Võ Thanh Mai

Introduction
Much of the world around you is designed in some way.esign comes from the ability to think
creatively. Some of the greatest human achievements have come from creative design
engineering, allowing the realisation of some truly remarkable change in our world.
At the same time some of the smallest designs have enabled the biggest steps in the progress of
humanity:incremental advances in medicine, food production, materials and devices
the most important systems and services, from individual right up to global and universal scales
- Even in a specialised discipline like design engineering there are many different definitions and
types of design activity
1.1 Design is more than aesthetics and appearance
Many designers would argue that good design embodies both – the aesthetics are pleasing
because of the utility, and the function is expressed in the appearance
-Consider bridges, for example; fulfils its function by supporting very heavy moving trains using
three balanced cantilevers. These cantilevers give the bridge its distinctive shape, and this shape
is also aesthetically pleasing
Good design is more than simply looks and aesthetics – the best design engineering is a result of
blending both the aesthetic and the functional
1.2 Design is more than products and objects
Some products are not much use on their own: they require other elements around them to enable
them to work.
Ex: (the power stations that generate the electricity, the wires that transport it, the substations
along the route), the individual products used to access that system (sockets, wiring, light fittings),
and then the service provided (energy companies, maintenance agreements)
Design is more than simply creating a product – services, systems and processes can also be
designed
1.3 Design is not just for designers

The smallest detail in a project needs to be designed just as much as the overall project.
1.4 Design is much more than just solving a single problem

Design is not simply solving a problem – it is about selecting and framing the right problems. The
best design goes beyond simple problem solving and creates something new.
1.5 Design is about thinking around the object
For example, in offshore design engineering, the nearest materials and backup are not very easy
to access (Figure 9), meaning that the installation and operation of products really matters.
Design is not simply thinking about an object, it considers what is ‘around’ the object – the context,
operation, repair, or replacement.
1.6 Design is …
Firstly, design is a process.
Secondly, design makes use of creative and analytical attitudes, approaches and skills.
Finally, design has a purpose and creates change.
3 Design drivers
the glass
- made from ceramic or glass: retain heat well, safe for hot food and is easy to clean,are
microwave and dishwasher safe
-The cylindrical shape: easy grip
-Diverse designs suitable for many types of customers->brings a lot of profits
insulated tank
Double-Walled Construction: The vacuum between the two walls minimizes heat transfer,
keeping liquids hot or cold for extended periods.
-made from: stainless steel or high-quality plastic:effective in insulation-> safe for
customers,durability
-A tight-fitting lid prevents spills:maintain temperature, some lips designed like a glass-
>convenient cup for users
Portability**: Lightweight and designed to fit in car cup holders or backpack pockets, making it
easy to carry for travel, work, or outdoor activities.
**Sustainability**: Designed for repeated use, promoting eco-friendliness by reducing reliance
on single-use containers.
4 Designing for people
All of these variations mean that designing for people can be a complex process. Dealing with this
complexity is a central part of design.
4.1 People and variation
Start by considering how you would begin designing an object that has to ‘fit’ to people, such as a
simple desk or table. People using it will vary in size and these differences might be quite extreme
Ex: a typical ticket machine in the UK.
In making these decisions, however, you might solve the problem for some people but make it
worse for others.
. Because several different factors are involved, you need to use particular ways of thinking
through this type of design problem.
4.2 Practical variation
One way to approach a design problem is to use your own knowledge and experience. the key is
turning this personal knowledge into information you can use in any design process.
design prototyping: It is exceptionally useful because it is quick and simple, and you get instant
feedback on the problem you are exploring.
4.3 Numerical variation
it comes to designing for large numbers of other people ask every individual what they think-
>statistical methods.
A dataset is a collection of data, usually presented in the form of a table. In engineering, numerical
data is particularly important.
It can be useful to distinguish between two different types of data:
 Discrete data is data that can take only certain values.(gias trị cố định):the number of
students in a tutor group,the price of a ballpoint pen, in pence
 Continuous data is data that can take any value (often over a particular range).the distance
from a person’s home to the nearest bus stop,wind speed, measured in kilometres per hour.
A good idea to examine the values to see if any patterns or unusual values stand out, never ignore
data because it is different from what you were expecting
 Missing data – for instance, if you are given a table of data that has obvious unexpected gaps
in it.
 Spurious precision – for instance, if a number is quoted to more significant figures than is
plausible, or too few significant figures to be useful for the intended purpose.
 Dubious data, perhaps caused by a misplaced decimal point.
 Coded values, where the data provider may have used a code to indicate something, such as
a missing value.
 Constraints – for instance, there may be some good reason why the data has to lie within a
particular range.
 The presence of outliers – single values that are very different from the rest of the dataset
4.4 Using numbers to design

To move forward with the desk problem, you needed to know how many other people might be
your height.
Ergonomics is the study of physical aspects of the human body, such as size and mechanical
performance, and how these can be applied to the real world.
One useful way of presenting data, which is particularly useful for anthropometric data, is to create
a histogram.
Instead of using a continuous spread of data, you divide it up into ‘buckets’ (often referred to as
‘bins’ or intervals) and sort items into them.
.4.6 Designing for people using numbers
Designing the height of a desk for one person might be relatively straightforward, but making that
same desk suit lots of people is quite difficult because of the variation in human sizes.
It is simply useful to see the shape of this data and to realise that a visual representation of
information can be just as useful as a mathematical one.
Clearly, seeing the world from a range of different users' perspectives can have a dramatic effect
on the design process.
4.7 Summary of Section 4
It is no trivial matter to physically design something for people to use.
most desks attempt to do precisely this and have adjustable feet to ensure that they are adaptable
to as wide a range of people as is reasonably possible.
it is the essence of design – starting somewhere, thinking about it, doing something, then checking
it, and repeating the whole cycle until it works the way it needs to.
Design is not simply doing one thing or applying one kind of approach – it is a process that
incorporates a range of skills, attitudes and approaches.
->design is more than simply choosing the shape and appearance – it’s a fundamental human
ability to take existing conditions and change them with a clear purpose.

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Introduction

1.3 Design is not just for designers

1.4 Design is much more than just solving a single problem

4.4 Using numbers to design

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