 4 battery projects (out
of 41 in total) receive financing by the Innovation Fund. On December 6th 2023, the European Commission announced
a dedicated instrument for the battery value chain under the Innovation Fund, possibly amounting to 3 billion Euros in
support. No details were announced before the finalisation of this SRIA.
1.3.3
European Innovation Council
The European Innovation Council (EIC), operating under the EU Horizon Europe program with a budget of €10.1 billion,
supports innovative projects across various stages, from early research to technology transfer and startup scale-up. EIC
Program Managers lead the funding efforts, focusing on innovation and technology breakthroughs within their expertise
for up to 4 years. One distinctive aspect of the EIC is its provision of funding, both as grants and investments, to individual
companies, primarily startups and SMEs. Investments are managed by the EIC Fund and include direct equity or quasi-
equity investments.
The EIC has specific projects in the area of battery research, including topics covered by the EIC Pathfinder grants such as
AI-guided development of vanillin-based flow batteries, high-performing zinc-air batteries for mid-term energy storage,
and redox-mediated hybrid zinc-air flow batteries for integrated power systems.
Under the EIC Accelerator, energy storage projects encompass various battery-related topics, such as batteries for hybrid
and electric vehicles and sustainable mobility more broadly, innovative manufacturing processes, predictive analytics for
battery optimization, and advancements in lithium-ion battery production. The overarching goal is to develop cheaper
and more efficient batteries using common and safe raw materials.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 25
26 BATT4EU SRIA 24
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
PRIORITIES ACROSS THE BATTERY
VALUE CHAIN
Based on the developments of the overall context for batteries and the specific
objectives of the legislation, the SET Plan and the BATT4EU partnership, nine distinct
R&I areas have been identified as key to achieving a competitive, sustainable European
industrial battery manufacturing capability and enabling zero emission mobility and
renewable energy storage integration. Seven R&I areas focus on the different parts of
the value chain. The eighth R&I area covers transversal activities which affect the entire
value chain, such as sustainability, education, safety, and digitisation. The ninth and last
R&I area covers the coordination efforts needed to support the work emanating from
the other eight areas and to support the European Union in achieving it’s set targets.
The Strategic Actions below have been developed by the six Working Groups which
are operated jointly by Batteries Europe and BEPA. The transversal activities have been
suggested by selected cross-cutting Task Forces that Batteries Europe and BEPA also
jointly run. The final selection and prioritisation of the activities has been prepared by
the members of BEPA in their official function as Partners other than the Union within
the framework of the BATT4EU Partnership and has been reviewed by the European
Commission. However, all members of the free to access Working Group and Task
Force sessions hosted by Batteries Europe have been able to provide their initial input,
ensuring a wide base for input and external validation.
To ease interpretation, each area contains a timeline to represent, in a simple way, the
cascade effect of R&I activities for each strategic action identified in the SRIA until 2030
and beyond. The horizontal arrows in the timelines indicate the TRLs that the strategic
action is aiming to achieve and the timeframe within which they should be achieved.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 27
@gettysignature
2.1 RAW MATERIALS
2.1.1
Vision
European efforts to boost (lithium-ion) battery production to supply European car makers are bearing fruit, with
(planned) investments in gigafactories on the rise. However, these battery manufactories are still mostly dependent
on imported materials. The investments in sourcing raw material in Europe are developing at a slower pace than those
in manufacturing, because of a wide set of reasons (the naturally slower development of the mining industry, the risks
associated with the investments, permission procedures, etc). It will take time for the already planned investments to
become operative. With the rapidly increasing electric vehicle fleet in Europe, the number of batteries in European cars
will increase rapidly forming a fast-growing demand in the use of raw materials, that become available for recycling at a
later stage (10 years of more) for recycling (even longer, when a second-life use is implemented).
To safeguard European strategic autonomy, efforts to boost European raw material processing
capacity remain necessary. These efforts also need to consider the raw materials needed for
other chemistries than lithium-ion. Investment in research on secondary raw materials (including
waste from mining and manufacturing) will be needed to boost the use of recycled material
before large streams of recycled materials will make it back to the battery manufacturing
supply chain.
Efforts to improve the recycling of batteries to re-inject materials into the European supply chain are covered in the
chapter on dismantling and recycling.
28 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.1.2
Review of R&I activities
Since the start of the BATT4EU Partnership in 2021, the following calls have been issued under the umbrella of
the Partnership to address the above-mentioned challenges:
Call: HORIZON-CL5-2021-D2-01-01
Topic: Sustainable processing, refining and recycling of raw materials.
Projects:
Sustainable processing of Europe’s low-grade sulphidic

June 2022
ENICON and lateritic nickel/cobalt ores and tailings into battery-
to May 2026
grade metals.
Lithium recovery and battery-grade materials production Oct. 2022

LICORNE
from European resources. to Sep. 2026
Topic: Sustainable processing and refining of battery grade graphite
Projects:
Graphite resilience for lithium-ion battery anodes through May 2023

GR4FITE3 to April 2027
a sustainable European end-to-end supply chain.
Sustainable routes for synthetic graphite production for May 2023

SOURCE
high-performance Lithium-Ion battery anodes. to April 2026
Topic: Technologies for sustainable, cost-efficient and low carbon footprint downstream processing & production of
battery-grade materials.
Projects:
BATT4EU SRIA 24 29
Sustainable technologies for reducing Europe’s battery Starting
STREAMS raw materials dependence. in 2024
MSA-based circular hydrometallurgy for sustainable, Starting

CICERO
cost-effective production of NMC cathode materials. in 2024
2.1.3
Scope of actions
Considering the context, the vision and ongoing research activities, the following research actions are proposed:
Strategic Action 1 - SUSTAINABLE PROCESSING AND REFINING OF BATTERY RAW MATERIALS
The scope of this strategic action is to develop processing solutions for the most crucial elements needed for battery
production, which are to be applied to both domestic and imported raw materials. The activities are not only expected
to cover lithium-ion battery chemistries over the next ten years (including the processing of Li, Ni, Co, Mn, Gr), but
also the supply chain necessary to establish a sodium-ion battery production ecosystem in Europe. Research activities
on carbonous materials are also needed for a wide variety of chemistries. The substitution of synthetic graphite from
oil distillation with bio-based carbonous graphite anodes to reduce the attributed environmental emissions is a rather
overlooked European potential, where the valorisation of biostock feeds is considerably more mature and sustainable
compared to the rest of the world.
The research activities developed under these actions are expected to support the implementation of new technologies
in the processing of battery raw materials to reduce carbon emissions and harmful chemicals, increasing energy and
resource efficiency and raw material flexibility. They also need to help minimize waste and discharge during the
refining of raw materials and processing of battery chemicals including energy cascading and water valorisation.
Many research activities listed in the 2021 BATT4EU SRIA under this action have been implemented in the Work
Programmes of BATT4EU up until 2024. Research activities which still need to be addressed and can be included in
future Work Pogrammes are:
SUSTAINABLE PROCESSING AND REFINING OF BATTERY-GRADE RAW MATERIALS FOR LITHIUM-ION

BATTERIES
Development of cost and energy-efficient Cathode Active Material

production technologies
Development of cost and energy-efficient Anode Active Material
production technologies.
SUSTAINABLE PROCESSING AND REFINING OF BATTERY-GRADE RAW MATERIALS FOR SODIUM-ION

BATTERIES
Development of cost and energy-efficient Cathode Active Material

Development of cost and energy-efficient Anode Active Material
30 BATT4EU SRIA 24
UTILISING BIO-BASED RAW MATERIALS FOR BATTERY ELECTRODE MATERIALS
Given the identification of graphite and silicon as Critical Raw Materials

(CRM), realization of the opportunities in producing anode materials
from alternative sources such as bio-stock is necessary
Develop methods to ensure consistent quality for the material, even
if produced from feedstock with varying properties. Increasing the
heterogeneity of the bioresources will secure a resilient supply chain
for carbonaceous battery electrode materials through the processing of
biomass waste (agricultural, forestry, food and so on …) and circularity
of battery industry.
Produced bio derived carbonaceous materials could be applicable to
any battery technology (Li-ion, Na-ion, Li-S, ...):
Battery grade graphite as Li-ion battery anode material (high

purity, crystallinity, sphericity, …).
Disordered carbon-based materials for Na-ion batteries (hard
and soft carbons).
Carbonaceous materials with high specific surface areas to be
used as sulphur host cathodes in Metal-S batteries.
Strategic Action 2 - INTEGRATION OF SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS
The recovery of metals and chemicals from new sources such as industrial or urban wastes was listed as a possible
longer-term activity in the 2021 BATT4EU SRIA. The rise of battery manufacturing capabilities in Europe, coupled with
the need for recycled content in batteries as per the Batteries Regulation, have put this topic more in the spotlight.
Some aspects of this activity have been included in Horizon Europe call HORIZON-CL5-2023-D2-01-02, but there
are many more research areas that should be tackled and so this subject warrants its strategic action. Included in this
strategic action are the recovery and production of battery-grade materials from mining and industrial wastes (e.g.,
manufacturing scrap, tailings, slags, sludges, etc.) for reintroduction into the battery value chain. Research activities
which should be addressed in the upcoming years are:
Development of novel cost and energy-efficient recovery methods and

processes.
Application of the near-zero waste approach, whereby the waste stream
is completely utilized after extraction of valuable materials, or at the
least can be safely backfilled as a non-hazardous material.
Demonstration of developed recovery technologies.
Identification of opportunities of processing intermediate concentrates/
precipitates containing CRM.
Induction of engineering & operative synergies between mining-refining
and recycling-refining of battery CRM-rich feedstocks.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 31
2.1.4
Strategic action timeline
The figure below summarises the key strategic research and innovation actions between now and the end of the
Horizon Europe projects in 2030 and beyond, related to the processing of battery-grade primary and secondary raw
materials. The activities highlight the goal of improving European independence in terms of raw materials for batteries.
32 BATT4EU SRIA 24
@Just_Super
2.2 ADVANCED MATERIALS
2.2.1
Vision
The focus of the European projects in advanced materials has been on maximizing the performance of the batteries
while aiming for lower costs. To that end, safe materials that exhibit high capacity and high voltage (i.e., high-nickel NMC
cathodes with silicon-carbon composite anodes) are considered both short to mid-term materials of choice, while at the
same time several European projects target generation 4 lithium-ion batteries (i.e., solid electrolytes with/without metallic
lithium anode) as long-term candidates of the industry that present a significant potential both in terms of performance
and cost. The investment on R&I for these chemistries should be followed with the sense of necessity of continuity and
avoidance of knowledge gap, ensuring the European competitiveness in the medium to long run by bringing these
technologies to the market.
Increasing the energy density remains a central driving force in advancing battery research
and innovation, especially for aviation and high-performance on-road applications. However,
disruptions in supply chains, rising raw material costs, and the need for Europe to secure
critical raw materials have highlighted the importance of diversifying development of advanced
materials for specific use cases.
The development of lithium-ion chemistries such as LFMP and LFP, and perhaps even sodium-ion chemistries, also
have the objective to obtain higher energy densities, but with a clear eye on ensuring cost-effectiveness and reduced
reliance on critical raw materials. By giving more thought to affordability, these approaches can support the widespread
electrification of transport by offering cheaper alternatives.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 33
Ambitious targets have been set for all of the above-mentioned chemistries, which can be explored in depth in the KPI
tables attached to this SRIA as Annex I. Even though there are battery systems on the market that fulfil the definition
of Generation 3, these are not performing to the levels that are expected in 2030 and there is a need for research
development to achieve these targets. The spider graphs below show the expected room for progress for the different
generation 3 and generation 4 lithium-ion chemistries towards their specific targets.
34 BATT4EU SRIA 24
The complementary approach foreseen in the SRIA is investment in the long-term research on emerging sustainable
generations of chemistries that target ambitious energy density targets (e.g., metal-air and metal-sulfur) and/or cost
competitive alternatives that satisfy the requirements for electrification of a variety of transport modes. The development of
advanced materials for stationary storage also requires specific focus. Here the trade-off between performance indicators
is shifting in favour of cost-effectiveness and longevity. These objectives require further research on chemistries which
rely on abundant and cheap main elements, have long lasting components and can operate reliably at wide range of
conditions. The area includes higher TRL technologies, primarily sodium-ion and vanadium redox flow batteries, to low
TRL chemistries including but not limited to aqueous (flow) batteries, metal-air and multivalent systems.
Incorporating sustainability as a critical criterion for the development of advanced materials for batteries is imperative.
Alongside the pursuit of higher energy density, cost-effectiveness, and extended longevity, due consideration must be
given to sustainability. This entails a comprehensive assessment of not only performance and cost-effectiveness but also
environmental impact, human safety, durability, and lifecycle considerations through guidelines outlined by safe and
sustainable by design farmwork (see design chapter). The objective is to ensure that selected materials not only fulfil
immediate performance needs but also align with long-term sustainability goals. This approach aims to proactively address
any potential environmental, safety, or recycling concerns that may arise as these materials become adopted in the market.
Battery Technology Generations and Component Materials Overview29
Liquid electrolyte lithium-ion battery (Generation 3)
Low-cost, long-lasting materials with moderate

voltage and energy density. E.g., phosphate-
Design to cost
based cathodes (LFMP, LFP) and lithium-rich
manganese materials.
High voltage/high energy (Li-rich) NMC with

Design to performance
silicon-based anodes (Si>10%).
Solid-state lithium-ion battery (Generation 4)
Generation 4a NMC cathode + C/Si composites + Solid

electrolyte.
Generation 4b NMC cathode + Li metal + Solid electrolyte.
High voltage/high energy cathode (HE NMC, Li-

Generation 4c
rich NMC, LMNO) + Li metal + Solid electrolyte.
Sodium-ion battery
Generation 3 Liquid-electrolyte Sodium-ion batteries.
Generation 4 Solid-state sodium-based batteries.
29 The table is intended to illustrate the distinction in components of different technologies and builds upon a system used in the previous SRIA and Horizon Europe
work programmes. It is not an exhaustive representation of all the chemistries discussed herein and the absence of a specific chemistry in the table does not imply
its exclusion from the broader discussion in this chapter and the SRIA.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 35
2.2.2
the partnership to address the advanced materials research:
Topic: Advanced high-performance Generation 3b (high capacity / high voltage) Li-ion batteries supporting electro
mobility and other applications.
Projects:
Composite silicon/graphite anodes with Ni-rich cathodes

Sep. 2022 to
SIGNE and safe ether-based electrolytes for high capacity li-ion
Aug. 2026
batteries.
Innovative and sustainable high voltage li-ion cells for Sep. 2022 to
Intell iGent
next generation (EV) batteries. Aug. 2025
High-voltage spinel LNMO silicon-graphite cells and

Sep. 2022 to
HighSpin modules for automotive and aeronautic transport
Aug. 2026
applications.
Towards the next generation of high performance li-ion Jan. 2023 to

NEXTCELL Dec. 2026
battery cells.
Topic: Advanced high-performance Generation 4a, 4b (solid-state) Li-ion batteries supporting electro-mobility and
other applications.
Projects:
July 2022 to
AM4BAT Gen. 4b Solid State Li-ion battery by additive manufacturing.
June 2026
Solid-state lithium metal battery with in situ hybrid July 2022 to

SEATBELT electrolyte. June 2026
June 2022 to
HELENA Halide solid state batteries for electric vehicles and aircrafts.
May 2026
High voltage, room temperature single-ion polymer July 2022 to

PSIONIC electrolyte for safer all solid-state lithium metal batteries. June 2026
36 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Development of advanced next generation solid-state Aug. 2022 to
ADVANGEN July 2026
batteries for electromobility applications.
Topic: Interface and electron monitoring for the engineering of new and emerging battery technologies
Projects:
OPIN- Operando analyses and modelling of interface dynamics June 2023 to

and charge transport in lithium-ion batteries. May 2026
CHARGE
Sep. 2023 to
UltraBat Capturing ultrafast electron and ion dynamics in batteries.
Aug. 2027
Development of operando techniques and multiscale

June 2023 to
OPERA modelling to face the zero-excess solid-state battery
May 2026
challenge.
Topic: Advanced materials and cells development enabling large-scale production of Gen4 solid-state batteries for
mobility applications.
Projects: TBD
Topic: New approaches to develop enhanced safety materials for gen 3 li-ion batteries for mobility applications
Projects: TBD
Topic: Post-Li-ion technologies and relevant manufacturing techniques for mobility applications (Generation 5).
Projects: TBD
Topic: Furthering the development of a materials acceleration platform for sustainable batteries (combining AI, big
data, autonomous synthesis robotics, high throughput testing).
Projects: TBD
BATT4EU SRIA 24 37
2.2.3
Scope of actions
STRATEGIC ACTION 1 - LIQUID ELECTROLYTE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES (GEN. 3)
Previous research calls under Horizon Europe have focused on better performing and safer materials for lithium-ion
batteries for batteries. The strategic activities proposed in the SRIA promote, on the one hand, more focus research on
a new wave of lower-cost chemistries and the next step for high-performance Li-ion chemistries on the other.
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN-TO-COST CHEMISTRIES

The focus of this activity is the development of advanced materials with the primary aim of reducing cost while lowering
the share of critical raw material (CRM), including by “design-for-recycling” strategies. Research to enhance safety
and lifetime in exchange for lower energy density are also possible. Examples of chemistries covered by this activity
include, but are not limited to, high-safety phosphate-based materials (e.g., LFP and LFMP), high safety manganese
rich HLM-based materials and high safety and low-cost nickel-rich cathodes. The cost leverage should not hinder the
previously established standards for low carbon manufacturing processes, compatibility with sustainable production
methods (e.g., dry manufacturing) and materials sourcing alignments with Critical Raw Materials Act objectives.
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN-TO-PERFORMANCE CHEMISTRIES

Developing advanced materials enabling higher energy/power density thanks to higher capacity and/or operating at
a higher voltage. Priorities include:
Developing high voltage cathodes with reduced degradation rate and

high cycling stability.
Developing high content (>10%wt) Si-based anodes with controlled
volume changes during charge/discharge cycling, and simultaneously
targeting competitive and sustainable manufacturing of Si-rich anodes.
Developing sustainable and recyclable inactive materials such as binders
and electrolyte additives that maintain good stability with silicon and
high voltage cathode materials.
Cathode materials (positive active materials and inactive materials)
designed for organic solvent-free or dry production processes
manufacturing.
Strong reduction of critical raw materials.
Enabling fast charging, particularly for deployment in high-rate
applications.
Developing self-healing materials and corresponding triggering
mechanisms.
STRATEGIC ACTION 2 - SOLID-STATE LITHIUM-BATTERIES (GEN. 4)
Accelerated scale production of solid-state batteries by the end of the decade and uptake of the chemistry by the
mobility sector strongly depends on innovations in the battery materials area. Accordingly, the focus is on developing
solid-state electrolytes, cathode materials, and anode materials (including additives) that exhibit enhanced thermal
and electrochemical stability. The goal is to achieve higher energy/power densities, enable fast charging, improve
cyclability, and enhance overall safety. Materials intended for solid-state electrolytes should ideally prioritize full
sustainability, refraining from the use of critical raw materials (CRMs). It is advisable for these materials to be designed
with an emphasis on recyclability and ease of manufacturing.
38 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Short-term priority is to build on the Developing solid-state electrolytes, cathode materials and anode
results of the ongoing research on materials (including additives) for generation 4.c.
the following areas: Enabling higher thermal and electrochemical stability while targeting
higher energy/power densities.
Fast charging capabilities.
Cyclability and improved safety.
Low-cost electrode processing and electrolyte deposition.
Enhanced compatibility analysis, by co-development of materials and
cell design.
Developments should range from using conventional materials (Gen. 4a) to using Li metal-based anode with(out)
high voltage cathode materials (Gen. 4b and 4.c). Given the previous fundings on generation 4.a and 4.b, and as
the scope of the Horizon Europe programme (TRL≤7) implies reaching to demonstration of cell production at pilot
level, these materials should also provide the corresponding compatibility and manufacturability characteristics, while
maintaining (and improving) the sustainability goals followed by incumbent generation 3. cells. In addition, maximizing
the potential of sharing generation 3 production processes, through tailored choice of materials, and exploring using
low-cost cathodes (e.g., LFP and LFMP) are of remaining challenges.
STRATEGIC ACTION 3 - DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT GENERATION SUSTAINABLE BATTERIES FOR MOBILITY
The goal of this action is to enable future of e-mobility by developing various chemistries (currently at TRL≤4) to
deliver on safety, cost, performance, sustainability and recyclability, with clear prospects for the feasibility of scale-up
of the manufacturing processes. The development of new chemistries for safety-critical mobility applications will also
be considered under this activity. Research activities under this goal will also include building on the main findings
from the 2024 Horizon Europe topic “Post-Li-ion technologies and relevant manufacturing techniques for mobility
applications (Generation 5)”.
Sodium-ion based chemistries are now covered in more depth by Strategic Action 5.
STRATEGIC ACTION 4 - NON-LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES (DRIVEN BY STATIONARY STORAGE)
The aim of this strategic action is to develop various safe and sustainable systems to enable beyond Li-ion batteries
to deliver features fit for stationary storage, including extended cycle and calendric life, low cost, and a reduced
dependence on critical raw materials. Various technologies are considered under this strategic action, ranging from
technologies that are close to the market, such as vanadium flow batteries, to more novel battery material systems,
such as organic flow batteries and aqueous batteries.
ENHANCED MATERIALS FOR VANADIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERIES TARGETING HIGHER PERFORMANCE
AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR LOWER COST
The objectives aim at improving the Improved cost-effectiveness and sustainability of membranes, both with
properties of several vanadium flow and without fluorine.
battery components: Creating custom electrodes with enhanced catalysis and topology.
Implementing strategies to improve energy density using solid
mediators or complexing agents.
Reduction of critical elements and design for recycling.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 39
DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT GENERATION BATTERIES FOR LONG DURATION STORAGE
The aim of this activity is to develop promising sustainable battery material systems with minimized amount of critical
raw materials that can provide storage services for the grid from 10 hours to seasonal timeframes. The research on this
activity will aim to develop chemistries that demonstrate an optimal trade-off between energy density, capital cost,
operating cost, round-trip efficiency and lifetime, making them the reliable electrochemical storage systems on the
path to reaching the targets in adoption of renewable energy sources, outlined by REPowerEU. The activity is focused
on advancing technologies that are presently at an early or low Technology Readiness Level, indicating that they are
still in the nascent stages of development. Examples range from metal-air chemistries to aqueous batteries. The full list
and elaborate description of R&I needs for these technologies are provided in the Batteries Europe Roadmap under
“New and Emerging Technologies”30.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT GENERATION BATTERIES FOR HIGH-POWER APPLICATIONS IN GRID
Development of sustainable next generation high-power battery technologies for use in power grid and other stationary
applications; to be used as stand-alone solutions or in a hybrid with other sustainable long-term energy storage
solutions, with the goal of covering a critical gap of ultrafast and fast storage. Technologies developed should contain
minimum to no critical raw materials and offer an optimal trade-off between power density, capital cost, operating
cost, round-trip efficiency and lifetime. Possible use-cases could cover a combination with power2x, hydropower, use
in fast-charging environments etc. Examples range from metal-air chemistries to aqueous batteries. The full list and
elaborate description of R&I needs of these technologies are provided in the Batteries Europe Roadmap under “New
and Emerging Technologies”.
STRATEGIC ACTION 5 - SODIUM-ION BATTERIES (DRIVEN BY MOBILITY AND STATIONARY STORAGE)
The developments on sodium-ion technology, the possible benefits for the reduction of CRMs and the current
capabilities in Europe support a broad Strategic Action on this topic. The main objective of the action is developing safe
and sustainable materials systems to enable low-temperature sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) to deliver on energy density,
long cycle life and low cost, combined with a reduced dependence on critical raw materials. They include generation
3 (liquid electrolyte batteries with carbonaceous or Ti-based anode) and generation 4 (polymer, sulfide and oxide
solid-state electrolyte batteries with carbonaceous, Ti-based and Na metal-based negative electrodes). The positive
electrode materials include layered transition metal oxides (LTMO), Prussian blue/white analogues (PBAs/PWAs), and
polyanionic compounds. Choice of the materials depends on the corresponding KPIs and type of application. Both
liquid electrolyte (Gen.3) and solid electrolyte (Gen4.) sodium-ion batteries are considered under this action.
STRATEGIC ACTION 6 - BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS WITH SELF-HEALING FUNCTIONALITIES
Development of biomimetic Biomimetic separators for controlled charge transfer, ion selectivity and/
self-healing materials, targeting or trapping of degradation products or parasitic materials.
increased lifetime of batteries: Microcapsules with repairing agents that can be triggered upon
demand.
Establishing metrics and qualifying standards of self-healing in the
context of batteries.
Including both autonomous and externally triggered concepts.
Self-healable binders, separators and/or electrolyte systems having self-
healing functionalities derived from bio-inspired materials.
Bio-inspired architectures for active materials.
29 https://batterieseurope.eu/results/technology-roadmap/researchandinnovationroadmap-2023/
40 BATT4EU SRIA 24
STRATEGIC ACTION 7 - ACCELERATED BATTERY MATERIAL DISCOVERY THROUGH MULTI-MODAL CHARACTERIZATION
Autonomous closed-loop materials discovery through the use of artificial intelligence to orchestrate data acquisition
and analysis from multiscale computer simulations, experiments and testing is crucial. It includes the development
of autonomous high throughput synthesis robotics and experiments, also utilising the European large-scale
characterisation infrastructures such as synchrotron and neutron facilities. Activities under this action are building
on the successful BIG-MAP project of Horizon 2020 and ongoing projects and calls furthering the work on interface
engineering and development of the fully-automated material discovery platform.
The groundwork that has already The expansion of the materials acceleration platform (MAP) to allow for
been laid can be capitalised upon by other chemistries including organic and the development of standardised
supporting the following topics: and correlative multi-modal characterizations.
Application of multi-techniques and multiscale advanced (in operando)
characterisation of battery materials to push the development of solid-
state batteries towards market-ready products.
To accelerate the roll-out of multi-techniques and multiscale advanced
characterisation, a streamlined access to the European network of
synchrotrons is necessary. For example, a battery meta-hub could pool
synchrotron access and establish a collaborative platform for community-
organized experimental programs, based on sharing of methods and
data, which will allow to utilise these methods on a larger scale.
2.2.4
The figure below summarises the key strategic research and innovation actions between now and the end of
the Horizon Europe projects in 2030 and beyond, related to the advanced materials.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 41
42 BATT4EU SRIA 24
@phonlamaiphoto
2.3 DESIGN
Battery cell and system design do not only impact directly the properties of the batteries produced, but they have the
capacity to shape the entire value chain, from raw material production to the expected lifetime of the battery and the
ease of recycling. It is also in the design phase that the need to comply with current and upcoming legislation is first felt.
In order to cut time-to-market of new cell designs, designers need to have a toolkit at hand that allows them to quickly
adapt to new regulations. To remain competitive in a dynamic global system, European producers need to harness
European strengths in digital cell design and the embedding of smart functionalities and self-healing properties. Improved
performance and energy density of the batteries at the cell level also significantly addresses the resource efficiency of the
sector, contributing to the Critical Raw Materials Act targets. This could be tackled through innovative designs such as
bipolar stacking while also conceptualising and designing the next generation of cells for upcoming chemistries.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 43
2.3.1
the partnership to address the above-mentioned challenges:
Topic: Embedding smart functionalities into battery cells (embedding sensing and self-healing functionalities to
monitor and self-repair battery cells).
Projects:
HEALING Advanced sensing, monitoring and self-healing mechanisms June 2023 to

BAT to self-repair batteries. May 2027
Smart sensors and self-healing functionalities embedded

SALA- for battery longevity with manufacturability and economical
May 2023 to
MANDER recyclability.
Oct. 2026
Building more reliable and performant batteries by

embedding sensors and self-healing functionalities to May 2023 to
PHOENIX detect degradation and repair damage via advanced April 2027
battery management system.
2.3.2
Scope of R&I actions
STRATEGIC ACTION 1 - SAFE AND SUSTAINBLE BATTERIES BY DESIGN
The adoption of the Safe and Sustainable by Design framework is pushing battery cell producers to develop
methodologies to apply the framework to the realities of battery manufacturing. This need is spurred on further by
Article 6 of the Batteries Regulation and the proposed ban on PFAS.
Topics under this action should: Translate the Safe and Sustainable by Design framework into practicable
guidelines for the battery sector by defining common principles, tools
and methodologies for evaluation of design for circularity
Evaluate battery design and materials from a reuse, recycle and
repairability perspective
Aim for a reduction of substances of concern as well as CRM by
substitution and/or alternative battery designs
Intensify use of the available digital toolsets, such as virtual reality,
machine learning and artificial intelligence.
44 BATT4EU SRIA 24
STRATEGIC ACTION 2 - FUNCTIONAL CELL AND BATTERY DESIGN
Embedding smart sensing functionalities and/or functionalities enabling battery self-healing inside battery cells will
significantly enhance the performances, lifetime, reliability and safety of the whole battery system. Sensors integrated
into battery cells will communicate real-time data to the battery management system (BMS) for a better diagnosis
and prognosis of the cell status. Furthermore, the BMS will be able to react to the sensor outputs and trigger active
self-healing processes at the cell level. This action encompasses the development and integration of non-invasive
sensing and/or self-healing mechanisms inside battery cells, as well as the coupling sensing and active self-healing
functionalities via the BMS. Sensors and self-healing functionalities need to be adapted to the detection of the critical
ageing processes. A link with the activities related to accelerated battery material discovery and interface engineering
can be established. Activities under this action should build on the results of ongoing Horizon Europe projects, pushing
cells with smart functionalities towards demonstration and production.
DEMONSTRATION, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF SMART FUNCTIONALITIES IN BATTERY CELLS
The activity is not aimed at developing advanced materials with self-healing functionalities, rather to implement the
functionalities of developed agents in order to reach TRL>4 by building on the results from the 2022 topic “Embedding
smart functionalities into battery cells (embedding sensing and self-healing functionalities to monitor and self-repair
battery cells)” and/or by:
Scale-up production of self-healing materials and battery cells

containing thereof. And studying the proper recycling methodologies
for the embedded smart functionalities.
Digital models for optimizing sensor placement and efficient sensor
communication technology.
Demonstration of manufacturability of cells with embedded
functionalities at pilot leve.
2.3.3
the Horizon Europe projects in 2030 and beyond, related to battery design.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 45
@fahroni
2.4 MANUFACTURING
As European cell production continues to thrive, research and innovation initiatives should prioritize two key directions.
Firstly, the focus should be on devising solutions that reduce energy costs, carbon emissions, and enhance productivity,
primarily through enhanced digitization and sustainability practices for manufacturers of conventional generation 3 lithium-
ion batteries. This will enhance the competitiveness of the sector while it is trying to get off the ground. Secondly, efforts
should be directed towards adapting these solutions to accommodate the increasing diversity of battery chemistries
and applying existing high-efficiency methods to emerging technologies. To ensure the competitiveness and rapid
industrialization of these new chemistries, knowledge transfer is a must. Ongoing projects aimed at constructing an
integrated value chain and harmonizing processes should leverage these collaborations to establish a comprehensive
value chain for the mass production of future technologies, like solid-state batteries.
To effectively meet the long-term demands of the value chain within European research and innovation projects, it is crucial
to enhance the flexibility of production lines. This objective ensures production resilience during disruptive scenarios,
such as fluctuations in energy and raw material costs. Adaptable production lines facilitate the creation of customized
products for a wide array of applications, while also enabling the seamless incorporation of changes to accommodate
emerging technologies, such as sodium-ion batteries, within existing processes.
Enhancing the sustainability of battery production has been a central goal in battery manufacturing projects. For
instance, several projects are currently exploring innovative processing methods aimed at eliminating toxic solvents.
This, in turn, reduces the environmental footprint of cell products and yields significant cost savings. These findings
should be complemented by further research to implement these sustainable practices on a larger scale within European
gigafactories’ production lines. Another critical aspect involves applying these results to upcoming chemistries like
solid-state batteries while simultaneously exploring opportunities to manufacture with lower energy consumption and
reduced CO2 emissions, particularly for emerging advanced materials.
A similar trend of activities and objectives can be observed in the digitalization of production lines. Ongoing efforts to
develop the first generation of digital twins necessitate validation at the pilot level, with the subsequent step involving the
transition from prediction to implementation, demanding both hardware and software innovative solutions.
46 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.4.1
the partnership to address the above-mentioned challenges:
Topic: Environmentally sustainable processing techniques applied to large scale electrode and cell component
manufacturing for Li-ion batteries
Projects:
Eliminating VOC from Battery manufacturing through dry Sep. 2022 to

NoVOC or wet processing. Aug. 2026
Carbon neutral European battery cell production with

Sep. 2022 to
BatWoMan sustainable, innovative processes and 3D electrode
Aug. 2025
design to manufacture.
GREEN July 2022 to

Green and sustainable processes for electrode production.
SPEED Dec. 2025
GIGA Towards the sustainable giga-factory: developing green Sep. 2022 to

GREEN cell manufacturing processes. Aug. 2026
Topic: Manufacturing technology development for solid-state batteries (SSB, Generations 4a - 4b batteries).
Projects:
Scalable and sustainable pilot line based on innovative

Aug. 2022 to
SPINMATE manufacturing technologies towards the industrialisation of
July 2026
solid-state batteries for the automotive sector.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 47
PULSE- Pulsed laser deposition technology for solid state battery Sep. 2022 to
LiON manufacturing supported by digitalization. Aug. 2026
Sustainable manufacturing and optimized materials

Sep. 2022 to
SOLID and interfaces for lithium metal batteries with digital
Aug. 2026
quality control.
Topic: Towards creating an integrated manufacturing value chain in Europe: from machinery development to plant and
site integrated design.
Projects:
Sustainable and digitalized gigafactory for battery July 2023 to

GIGABAT production with made-in-Europe machinery. Dec. 2026
Boosting Europe’s sustainable battery cell industrial

BAT- manufacturing value chain by developing an optimised June 2023 to
machinery with intelligent control processes to minimise Nov. 2026
MACHINE
costs, scrap and energy consumption.
Topic: Advanced digital twins for battery cell production lines.
Projects:
Flexible and scalable digital-twin platform for enhanced Dec. 2023 to

BATTwin production efficiency and yield in battery cell production May 2027
lines.
Jan. 2024 to
BatCAT Battery Cell Assembly Twin.
June 2027
Topic: Sustainable high-throughput production processes for stable lithium metal anodes for next generation batteries.
Projects: TBD
48 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.4.2
STRATEGIC ACTION 1 - SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF CELLS & BATTERIES
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING

FOR GEN.3 AND GEN.4 LI-ION BATTERIES
Reduce specific energy consumption and emissions, minimise the use

of chemicals and improving process safety, reduce cost and increase
efficiency.
Validation of sustainable production processes in view of giga-scale
application.
To build on the findings of the ongoing projects specially Horizon Europe
projects under the topic “Environmentally sustainable processing
techniques applied to large scale electrode and cell component
manufacturing for Li ion batteries” and to upgrade the degree of
integration of sustainable manufacturing processes into the existing/
future lines.
If possible, showcasing applicability of innovative solutions to similar
battery production lines like sodium-ion systems.
STRATEGIC ACTION 2 - FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
FLEXIBLE PILOT LINES FOR CURRENT AND NEXT-GEN TECHNOLOGIES
Innovative multi-purpose production line development, encompassing

the creation of machinery compatible with diverse chemistries, cell
format/design, process technologies, and more. This development
includes pilot-level validation and simulation to assess its applicability to
mass production scale
Enhance the capacity of existing Lithium-ion battery giga-factories to
accommodate upcoming new chemistries and advanced production
concepts and machinery. Additionally, fortify production lines to withstand
various disruptive scenarios, ranging from energy source variability to
supply chain disruptions. To achieve these objectives, required actions
include conducting sensitivity studies on current equipment to assess
their response to different scenarios, followed by designing potential
tools or upgrades for improved resiliency and adaptability.
STRATEGIC ACTION 3 - DIGITAL TWINS FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF BATTERIES
UPTAKE OF ADVANCED DIGITAL TWINS IN LI-ION BATTERY PRODUCTION LINES
Optimisation of sensors and on-line measuring

Validation of digital twins at pilot level to optimise production processes,
implement automatic corrections, reduce commissioning time and mitigate
project risk
BATT4EU SRIA 24 49
To focus on implementation of the Horizon Europe projects under the
topic “Advanced digital twins for battery cell production lines “, and
move forward from prediction to optimisation/correction in real-time for
existing production lines.
ADVANCED DIGITAL TWINS FOR ACCELERATED SET-UP OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR THE
EMERGING CHEMISTRIES
Development of 1st generation digital twins for emerging chemistries.
Develop an integrative modelling approach (“smart digital twin”) able
to simulate and optimise fabrication processes of this new generations
of battery technologies.
Model- based cell design of manufacturing processes.
2.4.3
The figure below summarises the key strategic research and innovation actions between now and the end of the
Horizon Europe projects in 2030 and beyond, related to the battery manufacturing.
50 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.5 APPLICATION: MOBILITY
The rapid development of battery technologies is a cornerstone of achieving the objectives set by the European Green
Deal. Not only the energy transition supported by stationary batteries, but also the decarbonisation of transport, and
transition to electric mobility applications. These advancements are aimed at addressing some of the key challenges
associated with electric vehicles, such as limited range, lengthy charging times, costs and concerns about battery durability
and safety. The European battery industry is at the forefront of these developments, and as many European countries
are already set to ban internal combustion engines within the next decade, safe and affordable batteries are crucial
to enabling this transition. Many similar regulations are in place in ports, fjords, and inland waterways, requiring zero
emission from ships. Whether for primary propulsion or auxiliary power, batteries are playing an increasingly important
role in all transport modes. This effort is also needed to give to the European transport sector and industry the boost it
needs to remain competitive on a global scale.
The challenges of the battery industry are nowadays mainly driven by the automotive industry, however, extend beyond
this industry, encompassing aviation, waterborne, rail, and off-road transport. Each of these modes bring unique criteria
to meet and emphasize different performance requirements. Further research and innovation is needed to make most
fitting/tailormade battery solutions more widely available. By pushing the boundaries of battery technology, the European
battery industry aims to overcome the barriers that have historically limited the widespread adoption of electric mobility
options. These advancements contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable transportation sector by reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
Many challenges related to electric mobility are currently being addressed by projects under Horizon Europe, bringing
the needed technology closer to market ready. However, there is still work to be done in the final years of Horizon Europe,
and the strategic research actions below intend to guide this. Battery performance aspects, such as rate of discharge can
open batteries to a wider range of use cases. Cost efficiency is more and more important, to remain competitive with
batteries from Chinese producers entering the European market. Improvements in thermal management is still needed
for newer chemistries, and batteries for off-road applications, particularly in harsh use and extreme weather conditions.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 51
2.5.1
Topic: Next generation technologies for High-performance and safe-by-design battery systems for transport and
mobile applications.
Projects:
Next generation of multifunctional, modular and scalable June 2023 to

EXTENDED solid state batteries system. May 2026
Next generation technologies for battery systems in

June 2023 to
NEXTBAT transport electrification based on novel design approach
Nov. 2026
to increase performance and reduce carbon footprint.
Next generation multiple architecture battery systems May 2023 to

TEMPEST
for industry. April 2026
VERSA- Versatile printed solutions for a safe and high- May 2023 to
PRINT performance battery system. April 2026
Topic: Digitalisation of battery testing, from cell to system level, including lifetime assessment.
Projects:
Accelerated cell and battery testing – for automotive and April 2023 to
AccCellBaT March 2026
stationary.
Fast-track hybrid testing platform for the development of

FASTEST battery systems to TRL6.
THOR Innovative methodology for battery testing.
52 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Topic: Physics and data-based battery management for optimised battery utilisation.
Projects:
June 2023 to
NEMO Next generation models for advanced battery electronics.
May 2026
May 2023 to
BATMAX Battery management by multi-domain digital twins.
Oct. 2026
June 2023 to
NEXTBMS Advanced BMS to enhance modelling approaches.
Nov. 2026
June 2023 to
ENERGETIC Next generation BMS based on data rich digital twin.
Aug. 2026
Topic: Innovative battery management systems for next generation vehicles (2ZERO & Batt4EU Partnership).
Projects:
Jan. 2024 to
InnoBMS Situationally aware innovative battery management
June 2027
system for next generation vehicles
Smart, Connected and Secure Battery Management

Jan. 2024 to
iBattMan System Enhanced by Next Generation Edge and Cloud
June 2027
Computing, Sensors and Interoperable Architecture.
Topic: Size & weight reduction of cell and packaging of batteries system, integrating lightweight and functional
materials, innovative thermal management and safe and sustainable by design approach.
Projects: TBD
BATT4EU SRIA 24 53
2.5.2
STRATEGIC ACTION 1 - HIGH-PERFORMANCE, COST-EFFICIENT AND SAFE BY DESIGN BATTERY SYSTEMS
ADVANCED THERMAL MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR BATTERIES IN HARSH-USE AND EXTREME

CONDITIONS
Progress on the batteries’ thermal management, advanced cooling

systems, and digital twin models for improving performance
understanding under sustained fast and super-fast charge cycles, while
informing the end-user on optimal usage profiles (driving/charging) for
minimal capacity and performance degradation.
Waterborne systems are not anticipated to encounter significant
regenerative conditions but will be subjected to continuous discharge
with a power requirement close to peak power. Therefore, reliability and
thermal management are crucial, such as direct liquid cooling (either
partial or full immersion).
Development of reliable thermal management systems capable
to operate under extreme environmental conditions supported by
advanced models
Development of novel cooling solutions, including new cooling agents
for battery pack.
HIGH PERFORMANCE AND COST EFFICIENT SAFE-BY-DESIGN BATTERIES
Increase the cell energy and power density performance, while avoiding/
replacing critical materials (e.g. Co) and reducing costs, including module
and pack cost accounting for materials, connection technologies, peripherals
and housing functional to the demonstration of battery operation.
Highly efficient, compact, and lightweight cell-to-pack integration
technologies (including multi-functionality of materials and components,
where applicable and depending on the end-user applications).
Multi-type cell arrangements (e.g. high-voltage LNMO / high-capacity
NMC), high-voltage and current (i.e. above 800 V and/or 500 A), increasing
performance through enhanced integration (i.e. Cell-to-Chassis (C2C),
Cell-to-Vehicle (C2V), Cell-to-Airframe (C2A)). Interfaces to other systems
(e.g. fuel-cell stacks) for joint operation can be considered (link to Clean
Aviation/Clean Hydrogen).
Fast charging capability is a key enabler for the electrification of transport.
Most prominent limiting factors to adoption and further development
of fast charging are cell degradation (i.e. cycling capacity fade) and heat
dissipation. R&I in the area of fast charging is expected to focus on cells,
modules and battery pack design capable of increasing the charging power
while limiting degradation (by increasing voltage), targeting to double the
actual charging speed, i.e. from 10-to-80% battery pack SoC increase in
about 15 minutes, for road transport applications. As a further example, fast
charging (high-voltage/parallel charging), i.e. from 10-to-95% battery pack
SoC increase in about 15 minutes is expected for airborne applications.
54 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Pack design including flame retardant materials to prevent thermal
runaway, explosion, and toxic gas release during crash and handling
and recovery of crashed batteries. Investigate new battery architectural
and housing designs ensuring repairability and fail-safe operation (such
as containment of thermal runaway). Safety considerations are also
the main cost driver for several applications, with corrosion resistant
materials playing a large role in the cost of batteries for waterborne
applications for example.
STRATEGIC ACTION 2 - CLOUD BASED BATTERY MANAGEMENT FOR MULTI-APPLICATION INTEGRATION
BMS development has been widely funded. However, aspects like design and implementation of a comprehensive
sensing strategy, integration of multi-purpose/multi-functional sensors capable of quantifying safety (i.e. probability of
fatal event to occur), early diagnostics sensors, cloud-based machine learning algorithms and distributed intelligence
instead of centralized BMS are open topics that could significantly enhance the value and the utilization of the battery.
This is an activity that needs to be supported in conjunction with the delivery of a demonstrator.
CLOUD BASED DATA MANAGEMENT FOR MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS
Advanced Battery Management Systems (BMS), embedding sensors

for diagnostics and early failure prediction, remote upgrade, and
maintenance (ensuring cyber security for remote and cloud-based
functions), lifetime-optimized operation management, (capitalizing on
fleet-learning, artificial intelligence). Different level of sensorisation (e.g.
per module, per-cell, on- or in-cell, depending on the transport modes
and use-case can be adopted).
Decentralized (virtual) BMS design for battery packs, with advanced
algorithms and data analysis for more accurate SoC, SoH, SoX. Cloud
data storage facilitating optimization of battery performance. Advanced
user interaction for more informed decision making and optimized
performance of multiple battery systems.
Cloud-connected BMS to enable use of advanced algorithms and
models, improving battery safety and functionality by exchanging data
with the cloud. Can also be connected to battery passport.
Cloud aggregation of battery assets in multiple storage units/vehicles,
and provide fleet-management, or virtual storage capacity aggregation
towards grid flexibility services.
Advanced battery integration concepts, such as multi-functional energy
storage structures with embedded multi-purpose sensing capabilities.
Demonstration in relevant environment (e.g. test-bed with environmental
control capabilities) of integrated and continuously-operated battery
cell/module/pack sensors capable of multi-functional monitoring.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 55
STRATEGIC ACTION 3 - ACCELERATED MULTIPHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL TESTING AND DEVELOPMENT
MULTIPHYSICAL TESTING FOR ACCELERATED VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION
Shortening the development time and costs of battery cells and battery
systems by minimising the experimental testing effort and thus reducing
the time to market and increasing innovation cycles as well as accelerating
sustainability targets.
Fostering innovations in the eco-system battery through accelerated and
more reliable verification and validation of advanced solutions contributing
to increased use acceptance (safety & costs) and competitiveness of the
European battery value chain.
Development of virtual methods to reduce the complexity of testing sample
to sub-system DUTs (device under test) while full system is validated by
virtual methods using the results from physical sub-system test.
Standardisation of battery system testing & validation approaches focusing
on the fusion of physical and virtual test methodologies.
Development of simplified test strategies, reducing the number of test and
their complexity while improving battery safety and reliability.
Understanding and describing the impact of multi-physical operational
loads, failure modes, ageing and mis-use on battery reliability and safety
highlighting the dependencies between them in order to design the most
adequate testing methods and parameters.
STRATEGIC ACTION 4 - DEMONSTRATIONS FOR MOBILITY APPLICATIONS
High TRL activities for multiple transport modes where demonstrations are needed to move a technology forward and
closer to market. These may or may not be funded by Batt4EU, but are nevertheless included here to communicate the
need from the battery perspective.
Design and prototype safe, light weight and airworthy battery modules
and packs (including cooling systems, BMS, in/on-cell sensors, including
digital twin), fit for the high voltage and power requirements of reference
airframes (e.g., high C-rates for power boost in take-off and go-around
scenarios), including their integration in relevant electric architectures
and interface with electric conversion systems.
Demonstration of electrification of off-road and non-road mobile
machinery (NRMM). Battery solutions for the electrification of mines,
construction sites, ports, industrial sites where cargo or material is
moved. Demonstration can integrate multiple applications.
Battery swapping (use cases can be aviation, inland shipping or short
distance ferries, besides EVs).
Battery for rail application as on-board energy storage system with
improved charging times, regenerative braking capability, and to be
able to power train on short to mid distances in case main of power
supply failure. Virtual demonstration or demonstration paired with other
demonstrations (i.e. hydrogen powered train) can be covered.
56 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.5.3
the Horizon Europe projects in 2030 and beyond, related to the mobility application.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 57
2.6 APPLICATION: STATIONARY STORAGE
As an essential piece in both energy efficiency and renewable energy use, the market for battery energy storage systems
is growing significantly. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) enable efficient time-shifting of excess renewable energy
production, manage peak energy demand, and enhance grid stability by responding quickly to frequency fluctuations.
They contribute to a more reliable and resilient electricity grid, supporting the integration of renewable energy sources
and helping to address supply-demand imbalances, while offering backup power during emergencies. The end user is
equally versatile, from grid operators at the Front of the Meter (FTM) side, down to individual consumers at the Behind the
Meter (BTM) side. Several transversal areas also converge here, with sustainability, safety, digitalization, and hybridization
each having important roles due to this versatility.
Because of the versatility of uses, research in this area focus significantly on integration, interoperability, and optimization
of BESS, rather than chemistry or composition of the cell or system. Using second-life batteries or several batteries of
different chemistries can enable the further growth and sustainability of the industry, but brings challenges with the
management and operation of such units, and as such is seen as a key research area. Long duration energy storage is
also a key area, to significantly enhance the potential of BESS in all of its uses. While research on these topics is ongoing
in some cases, field demonstrations and other advancements are needed to bring the industry forward in Europe.
While the stationary storage market has come a long way, there is still much to be done regarding research and innovation.
Early in 2023, the green deal industrial plan was unveiled, which included a reform of the European electricity market. This
has important implications, as the market reform included mechanisms to further incentivise grid operators to procure
units providing flexibility to the energy grid, a role that BESS can fill well.
R&I is still necessary to improve asset utilisation and capability, especially for new chemistries,
long duration energy storage, 2nd life batteries, and hybrid storage systems.
The Batteries Regulation, unveiled in August 2023, adds some new requirements as well, specifically with the battery
passport and relevant implications for BMS and second life battery use. The described areas below see to address
these challenges, by building upon the earlier projects and filling in any gaps, and moving these technologies toward
demonstration level.
58 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.6.1
Topic: Battery management system (BMS) and battery system design for stationary energy storage systems (ESS) to
improve interoperability and facilitate the integration of second life batteries.
Projects:
Next generation of battery management systems to

increase interoperability, bridge the gap between 1st Starting
BIG LEAP in 2024
and SL-BESS, extend adaptability and empower battery
value chains.
Starting
Battery2Life Battery management by multi-domain digital twins.
in 2024
Topic: Hybrid electric energy storage solutions for grid support and charging infrastructure.
Projects:
Safe, sustainable and modular hybrid systems for long- Starting

SMHYLES duration energy storage and grid services. in 2024
High-performance hybrid energy storage system for Starting

HAVEN multi-service provisioning. in 2024
Topic: Non-Li Sustainable batteries with European Supply Chains for Stationary Storage (Batt4EU Partnership.
Projects: TBD
BATT4EU SRIA 24 59
2.6.2
STRATEGIC ACTION 1 - LONG DURATION ENERGY STORAGE
DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR LONG DURATION ENERGY STORAGE
Develop next-generation long duration storage (>10h, up to 100h or

more) technologies to ensure their commercial viability by the time the
deployment of variable renewable resources reaches saturation in the
2030.
Innovative consolidated battery technologies and adapting them to long
duration storage through improved electrochemistry and hybridization.
Demonstrate multi-purpose grid-scale long duration BESS with advanced
management systems supporting the creation of solid business cases.
STRATEGIC ACTION 2 - BATTERY MANAGEMENT FOR OPTIMISED BATTERY UTLISATION
DEMONSTRATION OF ADVANCED BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE FIELD
To follow up on the results from the 2022 topic “Physics and data-based
battery management for optimised battery utilisation” by demonstrating
the functionality in the field, proving the adaptability to various cell
sensors and embedded functionalities.
New and flexible BMS systems that are usable for a variety of chemistries
including upcoming technologies and are applicable to hybrid solutions.
Enhanced use of digital twins to enable the integration of real-time data.
Development of standardization of BMS architecture, to facilitate
universal compatibility and scalability towards EMS.
BMS adaptation to next generation of grid services more related
to fast response due to intermittency of renewable energy sources.
EMS-BMS connected assets with battery to optimise data exchange
between assets. Promote and develop enhanced EMS-BMS interaction,
minimising hardware and software incompatibilities and inefficiencies.
Reliability and safety of BMS functionality, continuous improvement of
SIL level in framework where new assets are introduced continuously,
including both new battery chemistries and used batteries.
BMS matching to the ongoing battery passport needs, and the
increased complexity of data sharing and methods of sharing (i.e. cloud,
blockchain).
STRATEGIC ACTION 3 - INTEGRATION OF STATIONARY BATTERY STORAGE
DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO OPTIMIZE BATTERY UTILISATION, RENEWABLE ENERGY

INTEGRATION AND MULTI-SERVICE USE
Adaptive algorithms to optimize the combined use of several energy

storage systems and provide multiple services.
Strategies to optimize the operation and integration of battery storage
across different energy sectors.
60 BATT4EU SRIA 24
By optimizing BESS designs, materials, and control strategies, and by
fostering cross-energy sector coupling, this research activity should seek
to contribute to the development of a sustainable, resilient, and efficient
multi-energy market that effectively integrates renewable energy sources
and maximizes the benefits of advanced battery storage systems.
Advanced and fast energy management algorithms of hybrid storage
(multi-technologies) allocated in the electricity grid (FTM) in order to
provide fast response energy services, and to be resilient in the long term.
Go further in new multi-grid services and new schemes in the energy
market mechanisms. Taking into account VPP (Virtual Power Plants).
In BTM applications, aggregation of different technologies of batteries to
provide energy to consumers and at the same time improve grid quality
and stability. Virtual batteries business modelling with advanced EMS.
2.6.3
the Horizon Europe projects in 2030 and beyond, related to stationary application.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 61
@gettyimage
2.7 DISMANTLING AND RECYCLING
Even though batteries last longer than initially predicted, the number of End of Life (EoL) batteries from e-mobility and
stationary applications are increasing and will continue to increase in the following ten years. This means that both the
number and capacity of recycling facilities need to increase. The new facilities need to be automated to reduce costs and
reduce safety risks in all parts of the value chain.
Due to the lack of standardisation, data about the form, composition, assembly modes, state of health, etc. are of utmost
importance. The battery passport is seen as an enabler in this respect and should be fully developed within this time
frame (integration of a battery labelling system within the battery passport).
In line with its importance to create a circular value chain and deliver on the transition to a net zero economy, dismantling
and recycling topics have been allocated a significant share of the funds under the BATT4EU Partnership.
There remain, depending on the TRL, activities that are still deserving of public funding, both for the collection, sorting
and dismantling of batteries, and the recycling processes.
Additional focus
needs to be put on
ensuring enhanced
flexibility of
recycling facilities.
This flexibility will
help recyclers to
adapt to market
developments and
future-proof the
massive investments
needed to get
battery recycling
capacity off the
ground in Europe.
62 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.7.1
Topic: Sustainable processing, refining and recycling of raw materials.
Projects:
Recycling of Lithium from Secondary Raw Materials July 2022 to

RELiEF and Further. June 2025
Topic: Sustainable, safe and efficient recycling processes.
Projects:
Flexible, safe and efficient recycling of li-ion batteries for

July 202 to
RESPECT a competitive, circular, and sustainable European battery
June 2026
manufacturing industry.
Batteries reuse and direct production of high

RHINO- performances cathodic and anodic materials and other Sep. 2022 to
CEROS raw materials from batteries recycling using low cost and Aug. 2026
environmentally friendly technologies.
Feasible recovery of critical raw materials through a new

Sep. 2022 to
FREE4LIB circular ecosystem for a li-ion battery cross-value chain
Aug. 2026
in Europe.
Topic: Streamlined collection and reversed logistics, fully automated, safe and cost-efficient sorting, dismantling and
second use before recycling.
Projects:
A next-generation automated, connected, and standardised

Batte- process for increased safety, efficiency, and sustainability of
May 2023 to
Reverse li-ion battery reverse logistics.
Oct. 2026
Research and development of a highly automated and

June 2023 to
REBELION safe streamlined process for increased Lithium-ion
Nov. 2026
battery repurposing and recycling.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 63
Standardised, automated, safe and cost-efficient
REIN- processing of end-of-life batteries for second and third
June 2023 to
FORCE life re-use and recycling.
May 2027
Reuse of batteries through characterisation, smart

RECIR- logistics, automated pack and module dismantling and
May 2023 to
CULATE repackaging and a blockchain enabled marketplace.
April 2026
Topic: New processes for upcoming recycling feeds.
Projects:
A circular and chemistry-neutral approach for recycling and Jan. 2024 to

RENOVATE recovery of battery waste feeds. Dec. 2026
Recycling of low value components using high purity pre-

Jan. 2024 to
REVITALISE treatment, direct recycling and green hydrometallurgical
Dec. 2026
approaches for recycling of lithium ion and sodium ion
batteries.
Improving the circularity and sustainability of the entire low-

value LFP battery waste stream - from production scrap to Jan. 2024 to
ReUSe end-of-life LiB - by developing new recycling processes that Dec. 2026
maximize the recovery of input elements and components.
Topic: Advanced sustainable and safe pre-processing technologies for End-of-Life (EoL) battery recycling.
Projects: TBD
2.7.2
R&I needs
STRATEGIC ACTION 1 - SUSTAINABLE, SAFE AND EFFICIENT RECYCLING PROCESSES
DEVELOPMENT OF RECYCLING PROCESSES FOR EMERGING CHEMISTRIES
Development and validation of integrated recycling processes for

sodium-ion batteries.
Development and validation of integrated recycling processes for
Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs).
Safe-proof recycling methods for Li-metal batteries.
Direct recycling of electrode materials.
64 BATT4EU SRIA 24
STRATEGIC ACTION 2 - ENHANCED FLEXIBILITY OF RECYCLING PROCESSES
IMPROVEMENT OF THE ADAPTABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY OF EXISTING RECYCLING PROCESSES
Development of more flexible and adaptable recycling processes for

lithium-ion batteries than current ones will provide a solution for the
constantly evolving composition and formulation of cathodes, anodes
and electrolytes (e.g., increase in share of Si in Si/C anodes, variations
in Ni share in NMC cathodes).
Provisions for adaption of lithium-ion battery recycling processes to
recycling of sodium-ion batteries. As the battery manufacturing and
recycling processes for both chemistries share a high degree of similarity,
flexible processes that are able to recover materials from sodium-only
or mixture of lithium and sodium batteries feeds will be of importance.
Methods to increase rate of lithium and graphite recovery from gen.3
lithium-ion batteries.
Improvement of existing lithium-ion battery recycling processes to
increase the recovery of electrolyte solvents and salts, binder material,
and membranes.
2.7.3
The figure below summarises the key strategic research and innovation actions within the Horizon Europe and
beyond related to recycling.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 65
@dimaberlinphoto
2.8 TRANSVERSAL TOPICS
The previous chapters list the R&I actions along the battery value chain which are most in need of a collaborative
European push. However, there are certain R&I activities that cut across the value chain and that are equally deserving of
being supported by European projects. The chapter below lists three strategic actions, two in the field of sustainability
and one to boost battery education efforts, that will cut across the value chain.
In the 2021 BATT4EU SRIA, the highlighted transversal activities covered sustainability and safety. The new activities
proposed for sustainability are building on the topics proposed in the 2021 SRIA, and which have been subsequently
implemented.
These are refining the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of batteries and ensure the R&I activities
necessary to support the implementation of the battery passport as proposed in the
Batteries and Waste Batteries Regulation. The suggested activity for education focuses on
the need to accelerate practical training across Europe, both for academic and vocational
purposes.
The safety aspects that were described in the 2021 SRIA have found their way into topics for specific parts of the value
chain. They have therefore already been covered in the previous chapters on, for instance, advanced materials and
recycling. To avoid duplication, the issue of safety is not separately addressed here. This should not be mistaken for a
lack of attention to this issue, quite the contrary. Safety remains an important topic across the value chain, as the new
strategic area “safe and sustainable by design” in chapter 2.3 Design attests. Furthermore, every topic developed under
the BATT4EU Work Programme will be evaluated for its contribution to increasing the safety along the value chain.
Other transversal issues, such as the digitisation of battery production, and the social aspects of European battery
production will be continuously taken into consideration during the development of the Work Programmes.
66 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.8.1
Topic: LCA and design for sustainable circularity - holistic approach for zero-emission mobility solutions and related
battery value chain (joint 2Zero & Batt4EU partnership call).
Projects:
Tran-
Towards a European-wide harmonised, transport specific Jan. 2023 to
Sensus June 2025
LCA Approach.
LCA
Topic: Creating a digital passport to track battery materials, optimize battery performance and life, validate recycling,
and promote a new business model based on data sharing.
Projects: TBD
2.8.2
R&I needs
STRATEGIC ACTION 1 - LCA AND LCI DEVELOPMENT FOR NEXT-GENERATION BATTERIES AND
STATIONARY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
This strategic action should take the lessons from the TranSesnus project on the LCA of Li-ion batteries for EVs and
broaden the LCA methodology so that it becomes applicable to a wide range of batteries, including stationary storage.
This call should also target batteries with external storage, as LCAs for this type are short in supply and hinder the
implementation of the Batteries Regulation.
STRATEGIC ACTION 2 - BATTERY PASSPORT DEVELOPMENT FOR BATTERIES WITH EXTERNAL STORAGE
This strategic action should develop a pilot to develop a working and applicable battery passport for batteries with
external storage. This project should work with the ongoing Horizon Europe project on the battery passport but ensure
that battery passport concept can be adequately adopted by flow batteries, so that the battery passport application
does not distort the level playing field between batteries with internal and external storage.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 67
STRATEGIC ACTION 3 - DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION-SPECIFIC PILOT LINES
The aim of this strategic action is to develop pilot lines specifically designed for educational proposes. A qualified
workforce has been described as the true critical raw material in the transition towards an electrified society. One of
the key bottlenecks to deliver on the creation of a competitive battery value chains in Europe is providing the people
that need to be educated or re-skilled with easy access to a place where they can practice in a real environment.
The objective of this strategic action is to develop battery manufacturing pilot lines that are specifically tailored to
educational needs. The design of these pilot lines and the accompanying training manuals should be released as
blueprints to be rapidly copied across Europe. As the deployment of physical pilot lines are costly and not practically
applicable in every scenario, the action should also develop a digital version of the pilot lines which can be used for
digital training through, for example, virtual or augmented reality.
2.8.3
The figure below summarises the key strategic research and innovation actions within the Horizon Europe and
beyond related to cross-cutting activities.
Strategic
Actions 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
SA 1
LCA AND LCI LCA and design for
DEVELOPMENT sustainable circularity -
FOR NEXT- LCA and LCI development for
holistic approach for
GENERATION
zero-emission mobility 3 next-generation batteries and 5
BATTERIES AND stationary storage applications
STATIONARY solutions and related
SORAGE battery value chain
APPLICATIONS
SA 2 Creating a digital passport to

BATTERY track battery materials,
PASSPORT optimize battery performance Battery Passport development for
DEVELOPMENT
and life, validate recycling, 5 batteries with external storage 7
FOR BATTERIES
WITH EXTERNAL and promote a new business
STORAGE model based on data sharing
SA 3
DEVELOPMENT Development of
OF EDUCATION- 5 education-speciﬁc pilot lines 7
SPECIFIC PILOT
LINES
Ongoing BATT4EU Technology Readiness

Horizon 2020 Projects Proposed Activities Level (TRL)
Projects
68 BATT4EU SRIA 24
2.9 COORDINATION
Europe has been making good progress on the objectives it set out when envisaging a flourishing battery ecosystem
in Europe back in 2017. One of the key enabling factors of these positive results has been the contribution of the
battery research and innovation community. The robust growth of the battery industry in Europe is built on coordinated,
continuous and strategically driven research and innovation across all parts of the battery value chain. As set out in
chapter 1.3, to support this coordination, several initiatives have sprung into being, including Battery 2030+, the ETIP
Batteries Europe, and the supporting research programmes of the IPCEI. These initiatives, together with BEPA, the
private-side association of the BATT4EU Partnership, are providing platforms for the stakeholders in the battery value
chain to channel their inputs for policy, to set strategic objectives and to provide roadmaps. The initiatives are also key to
promote excellence, improve knowledge exchange between stakeholders.
The years since the publication of the first BATT4EU SRIA in 2021 have seen efforts by the above-mentioned initiatives to
improve the coordination of the ecosystem, by better coordinating amongst themselves. After the start of the BATT4EU
Partnership in 2021, Batteries Europe and Battery 2030+ have been continued as Coordination and Support Actions (CSAs)
under the Partnership and funded through budget set aside for the Partnership. Both initiatives have been operating in
line with the coordination priorities that were spelled out in the first BATT4EU SRIA. Both CSAs coordinate their activities
with BEPA and with each other to reduce overlap in activities as much as possible, only being limited by their fixed scopes
of action as CSAs. Prime examples of these collaboration efforts are the integration of the Working Groups and the Task
Forces between Batteries Europe and BEPA, the coordinated work between Battery 2030+, Batteries Europe and BEPA
on the roadmapping activities (including for this SRIA) and the joint operation of the National and Regional Coordination
Group (NRCG) by Batteries Europe and BEPA, which gives delegates of European states a possibility to directly share
information with the ETIP and BATT4EU Partnership
The relative success of the coordinated roadmapping activities has been acknowledged by
the European Court of Auditors in their special report. However, there are also several points
of improvement listed, mostly around monitoring and better coordination across funding
mechanisms. Future CSAs can play a role in addressing these issues and the input of the Court
of Auditors has been instrumental in setting out this chapter.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 69
The goal of this chapter is not to sketch how the future calls for the CSAs will look like and what their respective scope
will be. The aim is to outline the coordination efforts needed to help the European battery community reach its goals.
The actual outline of future Coordination and Support Actions will be done during the development of the remaining
Work Programmes in Horizon Europe.
2.9.1
2030 Vision
Establishment of an Integrated Information Platform: Creating a comprehensive European research and innovation
community platform for sharing the latest developments in research and innovation. This platform will facilitate informed
decision-making across research programmes, educational programmes, and the development of a future generation of
experts in fields like battery technology and system integration.
Seamless Information Flow Across Funding Instruments: Ensure that information flows effectively across various
funding levels - European, national, and regional. This will enable stakeholders to access and utilize suitable funding
opportunities, fostering a well-connected ecosystem for research and innovation.
Rapid Market Uptake and Global Leadership in Battery Technology: Aim to make Europe a world leader in battery
technology and system integration by 2030. The vision includes setting up future-proof information platforms that will
expedite the dissemination of research findings and innovative ideas, leading to their swift integration into the market
and attracting top talent globally.
2.9.2
Specific challenges and objectives
For a well-functioning European battery R&I ecosystem, the following tasks will need to be addressed.
AN INFORMATION OBSERVATORY
As pointed out by the Court of Auditors, the European battery value chain, and the
public policy around it, would benefit enormously from a better access to accurate
and up-date information on key metric and the state-of-art concerning various key
technologies. The aim is to create future-proof information platforms that are set up to
exist beyond the lifespan of any given project and even the Partnership.
Concretely, the following actions are necessary:
Providing a rolling assessment of the current state of art of battery

technology, both globally and in Europe.
70 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Monitoring the technical progress of the BATT4EU projects and other
European-funded battery projects to assess
Progress towards the objectives of the BATT4EU Partnership.
Progress towards the objectives that are part of the updated
SET-plan.
Progression of the current state of art.
Providing a rolling overview of funding opportunities for battery R&I in
Europe (i.e. a funding map).
A rolling overview of ongoing research and innovation projects on
batteries in Europe. Not only from the BATT4EU Partnership, but also
projects funded by other European funding mechanisms and national
and regional funding (in collaboration with the NRCG).
Support any monitoring efforts undertaken by the European Commission,
the EBA or other European initiatives regarding concrete indicators of
industrial progress in Europe, such as European pCAM, CAM and cell
production capacity and battery recycling capacities, BEVs produced in
Europe and installed capacity of stationary battery storage in the grid.
STRATEGIC ROADMAPPING
The above-mentioned collection of accurate and up-to-date information would already

lead to better decision-making. It will remain necessary to build on that information a
strategic roadmap on how technological progress can contribute best to the European
policy goals and which specific research questions are deserving of (European) funding.
A balanced strategic roadmapping exercise for the European battery value chain
will need to encompass the following actions:
Foster exchanges between the experts of the different parts value chain
to understand causal relationships between the different research needs
in the different sectors, including on cross-cutting activities such as
safety, digitisation and sustainability
Gather experts from different parts of the value chain to identify the
short-, medium- and long-term research needs that will need to be
addressed to reach the European policy goals and publish them in
a publicly accessible roadmap. Key is to entice a broad spectrum of
industrial stakeholders, research providers and policy/regulatory bodies
in taking part.
A long-term forecast (possibly as part of the roadmap above) on
battery technology and an analysis of how battery research itself can be
improved upon.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 71
BROADENING AND DEEPENING EUROPE’S EXCELLENT R&I COMMUNITY
To ensure that the EU-funded projects contribute to the BATT4EU objective of creating
the best battery innovation ecosystem in the world in Europe, several actions need to
be employed to get the best out of the projects and the community:
Organise and support clustering events to ensure that projects working

on similar topics can learn from each other’s results.
Organise and support workshops for the community that will improve
the overall knowledge level of the sector.
Share best practices with the community and push for adoption of
common data standards and reporting methodologies
Organise high-level events where researchers, industrial developers and
policy makers meet to discuss the most pressing research needs.
Execute benchmarks of the European battery innovation ecosystem
with ecosystems elsewhere in the world and draft recommendations for
improvement.
PROMOTING INNOVATION UPTAKE
The battery sector has shown that rapid adoption of research breakthroughs is key to
keep a competitive edge over the competition. Support is therefore needed to ensure
that results of the projects under the BATT4EU Partnership project find their way to the
market or to the right funding mechanism to take the next step.
Informing Partnership projects on the possibilities on funding

mechanisms to take their developed technologies to the next level.
Together with funding agencies, make sure that research projects in an
early stage get training and mentoring on how to best exploit the ideas
coming out of their projects, especially on areas like intellectual property
(IP) management and the development of viable business cases.
Support the EBA, the IPCEIs and the EITs InnoEnergy, Raw Materials
and Manufacturing to create research-to-business matchmaking events
between projects looking to upscale innovations and possible upscaling
partners and investors.
72 BATT4EU SRIA 24
EDUCATION AND SKILLS BUILDING
Education and training are fundamental both for expanding the relatively new European
battery cell production sector and achieving competitive functionality of the whole
value chain.
Specific areas where better cooperation can lead to a faster closing skills gap are:
Promotion of the development of, and information sharing between,

projects that address the skills gap, with special consideration to factors
like gaps in perceived attractivity of the sector, geographical gaps in
supply and demand of skilled labour and the timing gap between the
rising need and the time it takes to educate the workforce.
Support the acceleration of programmes that the next generation of
excellent scientists that can push the boundaries of battery research in
Europe and provide a strong academic network for them which will entice
them to stay in Europe. Concrete actions include the development of
European-wide curricula and standards for providing access to research
infrastructures.
Support programmes that provide geographical mobility across the
European battery value chain for researchers and industrial professionals.
ENGAGEMENT WITH NGOs AND CIVIL SOCIETY MORE BROADLY
Engagement with NGOs and civil society more broadly is necessary to ensure that correct
information about battery technology reaches the wider public. Public acceptance of
more widespread use of batteries is crucial for the success of the green transition. This
extends to acceptance of mining and processing activities on the European continent.
Establishing close relationships with NGOs that operate in the European

policy space of batteries and provide them with access to the information
observatory above to ensure that accurate and up-to-date information
will inform the public discourse.
Development of an educational toolkit of the wider public on the benefits
of an electrified society and the key roles that batteries play in it. Efforts
should target existing myths around battery performance, sustainability
and safety. This educational angle should also consider the potential
benefits of educating teachers (train-the-trainers) to bring the battery
sector the attention of future students as an attractive profession.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 73
74 BATT4EU SRIA 24
CONCLUSIONS AND
FUTURE OUTLOOK
Europe is at a crossroads to make good on its goal to establish a competitive European

value chain for batteries. Big strides have been made to encourage battery manufacturing
plants to be established in Europe. The first gigafactory has been brought online by
Northvolt in Sweden, with many more initiatives coming down the pipeline. Market
demand for batteries is also on the rise, not only from the EV market, but also for
other mobility applications and for stationary storage. Recent developments, both on
this continent and overseas, however, mean that Europe needs to realign its industrial
strategy to meet rising demand achieve its objectives for the battery value chain.
While building on the general direction as laid out in the previous documents, this
new SRIA points to the following six imperatives which are necessary to help the
competitive battery value chain in Europe take root and deliver on its promise:
Ensure that (BATT4EU) research results reach gigafactories and the

markets, through pilots, demonstrators and improved decision making
aided by digital tools.
Increase the strategic autonomy of Europe by reducing the reliance

on foreign critical raw materials by supporting local and circular
supply chains and support research into different battery chemistries,
including sodium-ion technologies.
Improve battery affordability to accelerate the green transition

and the keep the European industry competitive by improving
batteries based on materials that are more abundant and push for
better integration into end-use applications.
Improve the flexibility of battery manufacturing and recycling

systems to reduce lock-in effects and respond quickly to changes in a
rapidly developing industry.
Implement a safe and sustainable by design framework for

batteries, which plays to European strengths, and which will help
reduce emissions and use of substances of concern, improve safety and
allow for the integration of smart functionalities.
Support the continuity of excellent European battery research and

academic-industrial cooperation by improving access to research
facilities and pilot lines, use research projects to build up a skilled
workface, and by avoiding gaps in research through continued funding,
which will bind talented researchers to Europe.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 75
In development of the SRIA, these imperatives have been kept in mind by identification
of the R&I needs across the value chain that would benefit from collective European
action. Furthermore, future actions on sustainability and education are also needed in
the short and the medium term. While updating this SRIA with the help of, and for
the benefit of, European battery community, it has become clear that many research
questions will outlast the scope of Horizon Europe and the BATT4EU Partnership within
it. Public European funding for the development of batteries after 2030 will remain
crucial for several compelling reasons. Firstly, sustainability will remain at the forefront
of the global agenda, and investing in advanced battery technologies is one of the
main enablers of achieving Europe’s commitment to reducing carbon emissions and
transitioning towards a greener future. As traditional energy sources face increasing
scrutiny, batteries play a pivotal role in facilitating the integration of renewable energy
into the grid, promoting cleaner and more efficient energy systems. This upward trend in
the demand for stationary storage has been observed in the time which as passed since
the publication of the BATT4EU SRIA in 2021 and will continue to make great strides.
Additionally, with the growing awareness of resource scarcity, strategic investments in
battery development can help Europe secure a stable supply chain for essential raw
materials, reducing dependence on external sources. Breakthroughs in sodium-ion
technology are happening now, but other chemistries with potentially European supply
chains are still being researched at low TRL levels and will need continued support
to come to market. Moreover, fostering innovation in battery technology enhances
Europe’s global competitiveness, positioning the continent as a leader in the rapidly
evolving clean energy market. The drive of the last 5 years to establish gigafactories in
Europe is only the start of this trajectory, with the future focus shifting on onshoring many
of the supporting supply chains and making the battery value chain more sustainable.
This task can only be achieved through broad support of research and innovation across
the value chain, through a mix of private and public funding. Only that way will we able
to promote environmental sustainability and ensure economic growth and technological
leadership, reinforcing Europe’s position on the world stage.
76 BATT4EU SRIA 24
BATT4EU SRIA 24 77
78 BATT4EU SRIA 24
ANNEX
4.1 KEY PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS
This link provides a set of battery-related KPIs that have been defined jointly by BE and
BEPA members. The document is structured by domain, according to the six WGs, to
improve the readability and to reflect the working process, even there are some KPIs
that are relevant for several domains. The excel gathers the KPI values per working
group, indicating a disclaimer to facilitate its understanding by pointing the approach
and the boundaries of the work done. These include referenced baseline values from
2023 (carefully evaluated according to reliably published data) and future expected
values, framed in 2027, 2030, 2035 or 2050, depending on the type of KPI.
PLEASE SCAN THE QR CODE TO ACCESS KPIs
You can also click on this link to access KPIs: https://batterieseurope.eu/results/kpis-

benchmarking-2/kpis-benchmarking-2-october-2023/
BATT4EU SRIA 24 79
4.2 BATT4EU VISION,
reach ambitious performance targets; introduce
abundantly available, low carbon-intense and low-
OBJECTIVES AND cost materials; enhance efficiency and lifetime;

and, develop cost-effective material processing,
EXPECTED IMPACT cell manufacturing and recycling processes
and machinery. Only the combined effects of
economies of scale (high volume manufacturing)
and technology innovation along the battery value
This annex expands on the vision, objectives and chain will enable Europe to catch up with Asia.
expected impacts of the BATT4EU Partnership, as listed
in paragraph 1.5 of the SRIA Sustainability: Whilst batteries will indirectly
enable massive reductions in GHG emissions, it
is crucially important that battery manufacturing
itself is done at the lowest possible environmental
footprint and in respect of UN Sustainable
4.2.1 Development Goals, embracing transparency
and respect of international good practices along
Common vision the entire value chain, including raw materials.
and ambition of
Furthermore, the carbon and environmental
footprint during the operational life of batteries
the Partnership
and at their end-of-life need to be minimised.
The industry needs to shift towards a circular
value chain. Besides the fundamental work in
material research, R&I is necessary to reduce
the carbon intensity of industrial processes like
The vision and ambition of BATT4EU are as follows:
refining and manufacturing, to enhance the depth
and efficiency of recycling and contribute to
BATT4EU Partnership 2030 vision is to have the best
implementing a circular economy for batteries..
innovation ecosystem in the world in Europe. Thus
boosting a competitive, sustainable and circular European
Industrial upscaling: To satisfy future market
battery value chain and driving the transformation
demand in Europe, construction of high-volume
towards a carbon-neutral society.
giga-factories with manufacturing capacities of
several 10’s of GWh of battery cells is needed.
The partnership’s ambition is to prepare and equip
Upstream industries like mining and refining, and
Europe to commercialise the next-generation battery
components production, as well as downstream
technologies by 2030, which will enable the rollout of
industries for battery system manufacturing and
zero-emission mobility and renewable energy storage.
integration, will need to multiply their current
capacities. Such industries need to be highly
automated, energy and material-efficient with
the lowest possible environmental footprint, and
MAIN CHALLENGES
able to manufacture future battery technologies.
Europe has to move fast. In order to achieve the ambition
Investments will only be executed if the industry
in the overall context as described in the first chapter of
can demonstrate its ability to achieve future-
the SRIA, the European battery sector has to face four
proof, cost-effective and sustainable industrial
major, interdependent challenges:
processes exceeding the current state-of-the-
art of Asian manufacturers. R&I for advanced
refining, manufacturing and recycling methods and
Competitiveness: It must be possible to
machinery, strongly interconnected with material
produce competitive battery solutions in Europe;
research, will allow these ambitions to be achieved.
otherwise, the established players in Asia will
further expand their market domination and
capture the growing market potential in Europe
and elsewhere. Competitivity embraces technical
performance, such as energy and power density
or lifetime, and affordable costs. R&I is crucial to
80 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Market uptake :Successful and fast market uptake
will depend on a number of technical and non-
technical aspects. First of all, the integration of
batteries into the various functional systems they
power is key for customer and market acceptance
and can represent up to 50% of the entire system
value. Integration needs to be user-specific and
user-friendly and faces significantly different
challenges between sectors such as automotive,
rail, air or waterborne transport, industrial or
stationary usages. Integration also needs to
take into account the necessary infrastructure
(charging, grid connection) as well as end-of-life
measures like re-use and dismantling. Furthermore,
market uptake depends on policy and regulation
concerning materials, logistics, end-of-life as well
as application or segment-specific frameworks
ruling the usage of the functional system as such.
R&I is needed in all these fields, some of which will
be very application-specific (e.g., battery modules
for EVs), whilst others are transversal across several
or all applications (e.g., safety, digital passport
and information systems). Finally, strong upstream
interaction with policymakers is needed in order to
ensure policies and regulation sufficiently anticipate
the innovations to come.
The ambitious objectives of mobility, energy storage and

industrial strategy can be reached by mobilising financial
investments in establishing the manufacturing bases in
Europe. However, the goal is not only to catch up but
also to become world leaders in battery energy storage
technology and its manufacturing. Only through R&I can
we deliver breakthrough innovation and disruptive
inventions to push the boundaries of the technological
performance of materials and chemistries, to increase
the effectiveness of manufacturing processes, to ensure
smart integration in applications and to guarantee reuse
or recycling and sustainability of the whole battery value
chain in an affordable way.
Results of R&I developed in the partnership are expected

to be rapidly taken up by the emerging industry. Notably,
most of the industrial players are taking part in the
partnership, thus also considerably shortening the time
from lab to market.
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4.2.2
Strategic objectives
4.2.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE PARTNERSHIP
Mobility and energy sectors face drastic environmental, societal and political pressure to shift towards clean technologies
and at the same time maintain jobs and growth. The partnership’s general objectives, therefore, encompass (GO1)
contributing to climate neutrality through the widespread adoption of e-mobility and stationary electrical energy
storage; (GO2) ensuring sustainable growth and industrial leadership by supporting the development of an innovative,
competitive and sustainable battery manufacturing industry; and, (GO3) contributing to improving air quality and
environmental conditions by providing safer and more sustainable batteries and processes.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE #1:

Contribute to making Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 through widespread adoption of
e-mobility and stationary electrical energy storage.
Batteries are a key technology required to decarbonise the European energy system, both:
in the transport sector (electrification of transport, enabling a shift to sustainable mobility); and,
in the power sector (stationary energy storage of intermittent renewable energy sources, enabling a clean and
secure energy supply).
Supporting the power sector will also have a positive impact on decarbonising industry (via electrification of industrial
processes). To make this happen, affordable, sustainable batteries must be quickly available and broadly adopted
as key enablers:
for e-mobility, substituting combustion engines across all transport sectors (road, off-road, rail, air, water); and,
for an energy system based on renewables, providing the necessary flexibilities, system capacity and grid
stability needed under high penetration of variable renewable generation.
In order to provide an overview of the outcomes that could reasonably be expected from the BATT4EU Partnership
and in order to be able to monitor and report on the progress of the partnership towards its objectives, a list of
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) was elaborated within the BATT4EU Monitoring Framework (Annex 1). Being
successful in achieving the targets suggested in this Monitoring Framework will not entirely rely on the BATT4EU
Partnership actions. While the partnership will carry out additional activities to tackle some of the above-mentioned
challenges related to market, societal and regulatory uptake, many of them are not under the control of the partnership
and will also need to be carried out in parallel. The BATT4EU Partnership will also bring a major contribution to broader
additional outcomes not listed (for example the transformation of the energy production system, zero-emission urban
areas, market accessibility, leadership position in exports…).
The KPIs identified for the General Objective 1 are the following:
EU sales of EVs for different transport modes using batteries manufactured in Europe.
EU installed capacity of EU manufactured battery energy storage systems connected to the grid.
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GENERAL OBJECTIVE #2:
Enable European leadership in the battery industry across the value chain and create economic growth and
quality jobs in a circular economy, by supporting the development of an innovative, competitive and sustainable
battery manufacturing industry and a skilled workforce in Europe.
Batteries represent a new and fast-growing market for Europe across the full value chain. Europe can pave the
way towards a circular battery value chain to reduce the raw material and carbon footprint of the European economy,
leveraging the European assets in terms of industrial know-how (recycling industry) and regulatory framework
(updated batteries directive). The partnership will have to pay particular attention to initial and lifelong education, as skills
will be a condition for Europe to catch up in the field of batteries. To make this happen, massive industrial upscaling
in Europe needs to occur and be based on:
available advanced battery materials;

competitive cell and battery technologies; and,
BAT (Best Available Technologies) in manufacturing and recycling.
The KPIs identified for General Objective 2 are the following:
EU battery manufacturing’s capacity to be competitive with respect to the rest of the world.
Creation of new jobs and skills.
General Objective #3:

Contribute to achieving zero pollution for a toxic-free environment, by providing safer and more sustainable
batteries and processes in the context of the circular economy (along the whole value chain, including recycling).
Batteries will enable the deployment of fully electric vehicles with zero local emissions of air pollutants (such as NOx), in
particular in urban areas. Likewise, batteries will enable other mobility and transportation segments (trucks, buses,
rail, off-road, waterborne and aviation) as well as fossil-based power generation to significantly reduce or eliminate
emissions. In addition, the entire value chain of battery production and dismantling will be optimised to achieve
a fully sustainable process over the whole battery life cycle – from battery-grade raw materials to recycling processes
– with minimal carbon emissions and environmental impacts. This will lead to an improved environment and quality of
life for European citizens. To make this happen, batteries made in Europe must have the world’s lowest carbon and
environmental footprint throughout their life cycle, which embraces materials, manufacturing, usage and recycling.
The KPIs identified for the General Objective 3 are the following:
% of improvement of environmental impact in terms of CO2 and toxic material.

% of recycled materials.
4.2.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The BATT4EU Partnership will, in a coordinated manner, generate knowledge and innovations to accelerate the learning
curve and fill in the current gaps in the European battery value chain. Innovations fit to be industrialised will be rapidly
implemented while more ambitious concepts will be nurtured with a view of developing and sustaining a long-term
competitive edge.
The dimension of the global battery ecosystem also has to be taken into account. Due to the current lack of development
and a very limited market share of cell manufacturing in Europe, there is also a lack of development of the related
supply chain: from the specific chemicals, mechanical and electronic components, to the specialised manufacturing
equipment, as a large number of the more competitive companies in the supply chain are based outside Europe. This
has a significant impact on the ability of the battery industry to become competitive with a European manufacturing base.
The need to import competences has been identified by the first companies developing industrial capacities in Europe
(e.g., Northvolt), but the target for the longer term is to make Europe globally competitive and independent from
foreign technologies.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 83
The partnership will coordinate R&I efforts to identify and develop the key technologies required for an innovative,
competitive and sustainable supply chain in Europe, developing at the same time the much-needed skills and
trained workforces.
In line with the general objectives, the specific objectives of the partnership are as follows:
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE #1:

Support the development of differentiating technologies in battery materials, cell design and manufacturing and
battery recycling, leading to demonstrations of new chemistries, cells, production lines and proof of concept
of recycling logistics and methods.
The European share of global cell manufacturing is projected to increase from 3% in 2018 to a significant share by 2030
(more than 15% by 2028 according to the JRC estimates31). This will lead to more than 200,000 direct and indirect jobs
in cell manufacturing by 2028.
One of the most crucial aspects of battery development – in which Europe needs to build competencies and a
world-leading knowledge base – is battery components and cell manufacturing. Environmentally sustainable and
cost-effective manufacturing will be essential to give Europe a competitive edge. Currently, the level of processing
of battery’s raw materials and the production of advanced materials in Europe is marginal. Improving yields and
material performance in minerals and metals processing as well as in advanced materials production whilst reducing
energy consumption and CO2 footprint of battery materials will be essential to achieve sustainable battery material
production in Europe. Furthermore, given the rapid growth of the e-mobility and energy storage industries, Europe
will face a serious challenge to effectively handle a large number of used Li-ion batteries. The stream/flow throughout
the value chain of Li-ion batteries across Europe is very diverse. The large variety of battery types, sizes, shapes,
connections and chemical compositions make it very difficult to dispose of them effectively. One way this could be
achieved is by re-directing some used batteries to second life applications after expert diagnosis and assessment of
state-of-health. Sorting technologies are therefore another area to be further developed.
The BATT4EU Partnership will strongly contribute to creating and maintaining a cell manufacturing base in Europe,
by providing the European industry with differentiating technologies in the fields of raw materials (battery-grade);
advanced materials (for example, in the case of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery cells, advanced materials
represent between 50% and 70% of the cost structure); cell design and manufacturing processes; and, battery
recycling processes. The upstream materials industry also projects huge investments, with associated job creation. The
entire life cycle, from raw materials across cell/battery manufacturing to recycling, will be designed with sustainability
and minimal environmental impact in mind.
The KPIs identified for the Specific Objective 1 are the following:
The number of EU-funded projects on novel chemistries at TRL 4 or higher.

The number of EU-funded projects on cell architectures at TRL 4 or higher.
The number of demonstrations of production lines.
EU recycling capacity (tonnes/year).

Accelerate the development and deployment of sustainable and affordable battery solutions for clean mobility,
by building a strong innovation ecosystem with downstream partnerships leading to joint demonstrations in
different transport modes.
Transport in general, and the personal vehicle sector in particular, will dominate growth in demand for battery cells in
the mid-term, as is already the case today. This will play a key role in driving down costs thanks to significant economies
of scale. However, large scale and specialised batteries will also be developed for the waterborne and aviation sectors.
31 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/report-building-strategic-battery-value-chain-april2019_en.pdf
84 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Solutions developed within the partnership will contribute to offering the same or greater usability and safety than
conventional means of transport at similar or reduced cost level (total cost of ownership), while achieving decarbonisation
targets. The innovative technologies developed by the partnership on batteries will target mobility applications, in
particular, road transport (which will remain the largest battery market by far in the foreseeable future), but also other
modes such as waterborne or airborne transport. The sustainability of batteries should become a competitive and
differentiating advantage for the EU, in line with the European Green Deal objectives.
The KPI identified for Specific Objective 2 is the following:
The number of joint demonstration projects addressing different transport modes.

Enable a cost-effective integration of renewable energy sources in the power grid, by developing affordable batteries
for stationary energy storage applications, leading to demonstrations of different scales of storage systems.
The innovative technologies developed by the BATT4EU Partnership will also target stationary energy storage
applications, which are key to providing a sufficient level of flexibility to the power grid when increasing the share
of variable renewables in the energy mix, supporting the utilisation of industry 4.0 and boosting the development of
small, robotised devices dedicated to the industry or private households. This will also guarantee the energy sector’s
decentralisation and empower individuals through flexible energy solutions.
The KPI identified for Specific Objective 3 is the following:
The number of demonstration projects for stationary electricity energy storage.
Figure 11 below summarises the intervention logic for the partnership, highlighting (the green sections of the arrows)
the key challenges to be tackled for each specific objective.
Figure 11. Scheme of the intervention logic for the BATT4EU Partnership.
With progressing deployment, the specific objectives of the partnership will trigger positive trends and contribute to
the general objectives that will yield the expected impacts.
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4.2.2.3 TECHNOLOGICAL SCOPE AND OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES OF THE PARTNERSHIP
The BATT4EU Partnership will mainly cover R&I activities dealing with the upstream segments of the battery value chain,
from raw materials to battery cells manufacturing, regardless of the chemistry/technology (as long as it matches the
objectives of the partnership). It will also cover circular economy actions. While R&I will be performed on all parts of
the value chain, advanced materials and battery cell design and manufacturing are seen as the key activities of the
partnership, for which well-structured coordination will allow Europe to develop the most differentiating technologies.
These parts of the value chain have been identified in a recent JRC report as the ones requiring key R&I activities in
order to achieve the goal of a competitive EU battery industry32. In addition, battery recycling and secondary raw
materials are also a key priority of the partnership.
ADVANCED APPLICATION END-

RAW MATERIALS CELLS MODULES PACKS
MATERIALS INTEGRATION OF-LIFE
Figure 12. Technological scope of the partnership (focus areas in green)..
The partnership will, therefore, allocate a substantial part of its resources to the advanced materials and battery
cell manufacturing and design segments, along with circular economy activities:
innovative active materials and related components (battery-grade raw materials, cathodes, anodes, current
collectors, binders, electrolytes and in particular solid-state future electrolytes), new processes and equipment
to manufacture them and novel methods for accelerated discovery and engineering of materials and interfaces;
other materials (separators, casing, mechanical components, etc.);
cell assembly technologies (the transition to solid-state batteries will create the opportunity to invest in new
manufacturing technologies to compete worldwide);
battery recycling processes and secondary raw materials.
In terms of TRLs, both the enhancement of close-to-market Li-ion technologies (TRL 5-8), as well as new promising and
longer-term breakthrough technological solutions (TRL 2-4) are included, provided they significantly contribute to
achieving the defined specific objectives and to the long-term directionality of the proposed partnership within a
reasonable timeframe. The partnership aims at creating industrial impact as soon as possible, while, at the same time,
nurturing the European knowledge base in the field of batteries. By securing the development of future disruptive
technologies within Europe, the European battery value chain will get ahead in the global race for the future generation
of sustainable batteries. The partnership has taken the utmost care to ensure an appropriate balance between the
short-to-medium term and the long-term R&I activities.
In order to achieve the specific objectives and respective outcomes, the partnership identified the following
operational objectives which will benefit all markets segments (in line with the ambitious targets of the SET-Plan
Action 7):
Increase battery energy density (+60% compared to

Operational Objective #1 2019 values).
Operational Objective #2 Increase battery power density and charging rate.
Improve cycle lifetime (at least by a factor of 2 compared

Operational Objective #3 to 2019 state-of-the-art values).
32 Steen M., Lebedeva N., Di Persio F., Boon-Brett L., EU Competitiveness in Advanced Li-ion Batteries for E-Mobility and Stationary Storage Applications –
Opportunities and Actions, European Commission, Petten, 2017, JRC108043
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Operational Objective #4 Reduce battery cost (-60% compared to 2019 values).
Ensure battery safety in the different targeted application

Operational Objective #5 sectors.
Implement worldwide best available technologies

Operational Objective #6 (BATs) in manufacturing and recycling operations (plants
generation 4.0 or 5.0).
Enhance the sustainability of the main supply chains

of battery’s raw materials and achieve the lowest
Operational Objective #7 possible carbon footprint of the supply chain from raw
material extraction through battery manufacturing,
use and recycling.
While some of these operational objectives may, at first sight, appear less directly relevant for some specific
applications than others, they are consistent with the main application sectors identified by the partnership
(electrified transport and stationary storage applications):
Increasing energy density is a key requirement for road transport applications, as well as for other transport
modes (such airborne transport); in addition, increasing the energy density (in kWh/l or kWh/kg) will usually lead
to cost reduction (in EUR/kWh), which is crucial for stationary and waterborne applications (requiring a low cost
in terms of EUR/kWh/cycle).
Increasing the power density is mandatory both for transport applications (e.g., for fast charging) and stationary
applications (for grid services with a short time scale, such as frequency regulation).
Improving cycle lifetime is required for several stationary applications (in particular to reach a very low cost in
terms of EUR/kWh/cycle) and is also needed for some transport applications (such as Plug-in Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (PHEVs)).
Reducing battery cost is essential for all applications.
Ensuring battery safety is also a key requirement for all applications, although the required level of safety
can change depending on the application sector; the development of battery technologies with higher levels
of safety (urgently required for waterborne and airborne transport) can only have a positive impact on other
applications such as road transport and stationary energy storage.
Recyclability and sustainability are essential requirements in the framework of the European Green Deal in
order to decarbonise and ensure materials supply in the value chain; to decrease European dependence on
Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) and, to establish EU industry standards as worldwide leading references for
sustainability.
The KPIs identified for the corresponding operational objectives are the following:
% of battery energy density increase (target +60% compared to 2019 baseline).

% of battery power density and charging rate increase (target at least +30% compared to 2019 baseline).
% of cyclability and lifetime increase (target factor >2 increase compared to 2019 baseline).
% of cost reduction (-60% compared to 2019 baseline).
Development and adoption of safety assessment methodologies (target EUCAR safety level 4 for automotive,
level 2 for aviation and waterborne).
The number of innovative manufacturing and recycling processes demonstrated.
Recycling efficiency in % and CO2 footprint of batteries over their full life cycle.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 87
The partnership has a very high ambition in terms of technology development. In particular, increasing the energy
density by +60% will require the development of radically new cell chemistries and technologies such as solid-state
batteries incorporating lithium metal anodes. Furthermore, reaching the ambitious SET-Plan targets will also require the
development of new methods and tools to accelerate the discovery and engineering of battery materials and interfaces,
such as the Materials Acceleration Platforms proposed in the “Battery 2030+” research agenda, which are based on a
combination of artificial intelligence, multi-scale modelling and high-throughput material synthesis and characterisation.
For Europe to be able to grow its market share in the future, it has to accelerate the development of the know-how
in electro chemistries, materials, manufacturing processes and integration, notably by the digitalisation of the R&I
pipeline. The BATT4EU Partnership will greatly contribute to closing this gap and bringing closer industry-research
collaborations to develop the knowledge and skills and accelerate the implementation of innovations in the
battery industry in Europe33.
33 Along with 2Zero and other applications partnerships for system integration aspects.
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FULL TABLE OF THE BATT4EU PARTNERSHIP KPIs
BATT4EU SRIA 24 89
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BATT4EU SRIA 24 91
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BATT4EU SRIA 24 93
4.2.3
Expected impact and needed investments in R&I
4.2.3.1 R&I INVESTMENTS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PARTNERSHIP
The typical level of investment in R&I in the battery value chain industry, required to maintain the battery technology at a
competitive level, is expected to be more than 5% of the battery market turnover. In addition, battery cell manufacturing
is an investment intensive industry, requiring high volume and highly automated manufacturing processes. Capital
costs per unit of battery manufacturing capacity trends converge at about 90-100 million EUR/GWh in 2019.
The industry investment in the final phases of the new technologies (moving from TRL 7 to TRL 9) is important, as
significant pre-industrial validation is needed: pilot equipment, product design for manufacturability updates, etc.
The partners’ assessment is that the achievement of the partnership’s objectives is estimated to require an overall
mobilisation of R&I resources of at least one billion Euros per year over the next decade.
Depending on the projects and programs, it is expected that a part of the pre-industrial investment will be supported
by/pooled from cohesion policy funds, IPCEIs and other public investors – like EIB – having financial products for pilot
lines and demonstrators.
4.2.3.2 THE ADDED-VALUE PROVIDED BY A EUROPEAN BATTERIES PARTNERSHIP
As stated in the diverse objectives of the BATT4EU Partnership, its ambition is to support the creation of an innovative,
competitive and sustainable industrial value chain for batteries in Europe. It is a highly challenging endeavour, given
the narrow time frame left for Europe in the context of extremely strong international competition. The partnership
will focus on differentiating technologies that are key to supporting the competitiveness of the European battery
industry in the short, medium and long term. The usual forms of support to R&I from the EU Framework Programme
are not suited given the scale and speed of investment needed to create a world-leading European battery industry. It
is crucial to work in parallel (not in sequence) on the entire value chain, including manufacturing (largely neglected
in the past). This needs close cooperation, in a holistic and integrated manner, between R&D and industry players
from different sectors, e.g., raw materials, advanced materials, cell development and manufacturing, industrialisation,
recycling and others, as well as cross-sectional sectors, including AI specialists, data sciences and LCA.
Only a partnership, i.e., a long-lasting and coordinated effort involving industry, research and the public sector, can live
up to the challenge and bring predictability to European battery value chain stakeholders. By pooling Europe’s resources
and knowledge, partnerships have demonstrated their efficiency for accelerating the development, industrialisation
and deployment of strategic technologies that underpin growth and jobs in key sectors of the European economy.
More specifically, the BATT4EU Partnership will provide the following key advantages:
Long-lasting and continuous industrial support and commitment for a common R&I vision in the field of
batteries. The partnership will ensure that a consistent R&I programme is designed and implemented over a period
of 7 years, which will give the necessary timeframe and predictability to develop innovative battery technologies
and bring them to higher levels of technological and manufacturing readiness.
R&I action portfolio management. The partnership identified and will implement joint strategic R&I activities, not
only by proposing a sound R&I programme but also by monitoring the execution phase of the funded R&I actions
and consequently reporting the advancements to the wider battery community, mainly through ETIP Batteries
Europe. Following the progress made by the individual funded projects (in particular, checking whether they are
able to reach their quantitative targets and contribute to achieving the key performance indicators defined in the
strategic R&I agenda and the SET-Plan Action 7), it will provide extremely valuable inputs to design the next phases
of the R&I programme.
94 BATT4EU SRIA 24
Such an R&I action portfolio management, i.e., the establishment of a “feedback loop” between the
outputs of the funded R&I projects and the inputs of the R&I programme, together with additional activities
supporting market take-up, will maximise the impact of R&I.
Leveraging technical and financial resources from both the public and private sectors (see section 5 for
more details).
Aligning R&I policy with industrial, environmental and education and training policies. The partnership
brings together industry, research and the European Commission, which will ensure that the R&I programme is
well aligned with the other relevant European policies, including industrial, environmental, education and training
policies. A strong alignment between the different policies is mandatory to achieve the ambitious goal of creating
a competitive and sustainable battery manufacturing industry in Europe, as clearly explained in the European
Commission Strategic action plan on batteries34. Collaboration with national and regional initiatives will also be
essential (as described in section 5).
To strengthen the European batteries value chain, research across the value chain must be better coordinated.
The proposed partnership will bring together actors across the value chain and ensure that: (1) research and
innovation is targeted to tackle each industrial segment’s needs within the same overarching objective; (2) results
are further adopted in consequent links of the value chain; and (3) two-way communication is constant in defining
requirements and targets.
4.2.3.3 EXPECTED IMPACT AND SUPPORT TO A BROADER R&I ECOSYSTEM
The timing of this initiative is crucial (in coordination with the preparation of the Horizon Europe programme) to
maximise the impact of the investments made by Horizon Europe and the batteries industry across the full value chain
(from raw materials to advanced materials, battery cells, modules, packs, applications and end-of-life management).
The BATT4EU Partnership will deliver on this ambition by supporting the European battery ecosystem. It will enable
the coordination of the targeted strategy covering the entire battery value chain, from cradle to grave, across the
full spectrum of technologies used in the “ecosystem of batteries”, for the key applications (electrified transport
and stationary energy storage).
The role of a partnership is indeed essential when it comes to the coordination and coherence assessment of the R&I
funded programs. A partnership is necessary to fulfil and complete the required support, in the framework of a multi-
year and multi-project context, and to successfully achieve the transition to industrial investment and manufacturing.
A practical core objective of the partnership is to accelerate the transfer of R&I knowledge to industrial
manufacturing and thereby support the EU battery industry development beyond 2025. A key example is the
transfer of generation 4 of lithium batteries technologies (solid-state batteries, TRL 2-4) to industrial manufacturing:
there is an urgent need for coordinated support to efficiently help the public and private research organisations move
this highly challenging technology through the TRLs 4 to 7.
34 https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/3rd-mobility-pack/com20180293-annex2_en.pdf
35 Where applicable, any funding from state resources must be compliant with State Aid rules.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 95
4.3 BATT4EU IMPLEMENTATION
4.3.1
Activities and resources
By covering the whole industrial value chain and a wide range of technology readiness levels, the BATT4EU Partnership
will efficiently coordinate the selection, implementation and execution of R&I activities and the take-up of results among
different key stakeholders along the battery value chain. The main activity of the partnership will thus be to provide
input and advice to the European Commission in order to contribute to the identification of priorities of research
and innovation activities and the definition of call topics to be included in the Horizon Europe Work Programmes.
4.3.1.1 SCALE OF RESOURCES
The achievement of the partnership’s objectives is estimated to require an overall mobilisation of resources of
approximately EUR 925 million for actions within the scope of the partnership.
Resources contributed by the private side will include:
Contributions from the members participating in projects funded by the Union contributions (on the basis of
the non-reimbursed eligible costs);
In-kind contributions to additional activities in the scope of the SRIA not covered by Union funding;
Investments in operational activities that is spent beyond the work that is foreseen in the SRIA and aligned
with the objectives of the partnership.
4.3.1.2 SCOPE OF IN-KIND ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
In-kind additional activities may include:
Activities contributing to strategic and operational alignment, coordination and synergies with other
partnerships and initiatives at EU/national/regional or international level35;
Activities contributing to the development of battery R&I ecosystems at EU/national/regional or
international level;
Communication, networking and outreach activities, including matchmaking and brokerage services on the
calls for proposals, and activities ensuring dissemination and exploitation of results of R&I activities in the scope
of the SRIA of the European partnership;
Activities promoting, facilitating or accelerating innovation uptake in the market, including via financing
opportunities provided by the European Investment Bank or venture capital funds;
Scaling-up of technologies at higher TRL and uptake of results from partnership projects, such as pre-
commercial trials, proof of concept, improvement of existing production lines for up-scaling or building new
production facilities;
Activities supporting regulations and standards activities, especially on safety and sustainability aspects;
Complementary side/upstream projects not funded by the EU, including:
• low-TRL research activities, feeding into partnership projects,
• R&I activities within the scope of the SRIA but not funded by the partnership;
Activities addressing training and skills development, including contributing to the identification of gaps
and needs, and the definition of joint training programmes.
96 BATT4EU SRIA 24
4.3.1.3 REPORTED IKAA
In 2021-2022, these contributions represented an estimated total of at least €496 million, which is more than half of
the EU funding of the Partnership for the whole period 2021-2027 and exceeded the Union contribution in the same
period by around €200 million.
Striving towards a sustainable battery value chain
The BATT4EU Partners other than the Union invested in developing new technologies and techniques for resource
efficient production of advanced materials for batteries, battery cells, and battery packs. Notable additional activities
undertaken from June 2021 to December 2022 are:
Research on solid polymeric electrolytes for safe Li, Na or Zn batteries, prepared with sustainable and
scalable materials and methodologies.
Generation of a database for the use and end of life of batteries that is broad enough to be used by
manufacturers in the evaluation of their technologies in order to improve their design.
Research and development of novel chemistries and materials for batteries.
Development of doped vanadium oxide/graphene composite by physical vapour deposition for sustainable
and eco-friendly energy storage application.
Design, building, and testing of next generation machines and prototypes for lithium-ion battery assembly
based on industrial technical requirements.
Development of a proof of concept to maximize machine performances and parameters for new lithium
battery manufacturing processes and technologies (Gen 3b/ Gen 4) : OEE, increasing productivity output rate,
and reducing energy consumption.
Developing a circular model for batteries in Europe
Activities performed by the BATT4EU Partnership aim to enhance the reuse, recycling, and comprehensive optimisation
of the use of critical raw materials within the European battery value chain. This has included:
The development of Fortum’s battery recycling technologies, a lot of emphasis is put into managing the
carbon footprint of the operations – in addition to considerations linked to material efficiency and profitability.
Projects aiming at finding means of adding value to the battery metals sector by more efficient screening and
tilization of the domestic mineral resources, improving the metal refining processes, recycling battery metals,
and improving co-operation between the companies and research organisations.
Development of pre-treatment technologies (safe deactivation, regeneration of solvents, electrolyte recovery,
graphite recovery) for the recycling of Li-ion batteries.
Running of a pilot line for the recovery of critical raw materials from black mass and for the extraction of
Cobalt, Nickel, and Lithium from end-of-life batteries.
Building a competitive European battery value chain
Optimising battery costs, developing new businesses; through their additional activities, BATT4EU partners contribute
to a competitive European battery value chain:
Strengthening the competitiveness of new innovative storage providers by using a user-centric, demand-
driven approach to bring products closer to market through tailored testing.
Establishing new business partnerships with European cell and battery manufacturers. Within the scope
of these business partnerships, studies for the development of new technologies, technology transfer, and
improvement of existing technology are carried out.
Investments in and projects with spin-offs/start-ups on solutions developed within research projects.
Analysis and experimentation of residential batteries aggregation for national program participation in order
to validate a business model and assess future market opportunities.
BATT4EU SRIA 24 97
Ensuring a high safety standard for batteries in Europe
As the use of batteries in society increases, it becomes ever more important for them to be safe. Take a look at some
of the activities BATT4EU Partners undertook in order to make their batteries safer:
Project SOLIDEL (Solid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries) explores new, radical, and high-tech methods
to enhance the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries. More specifically it pertains to the synthesis
of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for lithium-ion batteries, by applying the principles of nanostructured
macromolecular materials. The project aims to develop single-ion SPEs that will allow the development, design
and manufacturing of prototype lithium-ion battery cells with solid electrolytes.
Improvement of existing battery testing infrastructure: Thanks to this project, module and pack level testing
systems will be installed to serve domestic or international battery developers.
Development of non-flammable and high voltage electrolytes for next generation Li-ion batteries, including
Cobalt-free cathodes.
Advanced data analysis, including: server-side and embedded AI techniques; estimation of state of health,
residual life, early detection of anomalies, early application of new technologies.
Informing, educating, and training European citizens for an inclusive battery value-chain
As the battery market grows, it is important to raise awareness on the benefits of batteries and normalise their usage.
Training a relevant work force within Europe for a stronger European battery industry is also critical. Activities from
BATT4EU partners striving towards these goals are:
Organisation of NEXUS event by ADItech and the Navarra region government. This event served as a
knowledge transfer and networking event among the attendees. As well as the dissemination of R&D&I projects
and technologies in the main sectors of the region. One of the sessions presented the BATRAW project.
Creation of internal company training programmes and collaboration between academia and industry on new
master programmes on battery technology for joint skilling efforts.
Many BATT4EU partners are in regular contact with national and other local authorities and carry out specific
communication and dissemination activities on Partnership results aimed at these decision makers.
Regular update of a company blog to ensure effective dissemination of technical content on electrification
that is easy for citizens to understand.
Constant creation of contents in cooperation with trade magazines with a predominantly industrial circulation,
together with magazines and newspapers with a more general circulation.
Young and established scientists awarded internationally and nationally for battery research. For example,
Guiomar Hernandez received the POLIS award.
98 BATT4EU SRIA 24
CONTACT US
BATT4EU
[email protected]
www.bepassociation.eu
European Partnership
100 BATT4EU SRIA 24

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STRATEGIC RESEARCH

& INNOVATION AGENDA

This Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is a co-creation by

2 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION PRIORITIES

2.1 Raw Materials 28

3 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 75

4.1 Key Performance Indicators 79

Europe is at a crossroads to make good on its goal to establish a competitive European

Support the continuity of excellent European battery research and academic-industrial

BEPA Batteries European Partnership association

BESS Battery Energy Storage System

BIG-MAP The Battery Interface Genome – Materials

BMS Battery Management System

CRM Critical Raw Material

CRMA Critical Raw Materials Act

CSA Coordination and Support Action

EASE European Association of Storage of Energy

EBA European Battery Alliance

EERA European Energy Research Association

EMIRI Energy Materials Industrial Research Initiative

EMS Energy Management System

ETIP European Technology and Innovation Platform

HLM High-Lithium Manganese

IRA Inflation Reduction Act

LCA Life Cycle Analysis

LCI Life-cycle Inventory

LFMP Lithium Iron Manganese Phosphate

LTMO Layered Transition Metal Oxides

NMC Mickel Manganese Cobalt

NRMM Non-Road Mobile Machinery

NZIA Net Zero Industry Act

PBAs Prussian Blue Analogues

PFAS Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

PWAs Prussian White Analogues

SET PLAN Strategic Energy Technology Plan

SIB Sodium-Ion Battery

SRA Strategic Research Agenda

SRIA Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda

SoC State of Charge

SOH State of Health

TRL Technology Readiness Level

VPP Virtual Power Plants

A multi-annual agenda and implementation plan and timeframe for each

THE ANNEXES CONTAIN ADITIONAL INFORMATION ON:

The objectives the BATT4EU Partnership. Its strategic objectives and

The operational aspects of the BATT4EU Partnership. The budget,

The EU aims to be a climate-neutral economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions

To achieve the Green Deal objectives, Europe has to implement an accelerated

The amended regulation is expected 9 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32019R0631

stimulate innovation in emission 12 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0562

sector. to EU Institutions, 2022.

The COVID-19 crisis has further highlighted the importance

The Batteries and Waste Batteries Regulation:

50% lithium recovery from waste batteries by end of 2027.

80% recycling efficiency for nickel-cadmium batteries by end of 2025.

The transition to an electrified economy amounts to a societal transformation.

1.3 EUROPEAN R&I SUPPORT LANDSCAPE

The BATT4EU Partnership

European Innovation Council