Omar Nu

1. What is the stroke?
is a condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing
brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. This causes brain cells to die within minutes.
There are two main types of strokes:
1. Ischemic Stroke: This is the most common type, accounting for about 87% of all strokes.
It occurs when a blood clot blocks or narrows an artery leading to the brain. This
blockage can be due to a blood clot that forms in the arteries of the brain or that travels to
the brain from elsewhere in the body.
2. Hemorrhagic Stroke: This type occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, leading
to bleeding in or around the brain. Causes can include high blood pressure, aneurysms, or
other blood vessel abnormalities.
Common symptoms include sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one
side of the body; confusion; trouble speaking or understanding speech; difficulty seeing in one or both
eyes; trouble walking; dizziness; loss of balance or coordination; and a severe headache with no known
cause. Immediate medical attention is critical.
Epilepsy?
is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to sudden, uncontrolled
electrical disturbances in the brain. Its causes include genetic factors, head trauma, brain conditions,
infections, prenatal injuries, and developmental disorders, though often the cause is unknown. Seizures
can be focal, affecting one area of the brain, or generalized, affecting both sides.
Epilepsy is a CNS neurological disorder, when there is an

abnormal increase of electrical activity in the brain which causes
seizures, abnormal involuntary movements, abnormal sensations,
loss of awareness and conciseness. It can be caused by genetics,
head injury, brain tumor/infection, abnormalities of blood vessels
in the brain. First line of treatment is anti-epileptic drugs.
Name the subcortical structures and discribe their function.
Answer:
Basal ganglia: coordination and smooth out muscles.
Thalamus: sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature.
Hypothalamus: controls the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature,

apatite, hormonal activity.
Hippocampus: learning and memory.
Limbic system: emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and sadness.
Where is located tha first motor neuron?

Answer:
First motor neurons are generated in the cerebral cortex, in the

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, passing through the
brainstem down to the spinal cord to the anterior horn.
What do visceral receptors include?

Answer:
Baroreceptors, osmoceptors, enteroceptors, chemorecptors. Their

function is to transfer information to the brain for the regulation of
the vital internal organs such as heart, lungs, excretory and
digestive system.
 Baroreceptors:
 Function: Detect changes in blood pressure.
 Chemoreceptors:
 Function: Monitor chemical changes in the blood, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
pH levels.
 Mechanoreceptors:
 Function: Respond to mechanical stimuli such as stretch, pressure, and tension.
 Nociceptors:
 Function: Detect pain or harmful stimuli.
 Thermoreceptors:
 Function: Sense changes in temperature.
Which nuclei are presented in the middle midbrain and what

functions are responsible for them?
Answer:
Superior/inferior colliculus, red nucleus, substrina nigra,

oculomotor complex nucleus, trochlear nucleus.
They are responsible for eye movement, auditory and visual

comprehension.
Substantia nigra - pars compacta / pars reticulata ‘
 The Red Nucleus is responsible for motor coordination of the limbs.

 The Substantia Nigra:
 Pars Compacta produces dopamine, which is essential for movement regulation.

 Pars Reticulata regulates voluntary movement.
 The Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) is involved in pain modulation and autonomic regulation.
 The Oculomotor Nucleus controls eye movement and pupil constriction.
 The Edinger-Westphal Nucleus manages pupil constriction and lens focusing.
 The Superior Colliculus handles visual processing and the orientation of the eyes and head.

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1. What is the stroke?

Epilepsy is a CNS neurological disorder, when there is an

Basal ganglia: coordination and smooth out muscles.

Thalamus: sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature.

Hypothalamus: controls the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature,

Hippocampus: learning and memory.

Limbic system: emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and sadness.

Where is located tha first motor neuron?

First motor neurons are generated in the cerebral cortex, in the

What do visceral receptors include?

Baroreceptors, osmoceptors, enteroceptors, chemorecptors. Their

 Function: Detect changes in blood pressure.

 Function: Respond to mechanical stimuli such as stretch, pressure, and tension.

 Function: Detect pain or harmful stimuli.

 Function: Sense changes in temperature.

Which nuclei are presented in the middle midbrain and what

Superior/inferior colliculus, red nucleus, substrina nigra,

They are responsible for eye movement, auditory and visual

Substantia nigra - pars compacta / pars reticulata ‘

 The Red Nucleus is responsible for motor coordination of the limbs.

 Pars Compacta produces dopamine, which is essential for movement regulation.

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