G10 Experiment 1 & 2

GRADE – X PHYSICS PRACTICALS
Experiment No. 1
TO FIND THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONCAVE MIRROR
Aim: To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by plotting graphs between u and v
𝟏 𝟏
or between 𝒖 and .
𝒗
Apparatus: A concave mirror of small focal length, 3 uprights, 2 needles, optical bench, metre
scale, mirror stand, screen
Theory:
[How to find the focal length of a concave mirror?
 Concave mirror is defined as the spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved
inwards and follows laws of reflection of light.
 The light rays coming from a distant object can be considered to be parallel to each
other.
 The image formed is real inverted and very small in size then the parallel rays of light
meet the point in front of the mirror.
 The image formed by the convex lens is real and can be obtained on the screen.
 F is used to denote the difference between the principal axis and the focus F of the
concave mirror.]
 Focal length of a concave mirror is calculated by using the formula.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖𝒗
= 𝒖 + 𝒗 (or) 𝒇 = 𝒖+𝒗
𝒇
Where f is the focal length
u is the object distance
v is the image distance
 Approximate focal length of a concave mirror can be found by suing a distant object.
The image of distant object is formed at the focus of a concave mirror.
Experimental Setup:
Procedure:
 The distance between the selected distant object should be more than 50 ft.
 The concave mirror place on the mirror stand and the distant object should be facing
each other.
 The screen should be placed in front of the reflecting surface of the mirror. To obtain a
clear, sharp image the screen should be adjusted.
 Using a metre scale the distance between the concave mirror and screen can be
determined. The distance is the same as the focal length of the given concave mirror.
 Repeat the above procedure thrice to calculate the average focal length.
Observation:
The approximate focal length of a concave mirror is f = ……… cm
Sl Position of Observed distance

No. 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖𝒗
Object Concave Image OP = u OI = v 𝒇=
needle mirror P needle (cm) (cm) 𝒖 𝒗 𝒖+𝒗
(cm)
O (cm) (cm) I (cm)
1 f1 =
2 f2 =
3 f3 =
4 f4 =
5 f5 =
6 f6 =
𝐟𝟏 + 𝐟𝟐 + 𝐟𝟑 + 𝐟𝟒 + 𝐟𝟓 + 𝐟𝟔
Mean focal length, 𝒇 = (cm)
𝟔
Graphical Method:
Model graphs:
Result: The focal length of concave mirror
 By u – v method, f = ………… cm
 By u – v graph, f = ………… cm
𝑖 1
 By 𝑢 − 𝑣 graph, f = ……….. cm
Precautions:
 To get a well illuminated and distant image of the distant object, the distant object
should be well illuminated.
 A concave mirror should be always place near on open window.
 The polished surface of the concave mirror and the distant object should be facing
each other.
 There should not be any hurdle between the rays of light from the object and the
concave mirror.
 The screen and the concave mirror stand should be parallel to the measuring scale.
 The mirror holder along with the mirror should be perpendicular to the measuring
scale.
Experiment No. 2
TO FIND THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVEX LENS
Aim: To determine the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or
𝟏 𝟏
between 𝒖 and .
𝒗
Apparatus: A concave lens of small focal length, 3 uprights, 2 needles, optical bench, metre
scale, mirror stand, screen
Theory:
[How to find the focal length of convex lens?
 Convex lens is thicker in middle and thinner of the edges and is also known as the
converging lens converge on the other side of the convex lens
 The refracted rays from the parallel beam of light converge on the other side of the
convex lens.
 If the image is obtained at the focus of the lens, the image would be real, inverted and
very small.
 f is the focal length which is the difference between the optical centre of the lens and
the principal focus.
 The image can be obtained on the screen as the image formed by the lens is real.]
1 Focal length of a concave mirror (convex lens) is calculated by using the formula.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖𝒗
= 𝒖 − 𝒗 (or) 𝒇 = 𝒖−𝒗
𝒇
Where f is the focal length
u is the object distance
v is the image distance
2 Approximate focal length of a convex lens can be found by suing a distant object. The
image of distant object is formed at the focus of a concave mirror.
Experimental Setup:
Procedure:
 Without disturbing the lens and screen, arrange both of them on the wooden bench.
 Place the lens on the holder facing a distant object.
 Place the holder with the screen on the bench.
 The position of the screen should be such that the sharp image of the distant object is
obtained on it.
 The difference between the position of the lens and the screen is equal to the focal
length of the given convex lens.
 Now shift the focus to towards various other distant object and calculate the focal
length of the convex lens.
Observation:
The approximate focal length of a convex lens is f = ……… cm
Sl Position of Observed distance

No. 𝟏 𝟏 𝒖𝒗
Object Convex Image OA = u OC = v 𝒇=
needle lens needle (cm) (cm) 𝒖 𝒗 𝒖−𝒗
(cm)
A (cm) O (cm) C (cm)
1 f1 =
2 f2 =
3 f3 =
4 f4 =
5 f5 =
6 f6 =
𝐟𝟏 + 𝐟𝟐 + 𝐟𝟑 + 𝐟𝟒 + 𝐟𝟓 + 𝐟𝟔
Mean focal length, 𝒇 = (cm)
𝟔
Graphical Method:
Model graphs:
Result: The focal length of convex lens
 By u – v method, f = ………… cm
 By u – v graph, f = ………… cm
𝑖 1
 By 𝑢 − 𝑣 graph, f = ……….. cm
Precautions:
1 The placing of the convex lens should be vertical.
2 There should not be any hurdle between the rays of light from the object and the convex
lens.
3 To get a well illuminated and distinct image of the distinct object, the distant object
should be well illuminated.
4 The convex lens stand and the screen should be parallel to the measuring scale.

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GRADE – X PHYSICS PRACTICALS

 Focal length of a concave mirror is calculated by using the formula.

Sl Position of Observed distance

Sl Position of Observed distance

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