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    Malnutrition

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    Kaye Zelen Lauta

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Malnutrition

    Uploaded by

    Kaye Zelen Lauta
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    malnutrition-ppt (1)

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    13 views23 pages

    Malnutrition

    Uploaded by

    Kaye Zelen Lauta

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI

    NURSING DEPARTMENT
    Polangui, Albay
    GASTROINTESTINAL, METABOLISM
    NCM 116: CARE OF CLIENTS WITH
    PROBLEMS IN NUTRITION, AND

    Malnutrition
    Presentation by:
    BOLAÑOS, MIKKA ELLA
    PATTERN

    CAYA, CZARINA YSABELLA


    Topic
    Outline
    MALNUTRITION
    CYCLE OF MALNUTRITION
    TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
    KWASHIORKOR & MARASMUS
    OUTLINE OF TOPICS

    DEFINITION
    RISK FACTORS
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
    SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
    DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
    INTERVENTION
    WHAT IS
    MALNUTRITION?
    malnutrition
    Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in
    nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or
    impaired nutrient utilization.

    -World Health Organization (WHO)


    CYCLE OF MALNUTRITION
    TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
    UNDERNUTRITION
    (when nutrient intake is insufficient)

    Micronutrient Deficiencies
    -Lack of essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A,
    iron, iodine, and zinc

    Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)


    -form of malnutrition characterized by a deficiency in
    both protein and calories (energy).
    SEVERE FORM OF PEM:

    KWASHIORKOR
    -characterized by protein deficiency despite adequate
    energy intake (calories)

    MARASMUS
    -characterized by inadequate intake of both protein
    and calories
    Kwashiorkor
    ‘edematous malnutrition’

    is a type of malnutrition characterized by


    severe protein deficiency. It causes fluid
    retention and a swollen, distended abdomen.
    People with kwashiorkor may have food to eat,
    but not enough protein.
    RISK
    FACTORS

    POVERTY AGE
    (3-5)
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    change
    SIGNS AND
    SYMPTOMS...
    Edema
    Bloated stomach with ascites
    Dry, brittle hair, hair loss and loss of pigment
    in hair (rust)
    Dermatitis — dry, peeling skin, scaly patches
    or red patches.
    Enlarged liver, a symptom of fatty liver
    disease.
    Dehydration.
    Stunted growth in children.
    HOW IS KWASHIORKOR
    DIAGNOSED?
    Physical Examination
    Height-Weight Ratio/ Health History
    BMI Dietary Intake
    Mid-upper Arm Complete Blood Count
    Circumference (MUAC) (CBC)
    observing its telltale Urinalysis (UA)
    physical signs
    Nursing Interventions
    for Kwashiorkor
    Disease
    Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body
    Requirements:
    Monitor the patient’s dietary intake, offering small,
    frequent meals and nutrient-dense foods
    Educate the patient and caregivers about the
    importance of a balanced diet, including protein-rich
    foods such as lean meats, legumes, and dairy products.
    Provide oral nutritional supplements or enteral
    feedings as necessary to meet the patient’s nutritional
    requirements as prescribed by a physician

    Fluid Volume Excess:


    Monitor and record the patient’s weight, intake, and
    output to assess fluid balance and response to
    treatment.
    Implement measures to minimize edema, such as
    elevating the legs, applying compression stockings,
    and restricting sodium intake.
    Administer diuretics as prescribed to promote diuresis
    and reduce fluid retention.
    Risk for Skin Integrity Impairement
    Assess the patient’s skin regularly, paying close
    attention to areas prone to edema and breakdown.
    Provide meticulous skin care, keeping the skin clean
    and moisturized to prevent dryness and cracking.
    Educate the patient and caregivers about the
    importance of maintaining good hygiene and reporting
    any skin changes or wounds promptly.
    MARASMUS
    derived from the Greek word
    marasmos, which means withering or
    wasting.
    Known as the wasting syndrome
    (malnutrition without edema). Is one
    of the forms of serious Protein-
    Energy Malnutrition (PEM) mainly
    seen in children. A severe form of
    malnutrition characterized by a
    significant deficiency of calories and
    protein in the diet.
    RISK FACTORS:

    POVERTY INFECTIONS AND


    ILLNESSES LACK OF ACCESS
    TO HEALTHCARE

    FOOD INSECURITY INADEQUATE BREASTFEEDING


    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
    Inadequate Calorie and Protein Intakecalories

    overall energy supply amino acid for protein synthesis immune system
    comprimised

    insufficient calorie intake to meet the body’s energy breakdown of muscle tissue susceptibility to
    needs
    infection

    DELAYED DEVELOPMENT &


    catabolism of body tissue for energy STUNTED GROWTH
    OLD MAN FACE

    breakdown of stored energy reserve to meet the body


    energy demand

    MUCLE WASTING LOST SUBCUTANEOUS FAT


    SEVERE WEIGHT LOSS RIBS ARE PROMINENT SUNKEN EYES
    SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
    severe weight loss
    muscle wasting
    delayed growth and development
    sunken eyes
    old face
    anemia
    decreased body temperature
    irritability
    ribs are prominent
    DIAGNOSTIC
    EXAMINATION
    1. Physical Assessment
    2. Anthropometric Measurements
    > Weight (length in children)
    > Height (length in children)
    >BMI
    > MUAC
    3. Laboratory Test
    > Complete Blood Count (CBC)

    4. Diet History
    INTERVENTIONS
    1. Monitor fluid intake and output to maintain proper hydration levels
    2. Conduct a thorough nutritional assessment, including dietary history, weight,
    height/length (for children), and laboratory tests.
    3. Monitoring Weight and Anthropometric Measurements
    4. Implement infection prevention measures, including hand hygiene and maintaining
    a clean environment.
    5. Gradually reintroduce nutrients to prevent refeeding syndrome.
    6. Regularly monitor and record the patient's food and fluid intake, as well as output.
    7. Provide assistance with feeding, ensuring the patient receives an adequate and
    balanced diet.
    8. Provide ongoing education to the patient and family on maintaining good
    nutrition
    9. Develop discharge plan for the patient's transition from the healthcare setting to
    home, ensuring access to nutritious foods, follow-up appointments, and ongoing
    support.
    KWASHIONKOR MARASMUS

    DEFICIENCY proteins proteins and calories

    3-5 years of age below 1 year of age


    AGE
    60- 80% of normal below 60% of normal
    BODY WEIGHT
    mild retardation, subcutaneous fat is preserved severe retardation; severe muscle wasting,
    GROWTH subcutaneous is not preserved

    puffy, moon face, protruding belly, oedema is shrunken eyes, “little old man’ or monkey face,
    APPEARANCE present, hair and skin changes are present, oedema is absent, ribs very prominent, alert and
    lethargic irritable

    APPETITE poor voracious

    LIVER enlarged fatty liver no fatty liver

    NUTRITIONS adequate amounts of protein adequate amounts of protein and calorie

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